Approximate Criterion Research Articles

ETHICAL NORMS AS REGULATORS OF LABOR RELATIONS, AND UNSPORTING BEHAVIOR OF A TRAINER ON THE INTERNET AS A BASIS FOR TERMINATION OF A LABOR AGREEMENT

Aim. The purpose of the study is to establish the legal consequences of violation of ethical standards by employees and to determine the content of the misconduct committed by the trainer and considered as incompatible with the continuation of labor relations, including those in the Internet. Materials and methods. Study and logical analysis of legislative acts and court decisions on disputes on violation of professional ethics and misconduct incompatible with the continuation of labor relations; synthesis of concepts and theoretical provisions; generalization of the advanced experience of foreign countries. Results. The analysis of legislative acts and court decisions on disputes on violation of professional ethics and misconduct incompatible with the continuation of labor relations allowed us to determine the cases when ethical and moral standards can act as regulators of labor relations and also allowed to establish the criteria for misconduct committed by trainers on the Internet and being the basis for dismissal. Conclusion. In the guidelines of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, it is necessary to state a list of approximate criteria for assessing immoral misconduct committed by a trainer, including those in the Internet. These include: the employee's attitude to the committed act, including the possibility/probability of the recurrence of such behavior; time limitation of the commission of an act; assessment of the consequences of such behavior (whether this behavior led to violation or deterioration of discipline or the educational process); the attitude of colleagues and students towards misconduct; the recognition of obscenity and conflict with public morality in the actions of the employee. This conclusion is proved by the positive experience of foreign countries. It is unacceptable to publicize unethical behavior of employees without their written consent or to submit such cases for general discussion. In order to effectively regulate labor relations and observe ethical standards in professional activity, specific guidelines for Internet behavior should be included in the codes of professional ethics of trainers and teachers.

Mathematical model of gas-free combustion of a binary powder mixture with allowance Marangoni convection

A macroscopic mathematical model has been developed for the gas-free combustion of a binary reaction mixture with allowance for thermocapillary convection of a low-melting reagent. The model includes equations as follows: mass balance of reaction substances, chemical transformation, melt motion, thermal conductivity. Melt formed during the melting of one of the components is believed to move in the porous carcass of the mixture due to thermocapillary forces. The dynamics of changes in temperature, chemical conversion depth, melt fraction and porosity are numerically calculated in a gasless combustion wave. Depending on the main parameters characterizing the process, conductive, convective, and mixed modes of synthesis front propagation are revealed. Analytical relationships are derived to estimate the combustion rate for these modes. An approximate criterion that reveals the synthesis mode from the structural and physicochemical parameters of the binary mixture is found.

Analytic stability boundaries for compressional and global Alfvén eigenmodes driven by fast ions. I. Interaction via ordinary and anomalous cyclotron resonances

Conditions for net fast ion drive are derived for beam-driven, sub-cyclotron compressional (CAE) and global (GAE) Alfvén eigenmodes, such as those routinely observed in spherical tokamaks such as NSTX(-U) and MAST. Both co- and counter-propagating CAEs and GAEs are investigated, driven by the ordinary and anomalous Doppler-shifted cyclotron resonance with fast ions. Whereas prior results were restricted to vanishingly narrow distributions in velocity space, broad parameter regimes are identified in this work which enable an analytic treatment for realistic fast ion distributions generated by neutral beam injection. The simple, approximate conditions derived in these regimes for beam distributions of realistic width compare well to the numerical evaluation of the full analytic expressions for fast ion drive. Moreover, previous results in the very narrow beam case are corrected and generalized to retain all terms in ω/ωci and |k∥/k⊥|, which are often assumed to be small parameters but can significantly modify the conditions of drive and damping when they are non-negligible. Favorable agreement is demonstrated between the approximate stability criterion, simulation results, and a large database of NSTX observations of cntr-GAEs.

