Bit Error Rate Estimation Research Articles

Convergence and BER Approximation of HIC Detector for DS-CDMA System in Rayleigh Fading Multipath Environment

In this paper we present mathematic analysis and implementation of hybrid interference canceller (HIC) for direct sequence-code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) system in multipath environment over Rayleigh channel. The HIC detector is examined for convergence. The bit error rate (BER) for the system is obtained using Simplified Improved Gaussian Approximation (SIGA). Using this expression, BER is plotted for the Rayleigh channel having exponentially decaying power delay profile (PDP) as well as flat PDP. The theoretical results are compared with the simulated system results.

Cyclostationary Characterization of Radiated Emissions in Digital Electronic Devices

Stochastic electromagnetic fields originating from processes in digital circuitry affect the operation of the circuit, increase the error rate in the transmission of digital signals, degrade the circuit's performance, yield malfunction of the system or even lead to a complete failure of the system's operation. Interference from stochastic fields are not only disruptive but are becoming more common due to the increasing complexity of modern electronics. Stochastic electromagnetic fields under common circumstances are due to a mixture of emissions from different sources, which makes a quantification of stochastic fields very challenging. Since digital signals are clocked, the ensemble averages of the electromagnetic field transients representing the digital signal exhibit a periodic time dependence with the period of the clock interval. The probabilistic model of the cyclostationary random process was composed by appropriate transformations of the initial discrete random process of the binary symbols. Exploiting the cyclostationary characteristics of stochastic fields greatly simplifies their analysis. The physical signal propagating along the transmission line is considered also a source of the radiating electromagnetic field which preserves the cyclostationary properties of the binary sequence. The stochastic process of the measured near-field emissions inherits probability characteristicsfrom the random process of the physical signal in the transmission line. This paper presents an approach for quantifying emissions and coupling of stochastic fields using their cyclostationary properties. For practical evaluation of cyclostationary characteristics the statistical cyclic averaging of the measured signals are used. The important feature of the statistical cyclic averaging procedure is its capability to distinguish cyclostationary signals from a mixture of stochastic processes such as stationary noise with deterministic signals and even from other cyclostationary signals with distinct cyclic frequencies. The measurement setup for observing electromagnetic emissions from printed circuit boards (PCBs) hosting digital electronic devices comprises an automated positioning system with a scanning near-field probe attached to the moving scanner head. This scanning near-field probe and a properly position fixed or also movable reference probe are connected to the inputs of a multi-channel digital oscilloscope for simultaneous and synchronous sampling and registering of the magnetic field components. The registered data from the oscilloscope was transferred to a data acquisition computer. After the postprocessing procedure, the spatial localization of distributed radiating sources on the surface of the PCB was performed in conjunction with determination of their average power characteristics and specified cyclic frequencies. The proposed cyclic averaging was applied to the spatial separation of radiating sources with different bit rates and for the quantitative characterization of crosstalk and coupling between transmission lines carrying the data sequencesand subsequent estimation of bit error rate (BER) caused by the crosstalk using their cyclostationary properties.

Comprehensive Read Margin and BER Analysis of One Selector-One Memristor Crossbar Array Considering Thermal Noise of Memristor With Noise-Aware Device Model

It can never be overemphasized the importance of understanding noise in electronics. However, it has not been deeply considered in memristor-based circuits and systems, while there have been tons of efforts to utilize the memristors to improve the present computing system. This article presents comprehensive read margin and bit-error-rate (BER) analyses, where the noise contributions from the memristor and selector devices are fully considered. The analyses provide an accurate BER estimation of a huge crossbar array (CBA) based on a I-V measurement of a single device, which considerably accelerates the engineering time for device and system by eliminating full-array level noise simulations from the iteration loop. Generic noise-aware device models of memristor and selector are also proposed in this paper, and the validity of the analyses is verified from CBA based on the device models.

M-ary phase-shift keying-based single-input-multiple-output free space optical communication system with pointing errors over a gamma-gamma fading channel.

