Cultural Appropriateness Research Articles

Exploring Honai construction as a resource for mathematics learning

Cultural heritage plays a critical role in providing context for mathematical learning, offering opportunities to enhance both academic understanding and cultural appreciation. However, there is a gap in integrating ethnomathematical knowledge into formal education, particularly in connecting local cultural practices with abstract mathematical concepts. This study addresses this gap by examining the ethnomathematics of the Dani community, focusing on the construction of the Honai, a traditional structure that reflects the community's indigenous knowledge and craftsmanship. The research aims to identify and analyze the mathematical concepts embedded in the Honai's construction, thereby demonstrating how these principles can inform culturally responsive mathematics education. Using a qualitative ethnographic methodology, data were collected through participant observation, in-depth interviews with traditional builders and community elders, and document analysis. The findings reveal that the Honai incorporates various mathematical principles, including circular geometry in its base, conical or paraboloid shapes in its roof, and non-standard measurement techniques based on body spans and visual alignment. These results highlight the rich geometric, proportional, and spatial reasoning inherent in the Honai's design and construction. The study demonstrates that incorporating the Honai's construction principles into mathematics instruction can enhance student engagement and deepen conceptual understanding by linking abstract concepts to culturally significant practices. This culturally responsive approach not only bridges traditional knowledge with academic content but also fosters pride in cultural identity. By leveraging cultural artifacts like the Honai, this research contributes to the development of inclusive and effective educational strategies that enrich mathematics teaching and learning.

Between Officialdom and Nativeness: Mutually Appropriating the State and the Nuosu-Yi Native Chieftain Clans in Southwest China

Abstract Southwest China is a region that has been perhaps uniquely shaped over the longue durée by mutual appropriations of status, authority, land, material culture, genealogies, and cultural-historical identities. Drawing on both ethnographic fieldwork and the official and unofficial Chinese and Nuosu-Yi textual evidence, in this article I offer a new view of how, during the Ming and Qing dynasties, native officials were shaped by their efforts at appropriating elements of officialdom (responsibility towards the court) and nativeness (adherence to local customs). My historical textual-cum-anthropological analysis builds on C. Patterson Giersch’s notion of the “middle grounds” between the Chinese state and its borderland peoples to reveal “further ways” of uncovering the history of their history. I show that mutual appropriations of officialdom and nativeness have led to specific forms of acculturation that are neither linear nor irreversible. Cultural hybridizations underpin the current Yi core identity and culture in Liangshan today.

Reported processes and practices of researchers applying for human research ethics approval for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health research: a mixed methods study.

To examine self-reported practices for obtaining ethics approval and reflections on ethics application processes among researchers who have conducted Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health and medical research. Cross-sectional online survey. Australian-based researchers who conducted research that included Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people or their data. Results from a 74-item online survey that participants completed, which included questions on demographics, ethics processes, perceptions of engagement in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander research, and barriers to and enablers of conducting Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander research. Of 553 eligible researchers who commenced the survey, 439 (79.4%) answered all of the questions and were included in the analysis. A total of 327 participants (74.5%) had obtained ethics approval from an Aboriginal human research ethics committee (AHREC), 254 (57.9%) had obtained multistate ethics approvals and 270 (61.5%) had not participated in ethics training specifically for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander research. Participants were significantly more likely to report being very or extremely confident in managing the ethics application process if they had ≥ 6 years of research experience, had participated in training, had obtained ethics approval from an AHREC, or dedicated > 50% of their time to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander research. Participants acknowledged the importance of ethics approval processes in improving research practices, however they identified time and costs as barriers. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander participants identified that ethics processes do not always uphold Indigenous approaches or methodologies. Processes for obtaining ethics approval for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health and medical research do not meet contemporary research needs and would be strengthened by streamlining ethics application processes, reducing time and cost barriers, and enhancing cultural appropriateness. We join calls for the establishment of state-based AHRECs in every jurisdiction, and a national Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander human research ethics committee to review cross-jurisdictional research.

Development and cultural adaptation of text messages for promoting healthy eating among Amazonian schoolchildren.

