Aqua Group Research Articles

Model of implementation of the concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) through the procurement of TPST in Jimbaran, Badung Regency

The concept of implementing waste disposal at the final level generally uses the landfill method. As a result, because the accumulation of garbage that resembles a mountain causes the need for land capacity used to dispose of waste to become wider. The composition of waste in TPA is dominated by organic waste, inorganic waste that can be recycled, and inorganic that cannot be recycled. In this article, the author collects data obtained through a literature study and analyzes qualitatively the role of PT. Youth and PT. Tirta Investama (Aqua Group) in providing Integrated Waste Treatment Sites (TPST). The steps of the two companies are a concept of sustainable development contained in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) agenda. The method used in the analysis is to use quantitative methods. The analytical technique used is qualitative. Secondary data collection techniques are carried out by collecting data from related agencies, then analyzing these data using the SWOT method, which aims to describe the situation and explain the facts of the conditions being faced in a company. The results of the research are based on the synthesis of the four SWOT elements of facts that support the truth of the Strengths-Oppurtunities synthesis strategy, namely, in operating heavy equipment, a company must have an operational license and must have strict protocol and safety standards. This is implemented by the company in law no. 1 of 1970 concerning work safety. The results of the synthesis of the two Weaknesses-Opportunities elements factually explain that the company facilitates the community through areas that can be visited, in the form of booths filled with information. The Booth Area which contains this information is presented in an informative and imaginative way for the public to get to know how integrated waste management works. The application of waste at the Samtaku Jimbaran TPST has the goal of preserving the environment with the Zero Waste To Landfill Principle, which means that the waste collected at this facility will later be managed and can be fully reused so that nothing is wasted into the environment or ends up in the Final Processing Site (TPA).

Quality Cost Control Analysis to Degrade Defective Products and Their Impact on Company Performance (Case Study at Pt. Tirta Investama – Subang Factory)

PT. Tirta Investama – Subang Factory is an industrial company engaged in bottled drinking water, background of this research is significant increase in product returns of 5 gallons over five years (in 2016 - 2020) from AQUA Group. Purpose of this study was to analyze the cost of quality due to defective products and their impact on the company's performance. This study uses the quantitative destructive method with the seven tools analysis method. The results showed that the increase in conversion costs / industrial costs, especially quality costs, has an impact on the company's performance must be improved.

Cyber Corporate Social Responsibility Communication: Content Analysis on The Official Website of AQUA Group Company

The importance of extensive CSR communication is maintained to create a reputation and maintain long-term corporate sustainability. Thus, CSR communication needs to be maintained optimally and comprehensive in a sustainable way to help corporations increase its reputation in the stakeholder's perception and avoid the crisis. Development of cyber information technology makes it easier for stakeholders to gain access to CSR communication, including the use of official websites as accurate as CSR incomes. The study aims to find out how the CSR cyber-communications company AQUA Group activity through official websites. The study studied CSR message content analysis, CSR information presentation, and CSR communication patterns formed by AQUA Group through official websites. The study employed qualitative method of content analysis with a post positivism paradigm. Data collection was done with documentation study techniques that fit the research purposes. The results shows that the content of the CSR's cyber message has been communicated not to refer to the principle of transparency to the content of the internal group's message on employment issues. The CSR's cyber information presentation suggests the AQUA Group has a high level of interactivity on the information fulfillments facility, but it has a low rate of accessibility. The CSR's cyber communication pattern that AQUA Group used a symmetrical two-way communication pattern (the two way symmetrical) by building on stakeholder relationships.

