Approximate Cost Estimation Research Articles

ROUTE OF SOUTH SECTION OF BUDVA BYPASS - REVIEW OF PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF ORGANIZATION AND TECHNOLOGY CONSTRUCTION

<p class="ABSTRACT">The Budva bypass, spanning approximately 30 kilometers, is divided into three distinct sections: North, Middle, and South. The Terms of reference required the preparation of a Preliminary design for the construction elements of all structures along the section and route. The Southern section, which is the subject of this article, begins at the end of the Middle section in Vrijesno. The route of the Southern Section goes through the hilly hinterland above the Budva coast, from Kamenovo to Petrovac. In Petrovac, it is connected to the main road M-2 Petrovac-Sotonići-Virpazar via the intersection "Petrovac". The total length of the Southern section is 8.56km. There are five bridges and one tunnel in this route. There are, also, retaining structures and slope protection, conection routes and deviations, one interchange, and noise protection walls on this section of bypass. In this article, parts of Preliminary Design of organization and technology construction are showned. Network plan structure, approximate estimation of the duration of the works, approximate cost estimation, and approximate cash flow estimation during construction are presented.</p>

Market expansion analysis: Choosing between spain and saudi arabia for Dexiotis Security Solutions

The selected company for the marketing consultancy project was Dexiotis Security Solutions, the company started its journey in Hungary and also have its headquarters in the UK and Cyprus. The company is already operating its business activities on the global scale. And currently is planning to expand its business to a new country for which the company has chosen two countries, Spain and Saudi Arabia. This consultancy report thoroughly analyses the Spain and Saudi Arabia market and industry for suggest the better option for Dexiotis to expand its business. For analysing the market and industry, this report has addressed the macro-micro business environment analysis, industry analysis, integrated marketing plan and an approximate cost estimation to implement the plans in an appropriate order. According to the analyses and assessments of the research findings, Saudi Arabia has been chosen for Dexiotis to expand its business considering that the Saudi Arabia market is much more stable, politically favourable, has stable economic growth and development opportunities. Which would support Dexiotis to attract the potential clients.

Expert System Approach for Online Admissions

In current pandemic situation online admission system is the need of the hour. This research paper first presents importance of domain of Online Admission System. It mentions in brief research work and contribution of researcher in this domain required for this research paper. Paper briefs first what is prototype system and expert system. Researcher is presenting prototype system useful for stakeholders, organizations that conduct online admissions in framing the requirements for the system, and they can also get idea of what features in the system they are going to get at what approximate cost and third party organizations which are in design and development of the system. Three point formula is used for approximate cost estimation. Expert system asks questions to the user, according to input system suggests type of online admission system along with approximate cost.

Integrating Pyrolysis or Combustion with Scrubbing to Maximize the Nutrient and Energy Recovery from Municipal Sewage Sludge

Based on mass and energy balance calculations, this work investigates the possibility of recovering heat and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) from municipal sewage sludge using pyrolysis or combustion in combination with a gas scrubbing technology. Considering a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) with 65,000 t/a of mechanically dewatered digestate (29% total solids), 550 t/a nitrogen and 500 t/a phosphorus were recovered from the 4900 t/a total nitrogen and 600 t/a total phosphorus that entered the WWTP. Overall, 3600 t/a (73%) of total nitrogen was lost to the air (as N2) and clean water, while 90 t/a (15%) of total phosphorus was lost to clean water released by the WWTP. Both in combustion and in pyrolysis, the nitrogen (3%) released within thermal drying fumes was recovered through condensate stripping and subsequent gas scrubbing, and together with the recovery of nitrogen from WWTP reject water, a total of 3500 t/a of ammonium sulfate fertilizer can be produced. Furthermore, 120 GWh/a of district heat and 9700 t/a of ash with 500 t/a phosphorus were obtained in the combustion scenario and 12,000 t/a of biochar with 500 t/a phosphorus was obtained in the pyrolysis scenario. The addition of a stripper and a scrubber for nitrogen recovery increases the total electricity consumption in both scenarios. According to an approximate cost estimation, combustion and pyrolysis require annual investment costs of 2–4 M EUR/a and 2–3 M EUR/a, respectively, while 3–5 M EUR/a and 3–3.5 M EUR/a will be generated as revenues from the products.