To develop text messages for a mHealth intervention promoting healthy eating among Amazonian schoolchildren. Two rounds of expert panel analysis and formative research interviews. Western Brazilian Amazon, Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre, Brazil. Included 17 healthcare professionals and 40 caregivers of school-aged children enrolled in the Maternal and Child Health and Nutrition in Acre birth cohort study. Evaluation focused on messages' cultural appropriateness, comprehensibility, and relevance, along with caregivers' understanding and intention to adhere to the recommendations. Quantitative analysis employed the modified Cohen Kappa, the Scale-Content Validity Index Average (S-CVI-Ave), frequency calculations, and a ranking system. Fifty-five text messages were drafted. In the initial stage, eight messages did not achieve a sufficient score and were subsequently revised and reevaluated, ultimately gaining approval. The S-CVI-Ave for each domain was as follows: cultural appropriateness=0.97, comprehensibility=0.96, and relevance=0.97. Formative research indicated a 92% understanding rate and a 70% intention rate to adhere to the proposed suggestions. The final set of messages was successfully culturally adapted and will contribute to the translation and dissemination of Dietary Guidelines for Brazilian Population recommendations to Western Amazon families.

The Appropriation of Native American Culture for Sports Logos, Mascots, and Nicknames

ABSTRACTNative American imagery and symbols—as logos, mascots, and nicknames—have been commonplace in American sports since the early‐twentieth century. This review presents scholarship on this practice at the intersection between the sociology of sports, race/ethnicity, higher education, politics, and social movements, as well as other relevant social sciences. Scholarship has emphasized this imagery's social origins, public opinion, social psychology, and socio‐political trends in the conflict over and often elimination of such symbols. As a disproportionately American practice, Indigenous imagery in sports is linked to the history of settler‐colonialism, racialization, and corporate capitalism, and is found throughout all levels of sports (high schools, colleges and universities, and professional). After the US West's frontier closure, and during the height of Jim Crow and racial lynchings, many educational institutions adopted Indigenous imagery—motivated by a masculinity crisis and American myth‐making as a settler‐colonialist society. Sociological scholarship has used many methodological approaches, but has emphasized public opinion of the practice, using surveys to predict support for symbols, comparing racial differences, and criticizing how some surveys purportedly offer “support” to the practice via unreliable, non‐representative survey techniques. Social psychological studies has explored both the motivations for support and the consequences for the practice, giving particular attention to the impact on Indigenous people (especially Indigenous youth's self‐esteem), in contrast to evidence of improved white self‐efficacy. The long‐standing conflicts generated by the practice date back to the 1960s with the National Congress of American Indians and 1970s’ “red power” movements, specifically the American Indian Movement. These conflicts have pitted institutional actors (e.g., school administrators and team owners) and sports fans against movements for Indigenous autonomy and anti‐racism. Conflicts have involved widespread resistance from sports fans and alumni, against various waves of racial justice mobilizations. Decolonization efforts have aimed to achieve Indigenous self‐determination, the right to evade psychological disparagement in the face of both physical and cultural genocide, and to instead be empowered by ownership of their own cultural identity. While most universities and some professional sports teams have ended this practice, many have not—especially at the primary and secondary education levels. Thus, this research continues to occur within an active period of changing practices, and aims to respond to both evolving conditions and new scholarly questions.

Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Content Validation of the Yonsei Lifestyle Profile for Older Adults in the United States.

As the global population ages, there is a growing need for tools to assess lifestyle factors that impact the health and quality of life of older adults. The Yonsei Lifestyle Profile (YLP), originally developed in SouthKorea, is a comprehensive tool for evaluating key lifestyle domains. However, cultural and linguistic differences between countries necessitate the adaptation of such tools for use in diverse populations. This study addresses the gap by developing an English version of the YLP (YLP-E) for older adults in the United States. As the global population continues to age, maintaining and improving the health and quality of life of older adults has become increasingly important. This study aimed to develop a YLP-E, a cross-cultural adaptation of the Korean version of the YLP, that can be used for older American adults. The Delphi method was used to consult expert panels regarding the cultural and linguistic appropriateness of the translation. The translation process involved a two-way translation-back-translation procedure and iterative revisions based on expert feedback. The final YLP-E tool, which incorporated feedback on linguistic and cultural adequacy, consisted of 3 lifestyle domains (physical activity, activity participation and nutrition) with 62 items. The second round improved the content validity, with the linguistic content validity ratio (CVR) and cultural CVR reaching 0.86 and 0.94, respectively. The YLP-E is a valuable tool for comprehensively assessing and monitoring the lifestyle of older American adults and holds promise for further refinement and validation across diverse demographic settings. Future research needs to focus on utilizing the YLP-E to develop personalized interventions aimed at improving the health and quality of life of older adults and evaluating the tool's efficacy in promoting healthy aging.

