Approved School Research Articles

Immoral Traffic: Mobility, Health, Labor, and the “Lorry Girl” in Mid-Twentieth-Century Britain

AbstractThe story of the lorry girl and the lorry driver, the roads they traveled on, and the responses toward them allows for some telling insights into a strange kind of “immoral traffic” in 1930s and 1950s Britain. Whether seeking employment or adventure, leaving the “distressed areas” or absconding from an approved school, the lorry girl was linked to anxieties about women's mobility, unemployment, venereal disease, and delinquency. At the same time, the figure of the lorry driver, both romanticized and marginalized, showed that deviant and commercialized sexuality could be linked to the economic and social inequality of both men and women. Concerns about lorry jumping and hitchhiking in this period also reveal a different kind of narrative in the development of British roadways, which not only were tied to both the health and efficiency of the nation but also were spaces of sexual danger and sites of social delinquency.

Proliferation of Street Children in Nigeria

• Summary: The study examined the implications of the Nigerian Child Right Acts, 2003 on checking the proliferation of street children in Nigeria, focusing on such government institutions as the police and Social Welfare Department using a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. • Findings: It is clear that the street children are the major targets by the government agencies but these children have no cordial relationship with the police. Their vision of the police is that of ‘punishment’ rather than ‘help’. Also, the government through the Social Welfare Department provides some assistance to street children, but their programmes were not attractive enough to the children, hence, the street children’s concept of approved schools is that of a typical ‘Nigerian prison yard‘. • Applications : It is argued that the global paradigm shift from eradication of street children to providing support for street children has a very weak root in Nigeria. Therefore, there is the need for proper implementation of the Nigeria Child Rights Act promulgated in the year 2003, which could improve the standard of practice presently obtainable in Social Welfare Department and in other government agencies such as the Police Department as a possible solution to this social menace.

Johannes Trüper - Mittler zwischen Kinderpsychiatrie und Pädagogik

The development of the child and adolescent psychiatry as an independent speciality is not only a result of sub-specialisation within medicine or psychiatry but also a result of interaction with pedagogy, psychology, and philosophy. Within this framework, pedagogy (and more specifically orthopedagogy) has played an essential scientific role. This will be demonstrated by the work of Johannes Trüper. A short description of his life and an evaluation of his scientific work is presented based on earlier publications and archive studies. Trüper founded a famous approved school on Sophienhöhe close to Jena in 1892 and was a co-founder of "Die Kinderfehler" (1896), one of the leading journals for research in pedagogy and child psychiatry in its time. The psychiatrist and philosopher Theodor Ziehen regarded as one of the pioneers of child psychiatry, gained practical child psychiatric experience as a consultant liaison psychiatrist at the approved school which was run by Johannes Trüper. Wilhelm Strohmayer, another psychiatrist from Jena, also belongs to the founding fathers of child psychiatry in Germany with his book "Vorlesungen uber die Psychopathologie des Kindesalters für Mediziner und Pädagogen" (1910) which is based on his consultant work on Sophienhöhe. The close and direct collaboration between psychiatry and pedagogy, which lead to an early development of child psychiatry as a speciality in Jena, can be regarded as a particularity in the scientific development.

Incidence of Nutritional Anaemia in Adolescents (Girls Approved School and Girls Remand Home), Lagos

ABSTRACT World wide studies have shown nutritional anaemia to be a problem affecting many people, particularly, large population groups in developing countries. Investigation of blood dyscrasia believed to be the result of malnutrition, with particular attention to the relative roles of dietary deficiencies and parasitism in the aetiology of anaemia, were recommended by a joint FAO/WHO expert committee in 1968 and summarily by the WHO. A study of 44 institutionalized adolescents aged between 11 and 19 years from the Girls Approved School and Girls Remand Home (Idi-Araba) was carried out, to determine the prevalence of nutritional anaemia and the factors responsible for it. The prevalence of anaemia was found to be 47.7%, iron deficiency anaemia was found in 36.4% of the children and iron deficiency in 61.4%of them showing that many children were iron deficient but not yet anaemic. Dietary deficiency was found to be the major cause of anaemia. Revision of the children's diet, regular deworming and administ...

Delinquency in children.