A Study Using Ultrasonography as an Assessment Tool to Compare the Effectiveness of a Structured Land and Aquatic Based Exercise Program on Overweight and Obese Health-Care Professionals

Context: Overweight and obesity being a health hazard for people of any age and profession requires an effective treatment protocol for weight loss. The benefits of land and aquatic exercises on obesity have been researched individually. Clinical trials are lacking where effectiveness of a structured exercise program in water and on land was compared for weight loss on health care professionals. Aim: The present study aims to compare the effectiveness between structured land and aquatic-based exercises on anthropometric measures, serum lipid level, and body fat. Settings and Design: A randomized clinical trial was conducted at the tertiary health-care center of Belagavi. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two overweight or obese health care professionals were recruited for the study. Participants were divided into two groups, i.e., aquatic and land exercise group. An exercise program for 6 days a week for 3 week was performed. The study outcomes included were ultrasonographic assessment of abdominal obesity along with blood triglyceride and cholesterol levels. Statistical Analysis used: SPSS Version 23.0 was used for analysis. Pre and post data were compared and analyzed using paired t-test. Results: Statistically significant reduction in body fat percentage with respect to anthropometric measurements, serum lipid levels, and fat thickness was observed in both the groups. However, there was a greater change in the mean difference of the aqua group as compared to the land group which suggests structured exercises in water are more effective than on land. Conclusions: The current study concludes that a structured exercise program for 3 weeks in water for overweight and obese health-care professionals showed better outcomes compared to land exercises.

The Association Between Cardiovascular Function, Measured as FMD and CVC, and Long-Term Aquatic Exercise in Older Adults (ACELA Study): A Cross-Sectional Study.

IntroductionCardiovascular aging is implicated in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Aquatic exercise is being considered as a co-adjuvant form of rehabilitation, but there is limited evidence for its cardiovascular risk-reduction properties for older people. Our study aimed to address this by exploring the cardiovascular effects of long-term aquatic exercise in older adults in comparison to those who are either inactive or engaged in land-based/mixed training by measurement of micro- and macro-circulation. Flow Mediated Dilatation (FMD) was the primary outcome.MethodsThis was a pragmatic, 4-group, cross-sectional study. Eighty normotensive adults constituted four (n = 20) groups. The Aqua group (aged 63.7 ± 7 years) and Land group (aged 65 ± 6 years) consisted of participants engaged in aquatic and land-based training, respectively. The mixed group (Mix) (aged 66 ± 6 years) consisted of participants engaged in both land-based and aquatic training. Self-reported training consisted of ≥2/week for ≥6 months (mean sessions/week = 4 ± 1, 4 ± 1, and 5 ± 2 for each group, respectively). The sedentary group (Sed) (aged 63 ± 6 years) consisted of people who were sedentary for ≥6 months (mean sessions/week 0 ± 0). The primary outcome was %FMD. Secondary outcomes included raw cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) and CVC max.ResultsStatistically significant differences (%FMD, raw CVC variables other than baseline) were found between each of the exercise groups (Aqua, Land, Mix) and the sedentary group (Sed) (i.e., 11.2 (4.2) vs. 5.0 (2.3); p < 0.0005, between the Aqua group and Sed group, for %FMD). No specific advantage could be attributed to any one of the exercise groups.ConclusionWe reported improvements in NO-mediated endothelial function at micro- and macro-circulatory levels, observing no differences between exercise modes. Our findings provide evidence for the role of aquatic exercise as a “shield” against CVD in older populations.

Biomechanical efficacy of contact lens-assisted collagen cross-linking in porcine eyes.

Contact lens-assisted corneal cross-linking (CACXL) has been proposed for the cross-linking treatment in thin corneas. The aim of this study was to assess the biomechanical efficacy of this treatment. Post-mortem porcine eyes were treated with standard cross-linking and with cross-linking placing a contact lens soaked with isoosmolar riboflavin solution on the debrided cornea with or without an adherent precorneal riboflavin film of up to 100μm thickness. Three soft contact lenses (Air Optix Aqua, SofLens and Galifa) with different degrees of hydrophilic properties were tested. After cross-linking with a surface UVA irradiance of 3mW/cm² for 30min (fluence 5.4J/cm²), a 400μm deep anterior corneal flap was created using a lamellar rotating microkeratome. Biomechanical stress-strain measurements and thermal shrinkage tests were performed. In the Air Optix Aqua group (30% hydration) without riboflavin film, Young's modulus and stress at 8% strain were increased significantly versus untreated controls and the effect was 92.4% respectively 86.35% of the standard CXL value. In the SofLens group (59% hydration) without riboflavin film, Young's modulus and stress at 8% strain were increased significantly versus untreated controls and the effect was 67.04% respectively 65.28% of the standard CXL value. In the Galifa group (72% hydration) without riboflavin film, Young's modulus and stress at 8% strain were increased significantly versus untreated controls and the effect was about 68.48% respectively 75.52% of thestandard CXL value. In all samples with a precorneal riboflavin film under the contact lens, there was no significant biomechanical effect compared to the untreated controls. Similarly, in the hydrothermal experiments at 70°C, there was a typical mushroom pattern with increased resistance to thermal shrinkage in the anterior stroma after standard CXL, a markedly reduced mushroom effect using a riboflavin-soaked contact lens only and no effect with the use of a riboflavin-soaked contact lens plus a precorneal riboflavin film. The biomechanical effect of CACXL in porcine corneas is about one-third less than after standard CXL. The efficacy of CACXL might be improved by reducing or omitting the riboflavin film on the contact lens. Further risk assessment studies are necessary.