Suona Musical Instruments Literacy for Wedding through ‘Luo Di Jin Qian’ Repertoire Piece

The Suona musical instrument is a double-reed woodwind instrument renowned for its resonant and expressive sound, central to Chinese folk music. This study investigates the literacy aspects of Suona musical instruments in the context of wedding ceremonies by analyzing the repertoire piece ‘Luo Di Jin Qian.’ Specifically, it symbolizes prosperity and blessings, making it integral to wedding celebrations. This qualitative case study conducted in Tongsi Town, Sichuan Province, used interviews with senior Suona performers, field observations, and musical analysis to explore how this repertoire piece embodies the technical mastery, cultural symbolism, and communal interaction inherent in Suona music. The findings highlight the intricate techniques, such as trills and grace notes, required for effective performance and the oral traditions that transmit these skills across generations. Audience engagement emerged as a critical element, fostering shared cultural appreciation and reinforcing communal identity. However, modernization poses challenges to preserving these traditions, with live performances increasingly replaced by digital recordings. The study concludes with recommendations for integrating Suona music into education, promoting live performances, and leveraging digital tools to sustain oral traditions. These insights contribute to the broader discourse on safeguarding intangible cultural heritage in a rapidly modernizing world.

Improving Tolitoli Language Skills Through Visual Learning Media in Elementary School

The crisis challenges experienced by the Tolitoli language cannot be separated from the cultural and linguistic acculturation process in the Tolitoli Regency. This study assesses how effective visual learning media improves Tolitoli's language skills in IPAS lessons at SDN 1 Nalu. The method used is qualitative with a descriptive approach. Involves observation, interviews, and listening guides with participants consisting of class IV student guardians and class IV students. This research was conducted at SD Negeri 1 Nalu. The results showed that the use of visual media based on local wisdom of Tolitoli local language in IPAS lessons had a positive impact, such as increasing appreciation for local culture, effective use in learning, and student's understanding of the material increased because learning was presented concretely so that students did not just fantasize in the classroom but could see a picture of the material being explained. Therefore, to support the preservation of Tolitoli language culture among students, using visual media is very effective so that it can be applied to other lessons.

The Impact of a Global Mobility Program: The Lenses of ‘Future Self ’ and ‘Realised Self’

This article reports on the case of returnees from a student global mobility program, their recollections of motivation to apply to participate and their perceptions of the impact of that mobility experience 25 years later. The article outlines the original goals of the program, describing the scope and nature of the international experiences for the pre-service teachers from the state of Tasmania, Australia and the province of West Sumatra, Indonesia. Qualitative data from individual interviews with 14 of the 22 returnees 25 years after the exchange are presented. Our conclusions point to the students realising their achievement of intended benefits of the exchange, seen through ‘future self’ and ‘realised self’ lenses. We also present an extended definition of one particular benefit of student global mobility, termed ‘cultural appreciation’, allowing the conceptual understanding of this particular documented benefit of internationalisation of the university curriculum to be broadened.

ASSESSING NURSING FACULTY READINESS AND CAPACITY TO TEACH SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AND RIGHTS (SRHR) THROUGH GAMIFICATION WHILE MAINTAINING CULTURAL APPROPRIATENESS IN DIR LOWER, KPK. A QUALITATIVE EXPLORATORY STUDY

Background: Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights (SRHR) are essential to promote health equity and well-being. However, in some culturally conservative areas such as Dir Lower, KPK, teaching SRHR faces challenges due to social norms and taboos. Gamification, an innovative teaching strategy, has shown potential to engage nursing students and enhance learning outcomes in such areas. However, its implementation in culturally sensitive areas depends on the readiness and capacity of nursing faculty. Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the readiness and capacity of nursing faculty to teach SRHR using gamified tools while maintaining cultural appropriateness. It seeks to recognize faculty perceptions, challenges, and support requirements to adopt gamification strategies more effectively. Methods: A qualitative exploratory design was used, including 12 in-depth interviews with nursing faculty from a nursing institute in Dir Lower, KPK. The data was analyzed using content analysis to identify themes related to faculty readiness, barriers, and social and cultural considerations. Results: Faculty demonstrated varied awareness levels regarding SRHR. While gamification was identified as an innovative approach for teaching. However, concerns regarding cultural sensitivity and feasibility were prevalent. Challenges such as limited technological resources, inadequate training, and potential negative perceptions and resistance from the community were highlighted. Participants highlighted the importance of aligning game-based content with cultural, social and religious norms to ensure acceptance. Conclusions: Findings highlights the need for targeted faculty development programs, emphasizing on gamification principles and cultural competence. Tailored training initiatives and resource allocation can empower nursing faculty to teach SRHR in culturally sensitive settings, fostering improved health education outcomes.