Delinquency among children is not a problem only in Western countries. Psychosocial analysis of inmates of an approved school revealed that broken home was the reason for the emotional stress which triggered antisocial behaviour. Children want to be with their parents inspite of the injustice done to them.

Delinquency and Citizenship: Reclaiming the Young Offender, 1914-1948.

This study deals with the formation, development, and implementation of policy for young offender between 1914 and 1948 in the context of the welfare activities of the modern state. It covers the juvenile court, the early probation system, the approved schools, and the borstal training system. However, the book is above all concerned with the social and ideological background of those who promoted reform.

Self-Reported Delinquency in India: A Study of High School and Approved School Boys in Tamil Nadu

Findings from a self-reported delinquency survey among high school (N = 517) and institutionalized (N = 306) boys in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu are reported as part of a larger study designed to tap several aspects of delinquency phenomena in a developing society. The present research suggests that self-reported delinquency in India resembles that of juveniles in economically developed nations in several respects but differs from it in other ways. Specifically, as found elsewhere, self-reported delinquency in Tamil Nadu largely consists of minor property offenses or status-technical violations. Also, institutionalized boys (official delinquents) more frequently report delinquency involvement compared to high school boys. However, while a general inverse relationship was found between the SES rank of boys in various high schools and institutions and their reported delinquency involvement, it appears that this is not necessarily a direct linear relationship. In contrast to the findings of self-report re...

A cross cultural study of delinquency among West Indian boys.

Social and psychiatric findings among boys at an approved school in Jamaica are described. Parental deviance and other evidence of family disorganization are less prevalent than elsewhere. A third of the boys are admitted for personal aggression and give a history of a previous offence. These factors are associated with a benign non-psychiatric (50 per cent) or malignant psychopathic (20 per cent) personality disorder and characterised by pre-morbid data of head injury, conduct disorder and intellectual deficit. Psychoneurosis (30 per cent) is associated with late separation experiences. It is of interest that paternal deprivation and other factors are similarly distributed among personality disordered and neurotic delinquents in Jamaica. Socio-cultural aspects of delinquency are discussed.

THE STATE TAKE‐OVER OF SCHOOLS IN NIGERIA: A CONTROVERSY

Until the middle of the 20th Century, all the governments of the various regions in Nigeria did was to give grants‐in‐aid to the voluntary agencies that operated approved schools while a few “government schools” were established in a few strategic towns. After the Nigeria‐Biafra civil war in 1970, some State governments took over the complete ownership and control of all educational institutions in their areas of jurisdiction. The educational policies and practices of the voluntary agencies were condemned as being foreign‐oriented, irrelevant to Nigeria's needs, and divisive in the sense that denominational schools encouraged religious and tribal bigotry and unhealthy rivalry among the citizens. It was also argued that state take‐over of all schools would enable the government to plan the education system as part of the national integrated plan for social and economic development. The author supports greater control of the education system by the government and indeed a state take‐over of voluntary schools based on mutual agreement. However, voluntary agencies and private individuals should be allowed to own and run their own schools completely at their own expense within the broad framework of government regulations. However, many Nigerians objected to the unilateral seizure and control of church and private schools by the government. People argued that it was illegal to dispossess the voluntary agencies of schools they built mostly with their own resources without first of all working out an agreement with them which should include adequate compensation.

An adolescent unit assessed: attitudes to a treatment experience for adolescents and their families

An earlier paper described how the problem behaviours of adolescents who had experienced treatment at the Young People's Unit, Macclesfield changed. This paper describes the components of that experience, the clients' and referrers' evaluation of those components and their attitudes to the treatment received. The study occurred after an average post‐discharge period of two years. A factor analysis produced two main clusters of attitudes relating to “personal growth” and “valuing of the unit experience”. Youngsters with positive attitudes towards the experience had significantly better outcomes. This finding is compared with a study of approved school boys. It is suggested that the components of the Young Peoples' Unit may be more suited to the maturational tasks of adolescence. The findings refute the justification that residential units have helped personal growth despite the continuation of problem behaviour. The study has implications for Health Service planning for disturbed adolescents and for community agencies' attitudes to the use of residential treatment.