Evidence of Unusually Long Metal–Aqua Interaction: The Crystal Structure of Tetraphenylphosponium Rhenium(V)aquatetracyanonitrido Monohydrate Tri-terpyridine

The rhenium(V)aquatetracyanonitrido complex with 2,2′,2″-terpyridine (trpy) as adduct has been isolated and characterized with IR and X-ray crystallography. The title compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n with unit cell parameters: a = 16.6829(2), b = 25.7198(10), c = 19.7098(3)A, β = 94.3860(10)°, V = 8432.3(2) A3, Z = 4. The rhenium in the anion has a distorted octahedral geometry with the Re(V) atom surrounded by the terminal nitrido ligand, four carbon atoms of the cyanide ligands and water molecule trans (171.33(4)°) to the nitride group. The water molecule is situated between the rhenium atom and one of the trpy nitrogen ligands with an exceptionally long metal aqua interaction equal to 2.658(3)A and with a distance equal to 2.804(5)A between the oxygen atom and the trpy nitrogen atom. Principal dimensions for this compound are; Re ≡ N = 1.655(3), Re-C1 = 2.100(4), Re-C2 = 2.094(5), Re-C3 = 2.094(4), Re-C4 = 2.113(4)A. The water molecule is situated between the rhenium atom and one of the trpy nitrogen ligands with an exceptionally long metal aqua interaction equal to 2.658(3)A and with a distance equal to 2.804(5)A between the aqua group and the nitrogen atom.

The effects of aquatic exercise on pulmonary function in patients with spinal cord injury.

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of aquatic exercise on pulmonary function of patients with spinal cord injury. [Subjects] The subjects were randomly allocated to an aqua group (n=10) and a land group (n=10). [Methods] Both groups trained for 60 minutes, 3 times a week for 8 weeks. Pulmonary function was assessed by measuring the forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory flow rate (FER), force expiratory volume at one second (FEV1) and force expiratory volume at one second/forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC). [Results] Following the intervention, the aqua group showed significant changes in FVC, FER, FEV1, and FEV1/FVC. The land group showed only significant differences FER. [Conclusion] The results of this study suggest the effects on the aqua group were significantly higher than those on the land group in patients with spinal cord injury.

The Effect of Obstacle Training in Water on Static Balance of Chronic Stroke Patients

[Purpose] This study evaluated the effects of water and land-based obstacle training on static balance of chronic stroke patients. [Subjects] The subjects were randomly allocated to an aqua group (n=15) and a land group (n=15). [Methods] Both groups trained for 40 minutes, 3 times a week for 12 weeks. Static balance was assessed by measuring the mean velocities of mediolateral (ML) and anteroposterior (AP), and sway area with the eyes closed. [Results] Following the intervention, both groups showed significant changes in ML velocity, AP velocity, and sway area. The static balance of the aqua group was significantly better than the land group. [Conclusion] The results of this study suggest the feasibility and suitability of obstacle training in water for stroke patients.