Asian American Parenting and Youth Mental Health Outcomes: A Literature Review

ABSTRACTContrary to the “model minority” stereotype of being exceptionally healthy and successful, Asian American (AA) youth experience mental health disparities and are less likely to seek help. In 2020, suicide was the leading cause of death for AA youth aged 10–19. Parenting is essential for promoting youth mental health, and AA parenting is unique in the context of acculturation and enculturation. However, the impact of parenting on youth mental health among AA families remains underexplored and unsynthesized. This review aims to synthesize existing literature from 2003 onward on parenting and mental health outcomes among AA youth. Four databases were searched, yielding 44 articles published after 2003 for inclusion. Empirical studies meeting the following criteria were included: population focused on AA youth, study conducted in the U.S., included a mental health outcome, and included a parenting measure. Findings emphasize the importance of parenting in shaping the mental health outcomes of AA youth. Intergenerational acculturation gaps and family conflicts are associated with increased mental health risks, while parental warmth/support and family cohesion serve as protective factors. These findings highlight the need for culturally tailored parenting interventions to improve AA youth mental health. Future research should evaluate or adapt existing evidence‐based parenting programs to ensure cultural appropriateness and effectiveness in improving mental health of AA youth, ultimately reducing mental health disparities.

Introduction to the special issue of technoscientific practices of music: critical implications of new technologies

This special issue, emerging from a symposium organised in Helsinki in November 2022, brings together contributions from a group of scholars, exploring the technoscientific practices of music and the critical implications of new technologies. The authors investigate the complex and evolving relationship between human creativity and advanced computational technologies, addressing the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies on creative autonomy, ethical considerations in data and cultural appropriation, and the sustainability of technological consumption. The authors advocate for inclusive and responsible approaches to technology design that enhance human-machine collaboration while maintaining ethical standards. This introduction provides the context and motivation for the issue, outlining the contribution of each article.

Exploring the Coexistence Between New Quality Productive Force Developments, Human Capital Level Improvements and Time Poverty from a Time Utilization Perspective

The development of new quality productive forces and the improvement of human capital have significantly improved people’s material and spiritual living standards. However, this has not brought people time affluence. Time poverty is related to lower happiness and physical health, and should be of concern. This paper theoretically analyzes the relationship among new quality productive forces, human capital level and time poverty, and conducts an empirical study based on the data from the Residents’ Life Time Allocation Survey from 2006 to 2021. The results show that more than 40% of individuals feel time poverty. Under the combined influence of new quality productive forces and human capital level, individual work time is still increasing, while leisure time is decreasing, which has contributed to increased time poverty. Individuals participate in more leisure activities in less leisure time, so they do not fully enjoy their leisure time. Moreover, with the improvement of new quality productive forces and human capital level, individuals are more inclined to participate in cultural appreciation, educating children, amateur learning, etc., activities. These activities are more like the extension of work time, so that people feel that leisure time is dominated. All these effects are significantly different in terms of gender, marital status, occupation, family size and income.

High school music teachers’ attitudes and practices regarding culturally responsive teaching in musical theatre production

Cultural awareness is crucial in fostering inclusive and authentically representative musical theatre productions in today’s diverse educational landscape. I designed this study to examine U.S. music teachers’ attitudes, perspectives, and the integration of strategies related to culturally responsive teaching (CRT) into their high school musical theatre productions, including the challenges they encounter and their suggestions. Analysis of responses to the electronic survey ( N = 119) indicated a strong emphasis on integrating cultural awareness across various stages of musical production, aligning with Gay’s five essential elements for CRT implementation. Teachers prioritized selecting culturally valid musicals that were responsive to students’ skills and diverse backgrounds while fostering cultural appreciation. Despite challenges such as finding culture bearers and accessing some culturally diverse materials, they did curate culturally accurate and relevant materials to deepen students’ cultural understanding, guiding them in interpreting and performing musical songs using appropriate diverse vocal styles in a healthy manner. Establishing a safe space where students felt acknowledged and could freely discuss, share, lead, and collaborate was integral to these efforts. Ultimately, these practices aimed to cultivate students’ respect for their own and other cultures, promote diversity, inclusivity, and enhance the overall quality of the musical presentation.

Pros and cons of jaguar tourism: a systematic review

ABSTRACT The jaguar (Panthera onca) tourism (JT) has expanded across Latin America, but its impacts on sustainability dimensions remain unclear. This systematic review analyzed 88 studies on JT impacts published between 1989 and 2022. Database searches yielded 3,401 initial studies, refined to 88 relevant documents meeting review criteria. Results were compiled into impact tables categorizing 98 specific positive and negative environmental, economic, and sociocultural JT impacts. Key findings demonstrate that, while JT can bring conservation benefits, economic growth, and cultural appreciation of jaguars, negative impacts like habituation, culture commodification, and limited economic reach also occur. Environmental impacts accounted for 41.8% of documented effects, economic impacts 23.5%, and sociocultural impacts 34.7%. Half were positive and half negative. The review reveals the complex trade-offs involved in JT. A comprehensive sustainability approach is needed that minimizes harms and maximizes benefits across all dimensions. This requires policies and regulations to promote responsible practices, ongoing impact monitoring and research, and active local community participation. Our findings provide key insights to inform jaguar conservation and tourism management strategies in Latin America.

