April Revolution Research Articles

Afghan refugees in Indo-Afghan relations

When Afghans started fleeing abroad in the aftermath of the Saur Revolution of April 1978, Pakistan and Iran were the main countries of destination, but some Afghans also fled to India. This article offers new insights into one under-studied aspect of Indo-Afghan relations: population movements. What place have Afghan refugees occupied in Indo-Afghan relations (both formal and informal) from the Saur Revolution to the present? This article examines the specific situation of Afghan refugees in India, the general context of Indo-Afghan relations and India's ad hoc policy towards Afghan refugees, which all help explain the place occupied by Afghan refugees in Indo-Afghan relations.

Labor Unions and Labor Disputes in Chonnam in the Period of the April Revolution

한국 노동운동사에서 ‘4월혁명기’는 중요한 변환점이었다. 이 시기 전국에서 노동조합들이 재편 또는 신설되었고, 노동쟁의가 급증했다. 그런데 노동부문은 4월혁명이 ‘미완의 혁명’이었음을 입증 하는 적절한 사례이기도 했다. 4월혁명기 노동운동에 관한 연구들이 여럿 있지만, 전남지역을 대상으로 한 연구는 미흡했다. 그래서 이 글은 4월혁명기 전남지역 노동조합의 변화와 노동쟁의의 특성을 중심으로 이 시기 노동운동의 일면을 규명하는데 목적을 두었다.<BR> 노동조합의 변화는 지속, 교체, 신설로 유형화하여 고찰했다. 노동조합들은 기존의 흐름이 지속되거나, 지도부가 교체되었지만 실질적 의미가 없는 경우가 대부분이었다. 이는 다수의 노동조합 위원장들이 대한노총에서 배제 혹은 다른 입장과 경력을 가진 사람들이었던 것에 기인한 바가 크다. 노동조합의 재편과 변화는 도시별 4월혁명 양상과 관계가 있었고, 많은 노동조합들이 신설되었던 것도 확인할 수 있다.<BR> 전남지역의 노동쟁의는 4월혁명이 진행되던 무렵부터 시작되어 5?16이 발생하기까지 계속되었다. 쟁의의 쟁점은 체불임금 지급 요구가 가장 많았고, 다음으로 임금인상, 단체협약 체결 또는 경신, 노동환경 개선 등이 많았다. 노동쟁의는 노동쟁의가 빈발한 사례, 노동쟁의가 장기화된 사례, 경영진의 적극적 노무관리가 돋보이는 사례 등으로 다양한 특징을 보였다.

Local Anti-Government Movements in the Early Spring of 1960: Preludes to the April Revolution of Korea

Local Anti-Government Movements in the Early Spring of 1960: Preludes to the April Revolution of Korea

Media representations of the female members of the Portuguese parliament: the “case” of the Parity Parliament

This article is part of a wider research project entitled “Female politics - gender policies and visibility strategies of female MPs “, whose objective is the study of representations of female members of Parliament in the journalistic and photojournalistic discourse after the Portuguese democratic revolution of April 25, 1974. Here we can draw some conclusions arising from the empirical analysis of the journalistic coverage of the “Parity Parliament”, a pseudo-event which took place from January 31 to February 1, 1994, at the national Parliament, organized with the goal of bringing the problems of gender inequality in the political arena into the media agenda.

Suburbia, metropolitanismo no Portugal contemporâneo

Vania Toledo photographed the Brazilian actors and celebrities who dotted the fancies of Portuguese television viewers in the years immediately following the Carnation Revolution of April 25, 1974. This social influence is analogous to a new urban yearning. Only in the periphery of cities was there the necessary space for creating a new life for these people. This desire for progress would affirmatively and optimistically guide the consolidation of the Portuguese government over the following decades, guiding Portugal's economy on a path leading into the European Union in 1986. It also formed the basis of domestic policy for a growing openness to the logic of European markets. In this context, we see cities spreading out to their suburban areas, transforming those territories into an urban sprawl of somewhat indistinct, anonymous clusters that overlapped the fields, creating the concept of the metropolitan area. The belief in some tangibility of the process, also motivated by the small size of architectural studios, held the intellectual debate away from public opinion. These studios focused on small scales and tried to compromise between the real possibilities of the national economy and the overwhelming growth of the suburbs. Siza Vieira delineated the guidelines of Portuguese architecture during this period. The precision of his designs combined the reasoning of several Portuguese architects. The sobriety of Siza's architecture, together with his restraint in the use of standard materials, limited an iconic appropriation of his work. The grandeur was replaced by a desire for delicacy, materialized around a formal synthesis extracted from an archeology of architecture itself.