The performance of free space optical (FSO) communication systems is severely affected due to a number of reasons, such as atmospheric impairments, fading due to turbulence, and misalignment between transmitter and receiver sections. In this paper, we have analyzed the atmospheric turbulence and pointing error effect on M-ary phase-shift keying modulation (M-PSK)-based FSO system link performance over a gamma-gamma fading channel. In our analysis, the effect of a weak-to-strong atmospheric turbulence channel condition and pointing errors are taken into consideration. To deal with the performance degradation, a single-input-multiple-output (SIMO) link along with maximal ratio combining (MRC) diversity scheme is employed. The closed-form expressions for the estimation of average bit error rate (BER), outage probability, and spectral efficiency are derived in terms of the Meijer G-function. The analytical results are presented to indicate the effect of turbulence and pointing errors on BER. The outage probability and spectral efficiency of the proposed SIMO-FSO system with MRC technique improved significantly. The accuracy of all the analytical results is verified by Monte Carlo simulation.

Accurate BER Estimation Scheme Based on K-Means Clustering Assisted Gaussian Approach for Arbitrary Modulation Format

We propose a novel bit error rate (BER) estimation scheme based on a k -means clustering algorithm assisted Gaussian approach (GA). This method can implement accurate BER estimation within a short symbol sequence and is applicable for arbitrary modulation formats. First, after carrier phase recovery (CPR), the k -means clustering algorithm is used to partition clusters and find the respective centroids of each cluster. The means and variances are calculated from the symbols of each cluster. Compared with the decision-directed method based on power normalization, our method can find more precise means and further obtain more accurate variances. Subsequently, with the accurate means and variances, the resultant probability density function (PDF) of each symbol under Gaussian assumption is integrated over the respective decision zone to calculate symbol error rate (SER). Finally, the general conversion factor from SER to BER is introduced by taking into account the coding information of adjacent symbols. Therefore, the accurate BER estimation is attributed to the more accurate statistical parameter calculation and general SER-to-BER conversion schemes. The proposed scheme is verified in 34 GBaud polarization division multiplexing (PDM)-QPSK/8-QAM/16-QAM experiments. Compared with error vector magnitude (EVM)-to-BER conversion and GA+ common approximation (CA) scheme, the better estimation accuracy in the BER range from 10−6–10−2 is achieved successfully with only 10000 symbols. More specifically, our method has a significant improvement in estimation accuracy for non-Gray-mapped signals under low optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR). The BER estimation error can be reduced from 60 to 14% with PDM-8-QAM signal considered when actual BER is around 10−3.

Analysis of Timing Accuracy and Sensitivity in a RF Correlation-Based Impulse Radio Receiver With Phase Interpolation for Data Synchronization

This paper presents an analytical method for the performance evaluation of the correlation-based impulse radio (IR) receivers, which detect the data based on synchronizing the received signal with a locally generated template pulse. In this paper, a phase interpolation technique is employed to preserve synchronization accuracy with low power consumption. The analytical method computes the spectral density of jitter at the phase interpolator output, resulting from both flicker and thermal noise components. The analysis considers the aliasing phenomenon due to the sampling of the noise to predict the induced jitter accurately. Bit error rate (BER) of the receiver is also statistically estimated in terms of the induced jitter on the template pulse, the noise effect of the receiver chain, and the template signal level. The proposed estimation procedure is validated by comparing its results with transient noise simulations. It is shown that increasing the template signal range in the correlator and improving the linearity of the phase interpolation transfer curve, at a given power consumption, enhances the receiver sensitivity by 2 and 3.5 dB, respectively. The BER estimation results also reveal that the effect of the template signal jitter on the sensitivity of the correlation-based IR receivers becomes dominant with the increasing input signal level.

Reduced Complexity BER Calculations in Large Scale Spatial Multiplexing Multi-User MIMO Orientations in Frequency Selective Fading Environments

In this article, a computationally-efficient approach is presented for Bit Error Rate (BER) calculations in multi-user Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) frequency selective fading environments, operating in spatial multiplexing transmission mode. To this end, theoretical expressions for the equivalent Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR) per active user and transmission mode, as well as mean BER, are derived. The key idea is that all parameters related to BER calculations can be expressed as sums of identically distributed random variables (RVs). Hence, computational burden can be reduced, since summation formulas take into account the parameters of a standalone RV along with the correlation of an arbitrary pair of RVs. As results indicate, the proposed approach can accurately estimate mean BER in multiuser MIMO orientations with increased reception diversity order, for arbitrary number of transmit/receive antennas, a modulation scheme, and a number of resolvable multi-path components.