Effects of Pilates and aqua fitness training on older adults’ physical functioning and quality of life

Abstract Study aim: To measure the effects of Pilates and aqua fitness training on functional fitness and quality of life in older individuals. Material and methods: A total of 54 participants (M = 66.4 ± 6.2 years) from a club for retired people in Eger, Hungary, were randomly assigned to 3 groups: one did Pilates 3 times/week (n = 22); one did aqua fitness 3 times/week (n = 17); and a control group (n = 15). The Fullerton Functional Fitness Test (FFFT) was used to measure functional fitness pre - and post-program. Quality of life was measured by WHO’s quality of life questionnaire (WHOQOL). Results: In the FFFT, significant improvement was found in 5 out of 7 variables: lower and upper body strength, lower body flexibility, physical mobility (especially dynamic balance), and aerobic endurance by the Pilates group. Shoulder flexibility improved significantly in the Aqua fitness group. Lower body strength improved in the control group. BMI did not change significantly in any of the groups. WHOQOL showed improvement in perception and autonomy in the Pilates group; sociability in the Aqua group. The between-subject analyses yielded a significant main effect of the experimental group F(1, 52) = 4367 (p &lt; 0.001). Discussion: A 6-month intervention program is an appropriate tool to improve overall physical performance of healthy, inactive older adults, regardless of the type of exercise concerning Pilates or Aqua fitness, but might improve only some aspects of QOL. There is a strong need for well-designed intervention programs for the elderly.

일부 여대생의 세 가지 균형조절 훈련 효과 비교

이 연구는 20대 여대생들을 대상으로 세 가지 균형조절 훈련(Aqua, Bio-feedback, Trampolin)이 정적 균형 능력과 시각, 전정각, 고유수용감각 등의 감각요소에 미치는 효과를 비교하기 위해 아쿠아 훈련군(10명), 바이오피드백 훈련군(10명), 트램폴린 훈련군(9명)으로 무작위 할당한 후 각 군별로 주 3회, 회당 30분간의 운동 프로그램을 6주간 진행하면서 3주후, 6주후에 Tetrax portable multiple system을 이용하여 안정성지수를 측정하고, 근전도 중앙주파수값을 이용하여 산출한 근전도 균형점수를 반복측정된 자료의 분산분석 및 Wilcoxon의 부호순위 검정 등을 이용하여 비교 분석한 결과를 종합해 볼 때, 바이오피드백 훈련은 세 가지 감각기능을 고루 향상시키며 아울러 감각기능 간의 협응성 또한 향상시키는 것으로 판단되며, 아쿠아 훈련은 전정기능을 집중적으로 강화시키는 것으로 보인다. This study was conducted to compare the effect improving balance abilities of 3 balance training programs by randomized intervention trial. Study subjects were 29 female students recruited from a university in Gwanju, who allocated randomly to 3 intervention groups, aqua group(modified Halliwick 10 point program, N=10), visual bio-feedback balance training group(N=10), and balance-pad plus trampolin group(N=9). As the results of repeated musure ANOVA, Wilcoxon signed rank test, major research findings were as follows; 1. Regarding SI or BIEMG measured at upright posture on hard platform, bio-feedback group under the condition with opening both eye and aqua group under the condition with closing both eye showed signigicant improvement in balance ability, respectively. 2. Regarding SI or BIEMG measured at upright posture on soft platform, bio-feedback group under the condition with opening both eye and aqua group under the condition with closing both eye showed signigicant improvement in balance ability, respectively. 3. Regarding all 3 sensory ratios, bio-feedback group showed significantly higher increasement in them than other 2 groups. The results suggested that visual bio-feedback training program improve the all 3 sensory functions required for balancing, and aqua training modified from Halliwick 10 point program contribute to improve vestibular function principally.

Fast readout of GEM detectors for medical imaging

We describe the design and implementation of a fast data acquisition (DAQ) system for Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) trackers applied to imaging and dosimetry in hadrontherapy. Within the AQUA project of the TERA foundation a prototype of Proton Range Radiography of 30×30cm2 active area has been designed and built to provide in-beam integrated density images of the patient before treatment. It makes use of a pair of GEMs to record position and direction of protons emerging from the target.A fast data acquisition rate close to 1MHz will allow obtaining a good resolution in-beam proton radiography in a few seconds. A dedicated fast front-end circuit for GEM detectors (GEMROC by AGH-Crakow University) is read by the FPGA based DAQ card (GR_DAQ), developed by the AQUA group. The same system is under evaluation (within the ENVISION European project) to realize the in-vivo dosimetry, based on detecting secondary light particles during the treatment of the patient.