A Suitable Combination of Electrodes for Simultaneous Reduction of Nitrates and Oxidation of Ammonium Ions in an Explosive Industry Wastewater

The electrochemical reduction of nitrate and ammonium ion oxidation has been performed with the cathode (Al) and anode (Ti/RuO₂) in the explosive industry wastewater polluted with a significant quantity of NO₃– and NH₄⁺. For this, the influences of various other cathode materials (Fe, Cu, and C), the current density (j = 35.71 to 142.86 A m–²), wastewater pH (pH = 3–12), and treatment time (t = 180 min) were analyzed for nitrate ion reduction, ammonium ion oxidation, nitrite ion generation, and total nitrogen (TN) degradation. The maximum nitrate removal and TN removal efficiencies were found to be ≈51 and ≈63% at j = 142.86 A m–² and wastewater natural pH after 180 min treatment time, respectively. In this condition, SEC was calculated to be 74.4 kWh (kg NO₃– reduced)⁻¹. The mechanistic analysis suggested that the atomic hydrogen molecules, H⁺, and e– help in the nitrate ion reduction and the available Cl– ion in the wastewater helps in the oxidation of the ammonium ion into gaseous nitrogen through the electrochemical process. The new and used electrodes were characterized by FE-SEM, AFM, and XRD techniques. Electrodes were also characterized within untreated and treated wastewater through CV and EIS analysis. The in situ generated oxidizing species were identified by the p-nitrosodimethylaniline (RNO) bleaching test. Pseudo-first-order and nᵗʰ-order kinetic models were applied, and the reaction rate was calculated to understand the reaction rate of the nitrate reduction. The approximate operational cost estimation has been performed for the lab-scale batch reactor treatment of the explosive industry wastewater. No scum or sludge was produced throughout the treatment process. This study helps to understand the parametric, mechanistic, and kinetic aspects of electrochemical nitrate reduction and oxidation of the previously present and produced ammonium ion in the explosive industry wastewater.

The Case for a Large-scale Occultation Network

Abstract We discuss the feasibility of and present initial designs and approximate cost estimates for a large (N ∼ 2000) network of small photometric telescopes that is purpose-built to monitor V ≲ 15 Gaia mission program stars for occultations by minor solar system bodies. The implementation of this network would permit measurement of the solar system’s tidal gravity field to high precision, thereby revealing the existence of distant trans-Neptunian objects such as the proposed “Planet Nine.” As a detailed example of the network capabilities, we investigate how occultations by Jovian Trojans can be monitored to track the accumulation of gravitational perturbations, thereby constraining the presence of undetected massive solar system bodies. We also show that the tidal influence of Planet Nine can be discerned from that of smaller, nearer objects in the Kuiper Belt. Moreover, ephemerides for all small solar system bodies observed in occultation could be significantly improved using this network, thereby improving spacecraft navigation and refining solar system modeling. Finally, occultation monitoring would generate direct measurements of size distributions for asteroid populations, permitting a better understanding of their origins.

Balancing the books for cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intra-peritoneal chemotherapy for peritoneal metastases in a diminishing economy: a global issue

Medical advances, particularly technological and pharmaceutical, are continually increasing, and this pattern is likely to continue. In contrast to this technological and pharmaceutical expansion, the reality of a global recession and the need to cut costs are universal health-care challenges. Herein the authors review the approximate cost estimates for a proven strategy to manage colorectal peritoneal metastases, namely cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intra-peritoneal chemotherapy and different tools government or heath care providers use in deciding which treatments to fund and remunerate.