Analytic stability boundaries for compressional and global Alfvén eigenmodes driven by fast ions. II. Interaction via Landau resonance

Conditions for net fast ion drive are derived for beam-driven, co-propagating, sub-cyclotron compressional (CAE) and global (GAE) Alfvén eigenmodes driven by the Landau resonance with super-Alfvénic fast ions. Approximations applicable to realistic neutral beam distributions and mode characteristics observed in spherical tokamaks enable the derivation of marginal stability conditions for these modes. Such conditions successfully reproduce the stability boundaries found from numerical integration of the exact expression for local fast ion drive/damping. Coupling between the CAE and GAE branches of the dispersion due to finite ω/ωci and |k∥/k⊥| is retained and found to be responsible for the existence of the GAE instability via this resonance. Encouraging agreement is demonstrated between the approximate stability criterion, simulation results, and a database of NSTX observations of co-CAEs.

On the Cooling-to-Space Approximation

AbstractThe cooling-to-space (CTS) approximation says that the radiative cooling of an atmospheric layer is dominated by that layer’s emission to space, while radiative exchange with layers above and below largely cancel. Though the CTS approximation has been demonstrated empirically and is thus fairly well accepted, a theoretical justification is lacking. Furthermore, the intuition behind the CTS approximation cannot be universally valid, as the CTS approximation fails in the case of pure radiative equilibrium. Motivated by this, we investigate the CTS approximation in detail. We frame the CTS approximation in terms of a novel decomposition of radiative flux divergence, which better captures the cancellation of exchange terms. We also derive validity criteria for the CTS approximation, using simple analytical theory. We apply these criteria in the context of both gray gas pure radiative equilibrium (PRE) and radiative–convective equilibrium (RCE) to understand how the CTS approximation arises and why it fails in PRE. When applied to realistic gases in RCE, these criteria predict that the CTS approximation should hold well for H2O but less so for CO2, a conclusion we verify with line-by-line radiative transfer calculations. Along the way we also discuss the well-known “τ = 1 law,” and its dependence on the choice of vertical coordinate.

Born Yesterday: Inexperience and the Early Realist Novel by Stephanie Insley Hershinow

Reviewed by: Born Yesterday: Inexperience and the Early Realist Novel by Stephanie Insley Hershinow Abigail Zitin Stephanie Insley Hershinow, Born Yesterday: Inexperience and the Early Realist Novel (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 2019). Pp. 192. $49.95 cloth. "Nevertheless, she persisted": this timely phrase could serve as an extra epigraph for Stephanie Hershinow's Born Yesterday, reminding us both of the character traits of young heroines of eighteenth-century novels—words like "plucky" and "irrepressible" come to mind—and of the critical condescension with which unwavering ingenuousness has been met. Just as this latter-day feminist motto was reclaimed from its origins in admonishment—will she ever learn?—and appropriated as a rallying cry, Hershinow seeks to show how, rather than representing the generic immaturity of the novel itself, good-girl protagonists from Richardson's Pamela to Austen's Emma are instead the vanguard of aesthetic achievement. She is reclaiming these figures from a tradition that would see them as static, less as paragons of resilience than as avatars of a surprising, even a maddening, consistency. Who's mad about these stubborn women, besides Mitch McConnell? Novel theorists who understand character in terms of "the accretion of experience over the time of the novel's plot" (22), that's who. For them, "characterization is successful to the degree that maturation is achieved" (22). This conception of character seems so intuitively right—or maybe just so familiar—that I found it hard at first, I'll confess, to dislodge it from my own thinking as neatly and radically as Hershinow's argument demands. Narrative fiction would seem to fail if its basic procedure were a depiction of stasis. Plot feeds characters into situations and encounters that affect them, even if they resist being changed by their experiences. Still, it is one thing to affirm that characters change—or don't—in response to the changes with which plot confronts them. It is quite another to say that aesthetic success depends on a specific character arc: what Hershinow calls the plot of development (117), or maturation, or Bildung. There is a critique of Bildung here, as a problematic shorthand for the kind of character development Hershinow scrutinizes. Its generic affiliation with disillusionment and accommodation as the price of worldliness is too narrow for the English novel. But the really radical implication of Born Yesterday is that character change itself is simply the wrong way to think about the category of experience in the novel. [End Page 510] The keyword for Hershinow, as her subtitle announces, is not experience but inexperience, and the character-type whose complexity is obscured when criticism overvalues development is a figure she calls the novice. Often (but not always) youthful, often (but not always) a woman, the novice, Hershinow argues, is "the central figure of the early realist novel, encapsulating its formal, epistemological, and moral aims" (7). The book's four chapters focus, respectively, on Richardson's Clarissa, Henry Fielding's Tom Jones, the Gothic novel (with examples from Horace Walpole and Anne Radcliffe), and the career of Frances Burney, who repudiates her own precocity even as she builds her brand on the story of a "young lady's entrance into the world" (5; that young lady is Evelina, though the chapter devotes its most sustained attention to the later Camilla). Female adolescence is Born Yesterday's topic, and yet youth and femininity are only approximate criteria for identifying a novice in Hershinow's sense. Instead, she places the novice "in a line of sentimental protagonists who, in assuming the goodness of others, merely project their own minds onto those they encounter" (110). The subject of that particular formulation is not, say, Evelina Anville but sitcom heroine Kimmy Schmidt. Hershinow does not shy away from pop-culture references, in part to challenge a conception of literary culture that is dismissive of girls and their aesthetic preferences. The payoff is as much stylistic as polemical. Lively and brimming with wit, Born Yesterday conveys through voice the impression of its author as a savvy and companionable guide to a selection of canonical novels she loves without apology. "Assuming the goodness of others": this way of defining the novice highlights the...