A CRITIQUE OF SOCIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF APPROVED SCHOOLS

Journal Article A CRITIQUE OF SOCIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF APPROVED SCHOOLS Get access J. A. WALTER J. A. WALTER *Department of Sociology, University of Aberdeen Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The British Journal of Criminology, Volume 17, Issue 4, October 1977, Pages 361–369, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a046843 Published: 01 October 1977

Psychosocial variables in a delinquent group.

The present report relates to the study of 50 inmates of the Government Approved School, Lucknow. A vast majority of the subjects were drawn from poor or lower middle income groups of the urban community and had very limited education, usually up to primary classes. Childhood bereavement before the age of 11 years was observed in 46% of cases. Three-fourths of the subjects were drawn from unitary families. Childhood bereavement as well as parent-sibling conflicts were more frequently observed in the aggressive group. Thematic hostility score was significantly higher in aggressive subjects. More than 60% cases obtained a “below average” intellectual level (I.Q. 70–89) and very few of them had an I.Q. above 110.

Personality Differences and the Socialization Process

SummaryThe personality dimension ‘introversion-extraversion’ as a factor in the socialization of approved school delinquents has been examined. Contrary to expectations of certain theorists, the allegedly more easily socialized introvert is usually not under-represented in delinquent populations. The possibility was investigated, therefore, that the level and type of attention an individual receives during the socialization process is a function of personality factors thought to reflect socialization capacity. The findings supported this hypothesis from which it would follow that a significant correlation between delinquent behaviour and such personality characteristics is improbable.

Rozmiary recydywy u młodocianych więźniów po upływie 10 lat od ich zwolnienia z zakładów karnych

Rozmiary recydywy u młodocianych więźniów po upływie 10 lat od ich zwolnienia z zakładów karnych

AFTER-CARE, FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS AND RECONVICTION IN A SCOTTISH APPROVED SCHOOL

In the course of studying a milieu therapy regime in a Scottish List D school (approved school) for boys a number of findings emerged which might throw light on the high and remarkably uniform failure rate of such schools. Both of the areas to be discussed concern matters partly removed from the control of the schools themselves and of the children within them, i.e. after care and boys' relationships with their families. The policy of the Scottish Social Work Department is to offer continuous care to a boy and his family in need of help. Thus, if a child is committed to a List D school the social worker who has hitherto worked with him will

CONFRONTATION GROUPS IN A GIRLS' APPROVED SCHOOL

Journal Article CONFRONTATION GROUPS IN A GIRLS' APPROVED SCHOOL Get access MARY GOLDBERG MARY GOLDBERG * Formerly group therapist, Northenden Road School for GirlsCheshire; now social worker, Crumpsall HospitalManchester, and psychotherapist in the student health service, Salford University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The British Journal of Criminology, Volume 14, Issue 2, April 1974, Pages 132–138, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a046530 Published: 01 April 1974

ACTING‐OUT BEHAVIOUR AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE FOR THE RESIDENTIAL TREATMENT OF DELINQUENTS

SUMMARYA measure of “acting‐out” behaviour in the form of absconding, together with measures of the effectiveness of treatment and quality of intake, were obtained for 66 boys' approved schools. Using correlation techniques it was shown that schools with high levels of absconding were less effective than might have been expected from the standard of their intake (as measured by I. Q. and number of previous court appearances). It was suggested that on the evidence presented “acting‐out” in general is not to be encouraged, although clearly further investigation is required.

Development of a Social Climate Questionnaire for Use in Approved Schools and Community Homes

Differences between residential institutions may be greater than existing theory on the subject would have us believe. This study describes the development of a questionnaire to assess the ways boys in approved schools perceive their social environment. Considerable differences were found between schools, and it is concluded that approved school training is not a homogeneous form of treatment.

APPROVED SCHOOLS AND ATTITUDE CHANGE*

APPROVED SCHOOLS AND ATTITUDE CHANGE*

DELINQUENT (APPROVED SCHOOL) AND NON-DELINQUENT (SECONDARY-MODERN SCHOOL) GIRLS

DELINQUENT (APPROVED SCHOOL) AND NON-DELINQUENT (SECONDARY-MODERN SCHOOL) GIRLS