Moldova's internet revolution: Analyzing the role of technologies in various phases of the confrontation

In recent times we have witnessed the fundamental impacts that information and communication technologies (ICTs) have had on the outcomes of contentious political confrontations. In this paper, we analyze the role played by Internet-based and cellular ICTs in Moldova's Revolution of April 2009. Specifically, we identify what, why, and how technologies were used during various phases of the uprising. Our findings show that: 1) the protesters organized their initial mobilization through social network services (SNS) and short message service (SMS); 2) Twitter was mostly used during later phases of the revolution – the active street protests and the subsequent information war – for communication about the conflict both locally and globally; and 3) through skillful use of new Internet-based ICTs, it is possible to conduct a successful revolution without noticeable prior offline organization. Theoretical and practical implications for the use of ICTs in contentious political environments are also discussed.

Russia and the CIS in 2010

Russia's semi-democratic system and fuel-driven state capitalism gradually recovered from the financial crisis. The Putin-Medvedev diarchy functioned reasonably well, although the two have not worked out a plan for political succession in 2012. On external relations, Russia improved ties with the U.S., and Kyrgyzstan's April revolution appeared a blessing.

The "Young Generation"'s April Revolution and the Cultural Politics of Resistance Rituals

The "Young Generation"'s April Revolution and the Cultural Politics of Resistance Rituals

April Revolution and Korean Nationalism

April Revolution and Korean Nationalism

April Revolution and Japan

April Revolution and Japan

The Western Perception of the Korean April Revolution and its significance in World History: Based on the British, French and American Newspapers and diplomatic documents

The Western Perception of the Korean April Revolution and its significance in World History: Based on the British, French and American Newspapers and diplomatic documents

The April Revolution and the Pattern of Women’s Participation - Focused on conflict between women’s new life movement and Jang Myeon’s government -

The April Revolution and the Pattern of Women’s Participation - Focused on conflict between women’s new life movement and Jang Myeon’s government -

The Circulation Structure of the April Revolution and the 6.3 Democratic Uprising: Focused on the Historical Cycle Approach

The Circulation Structure of the April Revolution and the 6.3 Democratic Uprising: Focused on the Historical Cycle Approach

When the Revolution of April ran over Italy: the suspension of the Christian Democratic Party and the repercussions at the 14th Congress of the italian Communist Party

When the Revolution of April ran over Italy: the suspension of the Christian Democratic Party and the repercussions at the 14th Congress of the italian Communist Party

The Yosun Incident and April Revolution, or Spatiotemporal Politics of Kim Seung-ok's Novels - Focused on Antagonistic Relationships Between anticommunism and liberalism -

The Yosun Incident and April Revolution, or Spatiotemporal Politics of Kim Seung-ok's Novels - Focused on Antagonistic Relationships Between anticommunism and liberalism -

Rhetoric and Context in Saramago's Levantado do Chão

In his article "Rhetoric and Context in Saramago's Levantado do Chão" David Frier analyses the 1980 novel by Nobel in Literature 1998 José Saramago. The novel, as-of-yet not translated to English, Risen from the Ground, achieves its success as a key text of the Portuguese post-Revolutionary period in part through its resourceful rhetorical development of textual conventions and echoes derived from a wide range of high- and popular cultural contexts, ranging from the epic poetry of Camões's Os Lusíadas (The Lusiads) of 1578, through glamorized medieval battle-scenes to popular stories and beliefs and to the Fado music of Amália Rodrigues. In each case, the material cited or alluded to is adapted and revisited from new angles, satirized, or re-appropriated from the traditionally hegemonic culture of the privileged (with what are presented here as their false claims to be representing the real interests of the Portuguese nation), to suit instead the interests and perspectives of the peasant workers of the Alentejo region who form the principal focus of the core narrative of the novel. By exploiting these wide-ranging cultural resources, Saramago's novel widens its frame of reference to effectively claim the April Revolution as a natural continuation of centuries-old Portuguese cultural traditions, while also enriching the substance of the text with a variety of voices, as opposed to the traditionally monologic practice of those Marxist-inspired texts of the classical neo-realist period under the dictatorship.