Outage probability and average BER estimation of FSO system employing wavelength diversity

Free space optical (FSO) communication has gained significant attention among researchers for high bandwidth and secured data transfer applications. However, its performance is limited by the local atmospheric conditions. This paper focusses on an FSO system employing a diversity method to compensate signal loss occurred due to atmospheric turbulence conditions varying from moderate to strong. We derive a closed-form expression for two important parameters, viz.: average bit error rate (BER) and outage probability over gamma–gamma distribution channel. The numerical results for different combining schemes are presented in this paper. Enhancement in reliability and performance of FSO communication system with wavelength diversity is investigated. Effect of different wavelengths 850 nm, 1310 nm and 1550 nm on average BER is analysed and minimum BER is achieved for optimal combining at 1550 nm at diversity order $$R=3$$ .

Performance analysis of optical code division multiple access networks for multimedia applications using multilength weighted modified prime codes

The bit error rate (BER) performance of the incoherent synchronous pulse position modulation optical code division multiple access (PPM-OCDMA) network has been analyzed using a multilength weighted modified prime code (ML-WMPC) for three different multimedia services, such as data, voice, and video. Each service has a different bit rate than the other services and, hence, a different WMPC code length. In the network performance calculations, the multiple access interference (MAI) is included and considered as the only source of noise. In addition, to improve the network performance, the Manchester encoding and the MAI cancellation techniques are used with the WMPC at a higher number of active users. The network performance calculations are introduced in terms of BER for three kinds of PPM-OCDMA receivers, such as a simple receiver, receiver with MAI cancellation (MAIC), and receiver with MAIC and Manchester encoding technique. Finally, the BER calculation has been investigated at different bit rate according to the type of service provided by the network in the presence of the ML-WMPC and the third PPM-OCDMA receiver.

BER performance analysis of coarsely quantized uplink massive MIMO

Abstract Having lower quantization resolution, has been introduced in the literature, to reduce the power consumption of massive MIMO and millimeter wave MIMO systems. Here, we analyze the bit error rate (BER) performance of quantized uplink massive MIMO employing few-bit resolution ADCs. Considering ZF detection, we derive a signal-to-interference, quantization and noise ratio (SIQNR) to achieve an analytical BER approximation for coarsely quantized M-QAM massive MIMO systems, by using a linear quantization model. The proposed expression is a function of the quantization resolution in bits. We further numerically investigate the effects of different quantization levels, from 1-bit to 4-bits, on the BER of three modulation types QPSK, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM. The uniform and non-uniform quantizers are employed in our simulation. Monte Carlo simulation results reveal that our approximate formula gives a tight upper bound on the BER performance of b-bit resolution quantized systems using non-uniform quantizers, whereas the use of uniform quantizers cause a lower performance. We also found a small BER performance degradation in coarsely quantized systems, for example 2–3 bits QPSK and 3–4 bits 16-QAM, compared to the full-precision (unquantized) case. However, this performance degradation can be compensated by increasing the number of antennas at the BS.

Performance Analysis for Spatial Modulation With AF Relaying Over Spatially Correlated Rayleigh Channels

As a low-complexity and energy-efficient multiple input multiple output (MIMO) technique, spatial modulation (SM) has received much interest recently. Combining SM with cooperative relaying, the performance of SM systems can be significantly improved. Considering joint transmit-receive-correlated Rayleigh channels, the error performance and power allocation (PA) of the amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying aided cooperative SM system are presented in this paper. Based on the moment generating function (MGF), the probability density function (PDF) of effective signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is derived. With this PDF, a closed-form expression of the pairwise error probability (PEP) is obtained. Utilizing the obtained PEP and the union bound of bit error rate (BER), the approximate average BER expression is further derived, which will benefit the performance analysis of the system in spatially correlated channels. According to the asymptotical performance analysis at high SNR, an asymptotic BER expression is also derived. By minimizing this asymptotic BER, a suboptimal power allocation scheme is developed, and the closed-form PA coefficients are attained. Besides, the diversity order of system is also analyzed and derived for the performance evaluation. Numerical results show that our theoretical analysis is valid, and can match the corresponding simulation well. Moreover, the proposed PA scheme can achieve superior BER performance over the conventional equal PA scheme since the powers are well allocated in terms of channel information.