사례기반추론을 이용한 개략비용 예측시스템 개발 - 토양경작법 정화비용사례를 중심으로 적용가능성 검토 -

This study proposes a approximate cost estimation system based on Excel with VBA using weighted CBR(Case Based Reasoning). One characteristic of this system is that it generates the sheet automatically as many as the number of similar case and new estimation when it performs a case learning and a new estimate and cell formula is automatically entered into each sheet. User can be free to compose a combination of attribute factors because they can select up to ten attribute factors. This paper presents an applicability of estimation model for estimating the soil remediation cost when it use a landfarming method. When compared to a estimation model by using average unit cost and optimum multiple regression, this model shows a better result. This study was aimed at landfarming method, but it is expected that a cost estimation model using CBR will be more likely to apply in soil remediation technologies which various remediation technologies and pollutant species exist.

도로분야 BIM 라이브러리를 활용한 실적공사비 산정모델 구축

Currently, a BIM-based quantity takeoff (QTO) system is mainly focused on architectural projects. To perform this, diverse quantity takeoff methods such as an object-based automatic quantity takeoff, manual quantity and base functions of calculation have widely been utilizing. However, since BIM library for road projects includes structural elements associated with alignment, it is necessary to establish cost estimation system interlocked with historical cost using 3D library by each unit length. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to develop cost estimation model with using a historical cost approach so that it can be utilized in construction planning based on the BIM library for road projects. For this, based on the BIM library for road, the standardized quantity is estimated, and a process for calculating historical cost and a verification model with a 5D simulation was developed by mapping a WBS code with each BIM library object. This can be applied during the approximate cost estimation process in a project planning and an initial design phase for road projects. Besides, it is expected that these results will be utilized in constructing an optimal historical cost estimation process for project libraries.

BIM/GIS 기반 도로 개략공사비 산정 프로토타입 연구

While a detailed cost estimation utilizes the comprehensive quantity information obtained from a complete drawing and specification, an approximate cost estimation heavily relies on the subjective decisions. This phenomenon is because the approximate estimation is usually conducted in early stage of the construction phase where the drawing and specification are not available. This study developed a roadway construction cost estimation system which enables users to estimate the approximated cost of the project in early stage. The system identifies the variation of the construction costs due to the road route change using a cased based reasoning(CBR) method. Overall the system is expected to improves the accuracy and effectiveness of the estimation process, because it would provide users with increased accessability and consistent results in early stage of the project which leaded to the increased work transparency.

An approximate cost estimation model based on standard quantities of steel box girder bridge substructure

Cost estimation during early stages of construction should be swift and accurate. However, approximate estimation of the costs of bridge construction in Korea is flawed because it is calculated using average construction costs per length or area and do not reflect bridge characteristics. For quick and accurate cost estimates of the substructure of steel box girder bridges with minimum input data, this study proposes an approximate cost estimate model that is based on standard quantities of major work items. The data for 52 steel box girder bridges in Korea were collected. 42 bridges were analyzed for the model development and 10 for validation. Five major work items were identified that accounted for 80% or more of construction costs. The developed estimation model utilizes only six input data: overall height of the bridge abutment, number of piers, overall height of piers, types and numbers of bridge shoes, number of locations where steel pipes are used, and length of steel pipe. It shows an error range of -5.78% through +3.93%.

Approximate cost estimating model of eco-type trade for river facility construction using case-based reasoning and genetic algorithms

Cost estimation in the construction industry is a critical process for the successful execution of construction. In particular, the total cost for a construction project is determined at the planning stage, and its estimation is very important because the decision making of the construction project owner regarding the project size, budget, and construction time depends on the total cost estimation. However, research concerned with the cost estimation for river facility construction has focused on research applicable in the early design stages rather than at the planning stage, which is the initial stage of a construction project. In addition, mainstream research has concentrated on the development of models centered on the estimation techniques being used currently in actual design engineering fields. For this reason, this study has developed an approximate construction cost estimating model for the eco-type river facility construction trade by applying Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) and Genetic Algorithms (GAs), which can be used at the planning stage. In order to develop the model, historical data was collected and analyzed; in order to overcome the limitations of the data collection, virtual data were also created and used. The model was developed in such a manner that it can estimate the construction cost with only eight and eleven attributes for the two eco-type trades used in the model, which can be applied at the planning stage. The results of the verification of the proposed model indicate that the model is satisfactory when applied in the approximate cost estimation of eco-type trade for river facility construction at the planning stage. It is expected that the proposed model will be applied easily and conveniently to the estimation of the approximate construction cost of eco-type trade for river facility construction at the planning stage.