An oxide chain constructed from octamolybdate, a Keggin anion and a copper (II) – Tetrapyridylpyrazine binuclear unit

The hydrothermal reaction of MoO3, CuSO4·5H2O, tetra-4-pyridylpyrazine (tpyprz), and diphenyldiarsonic acid in water at 140 °C for 48 h yielded the one-dimensional material [{Cu2(tpyprz)(H2O)3}2{Mo8O26}{Mo12O36(AsO4)}]·8H2O (1·8H2O). The chain structure of 1·8H2O is constructed from alternating β-octamolybdate clusters and molybdoarsonate Keggin clusters linked through {Cu2(tpyprz)(H2O)3}4+ binuclear subunits. The Cu(II) sites are inequivalent with one copper bonding to two pyridyl donors and a pyrazine nitrogen of one terminus of the tpyprz ligand, two aqua ligands and an oxo-group of the β-Mo8O264- cluster while the second copper site coordinates to the nitrogen donors of the other terminus of the tpyprz ligand, an aqua group, a terminal oxo-group of the β-Mo8O264- cluster and a terminal oxo-group of the mixed valence {Mo11VIMoVO36(AsO4)}4− cluster. Crystal data: C48H60AsCu4Mo20N12O80: FW = 4332.96 Triclinic P1¯, a = 12.5087(5) Å, b = 13.6681(6) Å, c = 14.8980(6) Å, α = 92.196(1)°, β = 97.046(1)°, γ = 97.751(1)°, Z = 1, Dcalc = 2.877 g cm−3; structure solution and refinement based on 12,333 reflections (Mo Kα, λ = 0.71073 Å) converged at R1 = 0.0540 and wR2 = 0.1115.

Mechanochemical Control of Synthesis and Structures of Aqua‐Bridged Binuclear Nickel(II) Benzoate Complexes

AbstractSynthetic and structural aspects of a few binuclear nickel(II) complexes, having two bridging carboxylate groups and aqua groups are reported. Intramolecular O–H···O hydrogen bonding interactions between the bridging aqua group and the monodentate benzoate groups stabilises the bridging structures. Aqua‐bridged nickel(II) benzoate complex is stable irrespective of solvent system and also can include solvent molecules such as toluene and benzene. A mixed chloro, aqua and 4‐chloro‐benzoato‐bridged NiII binuclear complex was synthesised and structurally characterised. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)

Facile C−H Bond Activation: Synthesis of the N4C Donor Set Pentadentate Ligand 1,4-Bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-1,4-diazacyclononane (dmpdacn) and a Structural Study of Its Alkyl−Cobalt(III) Complex [Co(dmpdacn-C)(OH2)](ClO4)2·H2O and Its Hydroxylated Derivative [Co(dmpdacnOH-O)Cl](ClO4)2·C3H6O

The 1,4-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-1,4-diazacyclononane (dmpdacn) ligand with a N(4)C donor set deprotonates at a CH(2) gamma to an amine under extraordinarily mild conditions (pH 7) and binds as a pentadentate ligand to Co(III) as the [Co(dmpdacn-C)(OH(2))](2+) complex. This complex was characterized by 1D and 2D NMR techniques, and a single-crystal X-ray structure is reported. In an alternative synthesis from Co(II), dmpdacn, and air, the same C-bonded complex is obtained along with a novel hydroxylated Co(III) complex [Co(dmpdacnOH-O)Cl](2+) which has been similarly characterized. Here the carbanion has been oxidized, a C- to O-bonded rearrangement has taken place, and the bound aqua group is replaced by Cl(-). The base hydrolysis kinetics of the hydroxylated Co(III) complex are reported, and mechanisms for this and the unusually facile C-H cleavage and CH(2) oxidation reactions are discussed.