Interference Analysis and Filter Parameters Optimization for Uplink Asynchronous F-OFDM Systems

Filtered-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (F-OFDM) is a candidate for 5G new waveform, which has flexible numerologies to support various scenarios and can combat interference of multi-users effectively with filters. However, although longer filter length and higher roll-off factor can suppress out of band radiation, inter-symbol interference (ISI) and inter-carrier interference (ICI) will increase at the same time. Meanwhile, the wider guard band reduce inter-user interference (IUI) at the cost of higher spectrum occupancy. To meet target bit error rate (BER) requirements of all users and maximize the spectrum efficiency, a filter parameter and guard bandwidth optimization model was proposed to design related parameters dynamically for uplink asynchronous F-OFDM system, where users are allocated with different numerologies. We present a detailed theoretical derivation on ISI, ICI, and IUI for BER calculation, and the theoretical derivation of IUI in multi-user scenario with different subcarrier spacing between users is first presented. The formulated problem is proved to be a non-convex NP hard problem and Imperialist Competitive Algorithm (ICA) is applied for a desirable solution. The simulation results show that the theoretical derivations are valid and the proposed filter parameter and guard bandwidth optimization model can achieve higher spectrum efficiency than the fixed filter parameters in F-OFDM while outperforms traditional OFDM.

In-Service BER Based Estimation of OFDM PAPR and CFO-induced Peak Phase Deviation

High Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) of the transmitted OFDM signal is a well-known major drawback of the Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM), so the High-Power Amplifier (HPA) is therefore necessary to operate in its linear region, i.e. with large back-off between the operating input power and its saturation region, so introducing not only in-band distortion, but also the adjacent channel interference. Specifically with the Long-Term Evolution (LTE) systems downlink, some sort of PAPR reduction, such as e.g. clipping, must be utilized. Considering that in many practical situations, determining PAPR demands complex test equipment, such as e.g. Vector Signal Analyzer (VSA), which might not be available, in this paper, we develop a simple Bit-Error-Rate (BER) based model for the (residual) PAPR estimation, by applying link abstraction, i.e. considering the easy measurable BER degradation due to HPA non-linearity, as if it were the consequence of the according level of additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) abstracting the HPA distortion, while considering high Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and long enough cyclic prefix (CP), thus neglecting (real) additive noise and time dispersion (i.e. multipath fading). Moreover, the out-of-service BER testing, which requires network operator to interrupt its revenue-generating traffic, can be substituted by in-service BER estimation from in-phase and quadrature-phase eye diagram closures, measured on live traffic, by means of a simple oscilloscope. The analytical model is verified by the appropriate Monte-Carlo simulations.

Dual Tree Wavelet based OFDM: A Performance Calculation of Bit Error Rate

Dual Tree Wavelet based OFDM: A Performance Calculation of Bit Error Rate

Path Optimization based on Bit Error Rate (BER) Estimation in Underwater Sensor Networks

The underwater sensor networks (UWSNs) is an enabling technology and has become more and more trend for detecting vast area of oceans. Underwater sensor Networks consist of a variable number of sensors based on acoustic wireless communications. Communications are rapidly used for enabling advances in terms of ocean monitoring and observatory systems, deep sea surveillance and tracking of various entities of the aquatic environment and unearthing resources. But the drawback of the existing system is load and latency. Our proposed work mainly aimed to increase the throughput and optimize the path based upon relay node selection using BER estimation. And the performance of the system is analyzed using mathematical and simulation methods by comparing parameters such as Energy consumption , throughput, End to end delay.

Robust Single-Carrier Frequency-Domain Equalization for Broadband MIMO Systems With Imperfect Channel Estimation

Single-carrier frequency-domain equalization (SC-FDE) with multi-input multi-output (MIMO) has been recognized as an alternative technology to orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing with MIMO for broadband wireless communication systems because of its single carrier transmission advantages. Conventional SC-FDE MIMO schemes are designed under the assumption of perfect channel estimation. In this paper, we investigate the robust SC-FDE MIMO design for systems with imperfect channel estimation. Based on a statistical model for channel estimation, the optimal equalization coefficients for the robust SC-FDE MIMO schemes with both parallel interference cancellation and successive interference cancellation (SIC) are derived with the objective of minimizing the sum of the multiple data streams’ mean square errors (sum-MSE). We propose an optimal ordering algorithm in the sense of minimum sum-MSE for the SC-FDE MIMO scheme with SIC, and further propose a low complexity sub-optimal ordering algorithm. The bit-error-rate (BER) performance in the uncoded case is analyzed and a tight BER approximation is derived. Numerical results show that the proposed robust SC-FDE MIMO schemes achieve 1.5dB~4dB gains in $ E_{b}/N_{0}$ over the conventional non-robust schemes.