신뢰성 보정된 발사체 개발비용 추정방안 연구

본 연구에서는 발사체의 개념설계 단계 동안 성능 변수뿐만 아니라 신뢰성에 따른 개발비용 추정방안을 분석하고자 하였다. 과거에는 발사체의 개발비용을 예측하기 위해서 주로 발사체의 성능과 건조 질량 등을 독립변수로 하는 추정 방법이 많이 이용되었다. 이러한 접근 방법은 비교적 근사하였지만 신뢰성 수준에 따른 비용 변화를 반영할 수 없기 때문에 원하는 신뢰성을 가진 발사체의 개발비용을 근접하게 예측하기는 쉽지 않았다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 비용추정 방법의 한계를 개선하기 위해 성능과 질량을 기반으로 한 비용 모델인 TRANSCOST에 신뢰성 개념을 도입하여 발사체 비용을 추정할 수 있는 방법론을 제시하였다. 이를 기반으로 신뢰성에 따른 한국형발사체(KSLV- II)의 개발비용을 추정했다. The purpose of this study is to perform the reliability-corrected development cost estimation of the launch vehicle at the conceptual design phase. In order to estimate the launch vehicle development cost, the estimation method based on the independent variable such as the rocket performance and dry mass has been mainly implemented up to now. This approach has made the approximate cost estimation possible, however, the cost variation according to the reliability requirement could not be reflected. In this paper, the cost estimation methodology that introduces the reliability factor in addition to the performance and mass in the TRANSCOST model is presented in order to improve the limitation of current cost estimation method. The development cost of KSLV(Korea Space Launch Vehicle)-II is estimated on the basis of this newly implemented concept with reliability as an added parameter.

Approximate cost estimating model for river facility construction based on case-based reasoning with genetic algorithms

The approximate construction cost estimation at the planning stage is very important in that it significantly affects the plan of the construction project regarding its size, budget, and construction time. However, systematic approaches for the approximate cost estimation of river facility construction at the planning stage have been rarely established. This study proposes an approximate cost estimating model for irrigation-type river facility construction at the planning stage, based on Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) with Genetic Algorithms (GA). In the development of the model, the 92 historical cases of irrigation-type river facility construction were used to compile the database of the CBR model and the 79 historical cases were used to determine the attribute weights for the model with GA. The 6 main attributes that are the only input factors required for the proposed model include embankment extension, revetment extension, freeboard, number of drain gates, number of drain pipes, and slope covering material. The results of the verification of the proposed model with the 18 historical cases indicate that the proposed model proposed is satisfactory in its application for approximate cost estimation of irrigation-type river facility construction at the planning stage. It is expected that the proposed model based on CBR with GA will contribute to easier and more convenient estimation on the approximate costs of river facility construction at the planning stage.

Approximate cost estimating model for PSC Beam bridge based on quantity of standard work

The accuracy of early cost estimates in engineering and construction projects is extremely important to both feasibility study and evaluation of design alternatives. In particular, to evaluate alternatives at the design stage, quick and accurate decision-making is needed under a limited definition of scope and constraints in available information and time. This study suggests an approximate cost estimation model for PSC Beam bridges based on the quantity of standard work. For model development, this study analyzed cost structure and proportion of cost items through bill of materials and quantities, identified 8 representative work items (Manufacturing PSC Beam, material, rebar fabrication/placing, supporting post/scaffolding, form work, slab waterproofing, concrete placing, deck finishing), and established approaches for quantify estimating on the work items. By utilizing the characteristics of bridges, the suggested model supports quick cost estimation with only three input values (length of span, total length of bridge, and width). The developed model is applied to 39 real projects for validation. The result of the application showed the accuracy with estimation error less than 4.04%.