Deriving Approximate Criteria for Design and Analysis of a Novel Oscillatory Wind Turbine Using Linearization

Wind energy has become one of the most popular resources of clean energy. In spite of this popularity, there are some serious flaws in design of conventional wind turbines. Among these are the substantial limitations and drawbacks of the rotary wind turbines, which are the main industrial wind turbines. This has motivated alternative designs and strategies for wind harvesting. In this paper, an alternative oscillatory wind turbine is investigated. First, the governing equations of motion of the turbine are represented and linearized. Then, closed solutions of the linearized equations are cross-validated with numerical simulation resulted from a generated computer code. A close affinity has been observed between the numerical simulation and the analytical solution. Finally, some parametric relationships are extracted from the linearized equations of motion, to be used in design and analysis of the turbine, at least approximately. For validating the utilized method, the CP of the turbine is derived and compared with the results of numerical simulation. Comparison shows acceptable capability of the method to forecast the behavior of turbine and consequently, its suitability for use as a method for deriving approximate design criteria.

Investigating Pole behavior of Reduced Order Model

In this paper, pole placement and stability behavior of reduced order model using Pade approximation method and Routh Stability Criterion by V. Krishnamurthy Method has been investigated. Higher order systems are reduced to lower order systems using Reduced Order Modelling (ROM) Techniques.In this reduction technique we here conclude that the shifting of the poles of original system and reduced system gives some important results about the Pade approximation unstability problem.. The results are compared with the Routh Stability Criterion by V. Krishnamurthy Method. Pade approximation and Routh stability criterion by V.Krishnamurthy methods are very good and simple methods of reducing a higher order system.

Randomized Machine Learning Procedures

A new concept of machine learning based on the computer simulation of entropy-optimal randomized models is proposed. The procedures of randomized machine learning (RML) with “hard” and “soft” randomization are considered; the former imply the exact reproduction of empirical balances while the latter their rough reproduction with an accepted approximation criterion. RML algorithms are formulated as functional entropy-linear programming problems. Applications of RML procedures to text classification and the randomized forecasting of migratory interaction of regional systems are presented.

Approximate Controllability of Infinite-Dimensional Degenerate Fractional Order Systems in the Sectorial Case

We consider a class of linear inhomogeneous equations in a Banach space not solvable with respect to the fractional Caputo derivative. Such equations are called degenerate. We study the case of the existence of a resolving operators family for the respective homogeneous equation, which is an analytic in a sector. The existence of a unique solution of the Cauchy problem and of the Showalter—Sidorov problem to the inhomogeneous degenerate equation is proved. We also derive the form of the solution. The approximate controllability of infinite-dimensional control systems, described by the equations of the considered class, is researched. An approximate controllability criterion for the degenerate fractional order control system is obtained. The criterion is illustrated by the application to a system, which is described by an initial-boundary value problem for a partial differential equation, not solvable with respect to the time-fractional derivative. As a corollary of general results, an approximate controllability criterion is obtained for the degenerate fractional order control system with a finite-dimensional input.