BER analysis of relay assisted PSK with OFDM ROFSO system over Malaga distribution including pointing errors under various weather conditions

Radio on free-space optics (ROFSO) remains cynosure for researchers, since it supports huge bandwidth and high data rate transfer then compared to Radio frequency (RF) networks. Thus substituting RF with ROFSO. Since signal transmitted in free space is influenced by the atmospheric changes which results in signal deterioration once it reaches receiver. The deterioration would depend upon the distance between transmitter and, as distance increases signal attenuation would be more and system would be irrelevant. In this work we investigate bit error rate (BER) performance of ROFSO system using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM) scheme with phase shift keying (PSK) modulation using decode and forward relay (DF) nodes. We derive closed form mathematical expressions for the estimation of average BER of DF based multi-hop serial based ROFSO communication system with the combined effects of path loss, pointing errors (i.e., misalignment fading), and atmospheric turbulence-induced fading modelled by M distribution have been investigated in detail. And we infer that with relays incorporated as we increase hops (L) total link length of the ROFSO system is enhanced significantly.

PL approximation of DBPSK in DF-based cooperative FSO network with pointing error

In this paper, we utilize piecewise linear (PL) approximation to analyze the performance of cooperative free space optical (FSO) network employing differentially modulated binary phase shift keying (DBPSK) data with multiple decode-and-forward (DF) relays. The maximum-likelihood (ML) decoding rule at the destination is approximated by PL approximation which considers the possibility of erroneous relaying and performs very similar to the ML decoder with reduced decoding complexity. The atmospheric fading optical links are modeled by Gamma–Gamma distribution subject to both types of detection techniques, i.e., heterodyne detection and intensity modulation/direct detection (IM/DD) with pointing error. We analytically formulate the probability of error for the multiple-DF relay-based FSO network. However, the novel unified expression of average bit error rate (BER) of PL decoder with single relay and single source to destination pair is derived. Further, we also derive the asymptotic approximate BER of DF-FSO network with multiple relays at high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of source to relay links considering heterodyne detection with negligible pointing error. In addition, the unified closed-form expressions of outage probability with single and multiple DF relays are derived in terms of Meijer G function. The expression of outage probability is examined at high SNR in order to obtain analytical diversity order. The impact of different power distribution techniques on outage probability is determined by utilizing power distribution parameters. The derived analytical results are validated through simulation.

A New Closed Form Approximation for BER for Optical Wireless Systems in Weak Atmospheric Turbulence

Abstract Weak atmospheric turbulence condition in an optical wireless communication (OWC) is captured by log-normal distribution. The analytical evaluation of average bit error rate (BER) of an OWC system under weak turbulence is intractable as it involves the statistical averaging of Gaussian Q-function over log-normal distribution. In this paper, a simple closed form approximation for BER of OWC system under weak turbulence is given. Computation of BER for various modulation schemes is carried out using proposed expression. The results obtained using proposed expression compare favorably with those obtained using Gauss-Hermite quadrature approximation and Monte Carlo Simulations.

Radio interference challenges in a multiprotocol compact RF hardware platform for home and building automation applications

SummaryIn the field of smart home and smart building, there is a wide range of products using various proprietary and open standards for their interconnection. However, the coexistence of those standards imposes serious constraints because of the inherent nature of the radio frequency propagation. A way to investigate this issue is to study the interferences in a compact hardware platform/box in which several radio transceivers work side by side, potentially causing interference and radio link degradation due to antennas coupling. To achieve this analysis and predict the radio issues, a simulation tool was developed, and several experimental tests were conducted indoors and outdoors to validate the simulation model. The compact platform investigated consists of multiprofile KNX‐RF modules for home automation and smart grid control, and a radio alarm module for security needs. Simulations were conducted using MATLAB/Simulink, which are based on a calculation of bit error rate according to the signal to noise ratio in order to deduce the radio coverage range in different interference scenarios. The simulation tool developed was optimized to match the behavior of a specific transceiver commonly used for KNX‐RF devices. Yet the tool can be adapted to simulate other kinds of transceivers. Furthermore, the methodology applied to evaluate the cross‐technology interference can be extended to other technologies like Wi‐Fi, ZigBee, and EnOcean.