Synthesis and characterisation of [[μ-(1,7,11,17-tetraaza-2,6,12,16-tetraoxacycloeicosane)][(μ-(aquo)]bis[(acac)(ethanol)nickel(II)]] [BPh 4] 2

The pale blue title compound, 4, was obtained from the reaction between 1,7,11,17-tetraaza-2,6,12,16-tetraoxacycloeicosane, Ni(acac) 2 and NaBPh 4 in aqueous acetone. X-ray structure determination at 120 K revealed that the dication of the ionic complex, 4, contains two independent octahedral Ni II centres with trans-Ni 2N 2O 4 chromophores. The macrocyclic ligand and an aqua ligand act as bridges to the two nickel centres: the Ni–O(aquo)–N bond angle is 137.65(17)°. Each Ni centre is bonded to two nitrogens of the macrocycle, to a chelating acac unit, to an ethanol molecule as well as the bridging oxygen of the aqua group. The two nickel atoms sit outside the macrocycle cavity, such that the macrocyclic ligand acts as a canopy for the remainder of the dication. While none of the macrocycle oxygens are involved in the coordination to Ni, they are involved in internal hydrogen bonding with the aqua and ethanol ligands. Magnetic measurements show a paramagnetic behaviour down to 2 K, with an effective moment of 2.8 Bohr magnetons at room temperature.

Aqua(1,5,8,12-tetramethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-N,N',N'',N''')copper(II) Diperchlorate

The CuII ion in the title compound, [Cu(C14H32N4)(H2O)](ClO4)2, is five-coordinate in a distorted square-pyramidal geometry with the four N atoms of the macrocyclic ligand equatorial and the O atom of the aqua group axial. The quadridentate ligand adopts its most stable conformation with the two six-membered rings in chair conformations and the two five-membered rings in gauche conformations. The complex has a 1SR,4SR,8SR,11SR configuration for the four chiral N-atom centers and a 5RS,12RS configuration for the two chiral C-atom centers.

ChemInform Abstract: Facile Conversion of a Coordinated Nitro Group into an Aqua Group: Acid‐Induced Nitro‐to‐Nitrito Rearrangement.

Abstract(NH3)5CoNO22+ reacts rapidly with pure anhydrous CF3SO3H yielding the aqua species (NH3)5CoOH23+.

Facile conversion of a coordinated nitro group into an aqua group: acid-induced nitro-to-nitrito rearrangement

The nitro complex (NH/sub 3/)/sub 5/CoNO/sub 2//sup 2 +/ reacts rapidly and completely with neat anhydrous trifluoromethanesulfonic acid to generate the aqua species (NH/sub 3/)/sub 5/CoOH/sub 2//sup 3 +/. Oxygen-17 NMR results show that the oxygen in the bound water is derived from the original nitro group. A mechanism involving acid-catalyzed nitrogen-to-oxygen nitrite rearrangement is considered. The relationship between the mechanisms for oxygen scrambling and acid-catalyzed loss of NO/sup +/ from the nitrito linkage isomer is discussed, together with the mechanism for the present reaction. 20 references, 1 figure.

The crystal structure of tetraphenylarsonium tricyanooxopyridine-2-carboxylatotungstate(IV) dihydrate

The structure of (AsPh4)2[WO(CN)3(Pic)] · 2H2O has been determined from three dimensional x-ray data. The cell dimensions are:a=17.699(8),b=13.546(6),c= 13.590(6) A, α=117.39(8), β = 71.54(7) and γ = 115.04(8)°, space group P¯1, Z = 2, The structure was solved from 5279 observed reflections. The anisotropic refinement converged to R = 0.060. The [WO(CN)3(Pic)]2−-ion is a distorted octahedron. The structure indicates that the aqua group in [WO(CN)4(H2O)]2− was displaced by an oxygen atom of the carboxylate of 2-picolinate, while a cyanide ligand was substituted by the pyridine nitrogen atom. Themer-arrangement of the three cyanide ligands has two normaltrans W-Cav = 2.17(2) A bond distances and a significant shorter W-C = 2.042(18) A bond trans to the W-N [2.188(18) A] bond. The W=O and W-O bond lengths are 1.676(9)A and 2.171 A, respectively.