Solving the Bi-level Problem of a Closed Optimization of Electricity Price Zone Configurations using a Genetic Algorithm

The topic of alternative price zone configurations is frequently discussed in Central Western Europe where – so far – national borders coincide with borders of price zones. Reconfiguring these price zones is one option in order to improve congestion management, foster trading across borders of price zones and, thus, to increase welfare. In view of the significant increase in redispatch volumes and costs over the last years due to increasing feed-in from renewable energy sources in conjunction with delayed grid expansion, this topic has gained in importance. To determine these improved price zone configurations for a large-scale system like Central Western Europe, often either configurations based on expert guesses are considered or heuristics using approximate criteria like locational marginal prices are used to obtain price zones through clustering. In contrast, the present paper formulates a bi-level optimization problem of how to determine optimal configurations in terms of system costs and – given the size and nature of the problem – solves it with a specially developed genetic algorithm. Resulting price zone configurations are compared to both exogenously given, expert-based price zone configurations from the Entso-E bidding zone study and endogenously assessed configurations from a hierarchical cluster algorithm. Results show that the genetic algorithm achieves best results in terms of system costs. Moreover, the comparison with solutions from a hierarchical cluster analysis reveals important drawbacks of the latter methodology.

Efecto de distribuciones a priori en los diseños D-óptimos Bayesianos para un modelo no lineal correlacionado

En la práctica pueden surgir complicaciones a la hora de construir diseños óptimos para modelos de regresión no lineales, uno de los grandes problemas se evidencia cuando las observaciones son correlacionadas, debido a que éstas son tomadas de un mismo individuo, objeto o unidad experimental. Al momento de utilizar el criterio de D-optimalidad este depende tanto del vector de parámetros del modelo como de la estructura de correlación supuesta para el término de error. Una forma de evitar esta dependencia es mediante la inclusión de distribuciones a priori en el criterio de D-optimalidad. En este artículo se estudia el efecto que tiene la escogencia de diferentes distribuciones a priori, tales como las distribuciones Uniforme, Gamma y Log normal en la obtención de los diseños D-óptimos para un modelo no lineal, cuando los errores presentan diferentes estructuras de correlación. Se hallan los diseños al maximizar el criterio de D-optimalidad aproximado por el método de Monte Carlo. Además, se propone una metodología general que permite hallar diseños D-óptimos para cualquier tipo de modelo no lineal en presencia de observaciones correlacionadas. Finalmente, se propone comparar los diseños encontrados mediante el cálculo de las eficiencias tomando como diseño de referencia el obtenido con la distribución a priori Uniforme. Se aplica la metodología establecida en un caso de estudio, y se concluye que los diseños obtenidos dependen tanto de la estructura de correlacióncomo de la distribución a priori considerada.

Multi-Dimensional Penalized Hazard Model with Continuous Covariates: Applications for Studying Trends and Social Inequalities in Cancer Survival

SummaryDescribing the dynamics of patient mortality hazard is a major concern for cancer epidemiologists. In addition to time and age, other continuous covariates have often to be included in the model. For example, survival trend analyses and socio-economic studies deal respectively with the year of diagnosis and a deprivation index. Taking advantage of a recent theoretical framework for general smooth models, the paper proposes a penalized approach to hazard and excess hazard models in time-to-event analyses. The baseline hazard and the functional forms of the covariates were specified by using penalized natural cubic regression splines with associated quadratic penalties. Interactions between continuous covariates and time-dependent effects were dealt with by forming a tensor product smooth. The smoothing parameters were estimated by optimizing either the Laplace approximate marginal likelihood criterion or the likelihood cross-validation criterion. The regression parameters were estimated by direct maximization of the penalized likelihood of the survival model, which avoids data augmentation and the Poisson likelihood approach. The implementation proposed was evaluated on simulations and applied to real data. It was found to be numerically stable, efficient and useful for choosing the appropriate degree of complexity in overall survival and net survival contexts; moreover, it simplified the model building process.