The April 19th Generation and the Start of Postcolonial History in South Korea

Despite implanting buoyant hopes for South Korea’s modern and democratic transformation, the April Revolution of 1960 gave way to the military coup of 1961 and the restoration of authoritarian rule. For this reason, April 19 th came to be known in subsequent years as an “incomplete revolution” by nationalist intellectuals. This article examines the discourse of national regeneration in the aftermath of April 19 th and May 16 th to demonstrate the interrelatedness of the two events. The study contends that this pair of seminal developments generated, and was generated by, widespread perceptions of historical transition from an undesirable colonial past to a more desirable postcolonial future. Emergent nationalist beliefs in the start of a new phase in national history played a crucial role in consolidating the framework for political struggles and historical change in the era of developmental authoritarianism.

PARTY POLITICS IN PORTUGAL

ABSTRACTSince the Portuguese revolution of April 25th, 1974, and the beginning of the democratic regime (with the first elections for parliament held on April 25th, 1975), political parties dominate the electoral process, both on central government and on the municipalities. The analysis of the political elites, their party filiations and recruitment and their social backgrounds has occupied Portuguese social scientists for the last years. With this paper, the author proposes to establish the relationship between these two levels of government, national and local, and access the importance of political parties in each of them. Many mayors’ political careers include vertical mobility, both upwards and downwards: from mayors to members of parliament to members of the European Parliament and ministers or even Prime Minister and President of the Republic (in the case of two mayors of Lisbon), or from ministers and members of parliament to mayors. In all of these cases, their party and their position within the party has played a central role, even when some individuals have pursued other party choices in order to get re-elected, or even have presented independent candidacies (only possible since 1997).

Documents of Survival and Trauma: Memories of the Korean War in Korean Novels of the 1960s

This article aims at rethinking how novels represented by battlefield scenes and published in the 1960s are important linking works between “novels of postwar” and “novels of division” in the history of modern Korean novels. The three novels, Long day’s Journey into Night by Kang Yong-jun, The Revolution at Bangat-gol by Oh Yu-Gueon, and Market and Battlefield by Park Kyung-ri, have been relatively neglected in the history of modern Korean novels although the literary acceptance of war experiences has been understood as an important research theme. Writers in the 1950s showed a sense of doubt, defiance, and despair in “novels of postwar,” which reflected the fact that they could not be relieved of their war experience oppression. In “novels of division” writers in the 1970-80s presented the present lives of the nation after the war and attempted to deal with the sharp contradiction of a divided nation. In concretizing war experiences, novels published in the 1960s used battlefields for fictional time-space in an attempt to gain distance from the trauma of war. Namely, it gained the distance to see the historical war as fictional material as well as began to understand what the war was and why it had happened, resulting in full-scale scenes of the battlefields being fictionalized in a long story form in the 1960s. Most Koreans experienced that they could make new historical situations during the April Revolution (4.19 Revolution) of 1960. Having escaped from the feeling of being victimized by the war, the novels seriously began with a reasonable understanding of the war in the 1960s. It should be considered that these novels concretized battlefields of the war are important linking works between “novels of postwar” and “novels of division” beyond the division era in the history of modern Korean novels.

L'organisation du pouvoir politique

Thirty years after the April Revolution, Portugal is in the midst of the most successful democratic experience of its history. A product of the pact signed by the principal political parties and the Armed Forces Movement, the Portuguese constitution established a semi presidential system of power, which ensures that the principal organs of sovereignty exercise reciprocal control over each other. The presence of a unique political-military body — the Council of the Revolution — acted as a safety valve for the system during the transition period until 1982. Successive revisions of the constitution have perfected this architecture of power, while eliminating the ideological rhetoric inherited from the revolutionary period This article describes the functioning of the system on the basis of the evolution of electoral results, of the various arrangements attempted for forming governments, and of characteristics of the principal political parties. The growing tendency toward abstention is the object of particular consideration. The highly autonomous judicial system and the armed forces, increasingly under civ ilian control, is also be analyzed. In conclusion, the article considers the challenges of Portugal's immediate future, including the deepening of participatory democracy, the need to lessen both the bureaucratic weight and the excessive centralism of the state, and the quest for a system of justice that will be at once speedier and more efficient.