Membrane-distillation desalination: Status and potential

This paper presents an assessment of membrane distillation (MD) based on the available state of the art and on ourpreliminary analysis. The process has many desirable properties such as low energy consumption, ability to use low temperature heat, compactness, and perceivably more immunity to fouling than other membrane processes. Within the tested range, the operating parameters of conventional MD configurations have the following effects:(1) the permeate fluxes can significantly be improved by increasing the hot feed temperature (increasing the temperature from 50 to 70°C increases the flux by more than three-fold), and by reducing the vapor/air gap (reducing the vapor air gap thickness from 5 to 1 mm increase the flux 2.3-fold); (2) the mass flow rate of the feed solution has a smaller effect: increasing it three-fold increases the flux by about 1.3-fold; (3) the concentration of the solute has slight effect: increasing the concentration by more than five-fold decreases the flux by just 1.15-fold; (4) the cold side conditions have a lower effect (about half) on the flux than the hot side; (5) the coolant mass flow rate has a negligible effect; (6) the coolant temperature has a lower effect than the mass flow rate of the hot solution. Fouling effects, membranes used, energy consumption, system applications and configurations, and very approximate cost estimates are presented. The permeate fluxes obtained by the different researchers seem to disagree by an order of magnitude, and better experimental work is needed.

Interlocked Composite Grids Design and Manufacturing

Composite grid structures made from pultruded unidirectional glass or carbon ribs promise to provide unmatched performance/cost combination of any composite panels. A new manufacturing method for a square grid using slotted joint and adhesive bonding (Interlocked Composite Grid or ICG) with pultruded ribs has been developed. Compared to previously proposed grids, it is mass producible at low cost. It has large potential for many applications, particularly for large civil structures. Equivalent stiffness models for the proposed ICG, in equivalent plate stiffness matrix form and equivalent engineering constant form, have been formulated and verified for the flexural behavior of ICGs. The effects of the slots have been considered and integrated in the model. Design guidelines with equivalent engineering constants, and approximate cost estimation rules have been established. An example problem has been solved to demonstrate the simplicity of the design rules. ICG beams and panels have been built and tested under static and dynamic flexural loading. Valuable test data are provided and superior mechanical properties, such as high damage tolerance, resilience, and durability have been demonstrated.

Approximate cost estimates for typical turned parts

Approximate cost estimates for typical turned parts

Cost estimation of prestressed concrete beam and reinforced concrete slab construction

An interactive computer model has been developed for approximate cost estimation of prestressed concrete beam and reinforced concrete slab construction in high rise commercial buildings. A number of design variables like different structural schemes, grid sizes, number of storeys, grades of concrete, grid location and section of beams have been incorporated in the model to assess their effect on cost and quantities of constituents of concrete construction. The use of the model is recommended for comparative cost estimation to determine the effect of design parameters on structural cost; for approximate structural cost estimation of an overall project; for checking of estimates for structural works; for calculation of quantity index for structural schemes and system; for budgeting of materials and finally for use in various studies in building economics.

Cost Model for Reinforced Concrete Beam and Slab Structures in Buildings

An interactive, computer‐based cost model has been developed for approximate cost estimation of reinforced concrete beam and slab construction in high‐rise commercial buildings. A number of design variables, such as different structural schemes, grid sizes, number of stories, grades of concrete, grid locations, and section of beams, have been incorporated in the model to assess their effect on cost and quantities of constituents of concrete construction. The use of the model is recommended for comparative cost estimation to determine the effect of design parameters on structural cost; for approximate structural‐cost estimation of an overall project; for checking of estimates for structural works; for calculation of quantity index for structural schemes and system; for budgeting of materials, and, finally, for use in various studies in building economics.