Physical Modeling of Hydrodynamic and Heat Transfer Processes in Liquid-Metal Cooled Nuclear Power Facilities

The article presents the results from analyzing the application conditions of the thermophysical processes similarity theory as applied to modeling the hydrodynamics and heat transfer in liquid-metal cooled nuclear power facilities, namely, in channels, in the reactor core rod systems, and in the reactor pressure vessel under different operating conditions. It is shown that direct modeling can be used without limitations only for processes whose determined similarity numbers (criteria) are functions of only the system’s geometrical simplexes and one determining criterion. The availability of two determining criteria in the heat transfer description, e.g., the Reynolds and Prandtl numbers, noticeably complicates the modeling. With three determining criteria, direct modeling is impracticable as a rule. In such cases, systematic multivariate experiments must be set up. The aim of such experiments is to reveal the effects that are allowed by the general mathematical model but which cannot be simulated—either analytically or numerically—using state-of-the-art mathematical technologies. It has been shown from numerical and theoretical investigations and from generalization of experiments, including data on temperature distribution patterns in a liquid-metal flow, that the thermal resistance at the coolant–heat-transfer surface interface boundary is essentially zero if the concentration of impurities in the coolant does not exceed their solubility at the circulating metal temperature. In the case of using liquid metals and alloys (Pb, Pb–Bi, Hg, Na, Na–K, Li, etc.), the heat transfer is described under such conditions by a unified dimensionless dependence on the Peclet number. The transfer of heat in fuel assemblies takes place mainly by convective heat transfer, and the temperature field is governed by the increase in liquid-metal temperature. The temperature distribution depends on the classical similarity criteria, including the Reynolds, Peclet (Prandtl), and Grashof criteria, and on the design and thermophysical characteristics of fuel elements and fuel assemblies (the latter serve as the fuel element approximate similarity criterion). Forced circulation in the reactor vessel is simulated in small-scale water models using the Froude and Peclet numbers, and natural circulation is simulated using the Euler number. The similarity of currents in stably stratified coolant zones is determined by the Froude and Peclet numbers and by the local-gradient Richardson number.

Approximate Kernel Selection with Strong Approximate Consistency

Kernel selection is fundamental to the generalization performance of kernel-based learning algorithms. Approximate kernel selection is an efficient kernel selection approach that exploits the convergence property of the kernel selection criteria and the computational virtue of kernel matrix approximation. The convergence property is measured by the notion of approximate consistency. For the existing Nyström approximations, whose sampling distributions are independent of the specific learning task at hand, it is difficult to establish the strong approximate consistency. They mainly focus on the quality of the low-rank matrix approximation, rather than the performance of the kernel selection criterion used in conjunction with the approximate matrix. In this paper, we propose a novel Nyström approximate kernel selection algorithm by customizing a criterion-driven adaptive sampling distribution for the Nyström approximation, which adaptively reduces the error between the approximate and accurate criteria. We theoretically derive the strong approximate consistency of the proposed Nyström approximate kernel selection algorithm. Finally, we empirically evaluate the approximate consistency of our algorithm as compared to state-of-the-art methods.

Mapping the stability of stellar rotating spheres via linear response theory

Abstract Rotation is ubiquitous in the Universe, and recent kinematic surveys have shown that early-type galaxies and globular clusters are no exception. Yet the linear response of spheroidal rotating stellar systems has seldom been studied. This paper takes a step in this direction by considering the behaviour of spherically symmetric systems with differential rotation. Specifically, the stability of several sequences of Plummer spheres is investigated, in which the total angular momentum, as well as the degree and flavour of anisotropy in the velocity space are varied. To that end, the response matrix method is customized to spherical rotating equilibria. The shapes, pattern speeds and growth rates of the systems’ unstable modes are computed. Detailed comparisons to appropriate N-body measurements are also presented. The marginal stability boundary is charted in the parameter space of velocity anisotropy and rotation rate. When rotation is introduced, two sequences of growing modes are identified corresponding to radially and tangentially biased anisotropic spheres, respectively. For radially anisotropic spheres, growing modes occur on two intersecting surfaces (in the parameter space of anisotropy and rotation), which correspond to fast and slow modes, depending on the net rotation rate. Generalized, approximate stability criteria are finally presented.

Gaussian Message Passing-Based Cooperative Localisation with Bootstrap Percolation Scheme in Dense Networks

In dense networks, the tremendous computational complexity and communication overhead of cooperative localisation are the two main bottlenecks that limit practical application. In this study, we introduce a bootstrap percolation scheme into Gaussian message passing-based cooperative localisation for precise positioning, aimed at reducing the system overhead. Considering the uncertainty information and geometric distribution of neighbours, an approximate collinear detection criterion is proposed to detect the possible flip ambiguities in cooperative localisation. According to the detection result and our connection constraint, agents are divided into three categories and are approximated by different distribution families. A message passing rule is designed to control the propagation direction from high precision to low precision, thereby mitigating potential error propagation. Additionally, a layer-by-layer positioning mechanism is established where the agents are located gradually. Analytical and simulation results indicate that when the ranging standard deviation is 0·2 m, 89·3% of the agent nodes can be located within 0·4 m using the proposed algorithm. Compared with the Hybrid Sum-Product Algorithm over A Wireless Network (H-SPAWN), this ratio is increased by 8·4% and the computational complexity is reduced by 72%.

An expanded sparse Bayesian learning method for polynomial chaos expansion

Abstract Polynomial chaos expansion (PCE) has been proven to be a powerful tool for developing surrogate models in various engineering fields for uncertainty quantification. The computational cost of full PCE is unaffordable due to the “curse of dimensionality” of the expansion coefficients. In this paper, an expanded sparse Bayesian learning method for sparse PCE is proposed. Firstly, basis polynomials of the full PCE are partitioned into significant terms and complementary non-significant terms. The parameterized priors with distinct variance are assigned to the candidates for the significant terms. Then, the dimensionality of the parameter space is equivalent to the assumed sparsity level of the PCE. Secondly, an approximate Kashyap information criterion (KIC) rule which achieves a balance between model simplicity and goodness of fit is derived for model selection. Finally, an automatic search algorithm is proposed by minimizing the KIC objective function and using the variance contribution of each term to the model output to select significant terms. To assess the performance of the proposed method, a detailed comparison is completed with several well-established techniques. The results show that the proposed method is able to identify the most significant PC contributions with superior efficiency and accuracy.

A Partially Inexact Proximal Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers and Its Iteration-Complexity Analysis

This paper proposes a partially inexact proximal alternating direction method of multipliers for computing approximate solutions of a linearly constrained convex optimization problem. This method allows its first subproblem to be solved inexactly using a relative approximate criterion, whereas a proximal term is added to its second subproblem in order to simplify it. A stepsize parameter is included in the updating rule of the Lagrangian multiplier to improve its computational performance. Pointwise and ergodic iteration-complexity bounds for the proposed method are established. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that complexity results for an inexact alternating direction method of multipliers with relative error criteria have been analyzed. Some preliminary numerical experiments are reported to illustrate the advantages of the new method.

Модели вертикального профиля ветра по данным ветроизмерительных комплексов полуострова Камчатка

The article describes two wind shear profile (WSP) models constructed in the form of empirical dependencies of the Hellman exponent mean values from the wind speed at the minimal met mast measurement height. The WSP models were developed using the wind speed observation series with 10-min averaging intervals obtained for the minimum and maximum measurement heights from four met masts in the Kamchatka Peninsula, which were then subjected to generalization and putting in a systematic order. The empirical dependencies (WSP models) are applicable for modeling the average wind speed at any height up to 100 m for different source data averaging intervals (month, hour, 10 min) in territories similar to the four met mast sites on the Kamchatka Peninsula in physical and geographical conditions (terrain relief and roughness, and type of water surfaces: river, internal or external sea, etc.). The second model seems to be of special value for further application due to its ability to model the average wind speed for short intervals of time (from 10 min to several hours) to any height, a feature that is of importance in designing wind power plants (WPPs) intended for operation in small local power systems (LPS). In developing this model, the wind turbulence was taken into account in addition to the terrain physical and geographical conditions. To this end, empirical and approximating dependences of the average turbulence intensity from the average wind speed in gradations (at 1 m/s steps) at the minimum measurement height of four met masts were developed. The article describes the methods, verification and approximation criteria, and adopted assumptions based on which the WSP models were developed. The determinacy coefficient R2 was taken as the empirical dependence approximation validity indicator. The developed WSP models were verified in accordance with the criterion of relative deviation of the compared average wind speed values at the met mast maximum measurement height calculated from the actual series of data observed on met masts and using the modeled data, which should not exceed the permissible speed measurement error on the met mast (0.1 m/s) for the considered interval. The effect the selected WSP model has on the design power output produced by a single WPP was analyzed only for one WPP site that coincides with the Ust Kamchatsk met mast site. Investigations for other met mast sites were not performed due to lack of WPP operational data. It is shown that the source data averaging interval should duly be taken into account in choosing the WSP model.