Cultural adaptation of ENABLE (Educate, Nurture, Advise, Before Life Ends) an early palliative care model for Iranian patients with heart failure and their caregivers: a qualitative study protocol

BackgroundENABLE (Educate, Nurture, Advise, Before Life Ends) is a model of nurse-led, early palliative care that was originally developed for U.S. patients with advanced cancer and their family caregivers and then adapted for patients with heart failure. ENABLE coaching topics include problem-solving, communication, advance care planning, symptom management, and self-care. The purpose of this paper is to detail a qualitative study protocol to assess the cultural acceptability of ENABLE among heart failure patients and their family caregivers in Iran.MethodsThis qualitative study employs reflexive thematic analysis (RTA) to guide the cultural adaptation of the ENABLE model. The study is conducted in two phases. In Phase 1, the ENABLE content will be translated and validated into Persian using a forward-backward translation process and expert panel review to ensure linguistic and cultural appropriateness. In Phase 2, semi-structured interviews will be conducted with individuals living with HF, their caregivers, and healthcare providers at Tehran University of Medical Sciences. The one-on-one semi-structured interviews will explore three main areas: (1) the primary needs and challenges faced by individuals with heart failure and their family caregivers, (2) the extent of patients’ involvement in healthcare decision-making, and (3) participants’ preferences for content and delivery method of ENABLE. Maximum variation sampling will be employed to ensure diverse representation, and data collection will continue until saturation is achieved. Interview audio recordings will be transcribed verbatim and analyzed using Braun and Clarke's reflexive thematic analysis approach. The analysis will involve iterative coding to identify patterns and the development of themes that align with the core components of the ENABLE model while ensuring cultural relevance. Trustworthiness and rigor will be ensured through reflexivity, peer debriefing, and data triangulation, ensuring credible and robust findings to guide the cultural adaptation of the ENABLE model for Iran.DiscussionThis study will develop a framework for adapting the ENABLE model to Iran, offering insights into cultural and contextual factors influencing palliative care. The adapted model aims to enhance the quality of life for individuals with HF and their caregivers while addressing gaps in palliative care delivery in Iran.

Premature Ejaculation and Anxiety Symptoms: Psychological Effects that Distress South African Males

Objective: This study aimed to determine whether there was a significant relationship between premature ejaculation (PE) and anxiety symptoms amongst South African males. In addition, the study conducted a preliminary analysis to examine whether ethnicity and age acted as moderating variables. Method: A quantitative, correlational design was used with 175 men between the ages of 18 and 70 years of age who had joined the Men’s Clinic International private Facebook group. Results: Regarding hypothesis one, the results indicate a significant correlation between PE and anxiety symptoms. The second hypothesis was also accepted, namely that that the correlation between anxiety and PE is stronger in white and mixed compared to black ethnicity groups. The third hypothesis, namely that age was a moderating variable between premature ejaculation and anxiety symptoms, did not change the direction of the relationship, and was therefore rejected. Conclusion: The study provides new information to professionals when it comes to understanding men who experience PE and present with anxiety symptoms. Contribution of the study: When treating individuals with anxiety-related premature ejaculation, the importance of cultural appropriateness and sensitivity should be emphasized. Understanding how ethnicity and age contribute to the presentation and interpretation of the disorder can be used to explain and offer treatment methods that would not perpetuate negative connotations regarding psychotherapy. Psychotherapy will become a conducive space for males where there will be respect, decreased experience of shame, and enabling vulnerability. With this approach, the male experience and perspective to therapy may become positive. Once the anxiety-related premature ejaculation is successfully treated, men will be able to confidently refer others for further assistance. In addition, this approach will further yield effective collaborations between mental health practitioners and medical clinics such as Men’s Clinic International. It will enable further research studies pioneered by physicians and psychologists with the aim to explore sexual dysfunctions at length. The vision will be to ensure updated definitions of sexual dysfunctions, in different contexts by considering age, ethnicity and possibly medical conditions.

Exploring physiological responses through electrodermal activity (EDA) for evaluating the impact of universal design features in a hotel environment

Purpose: The aim of this study was to explore the feasibility of using electrodermal activity (EDA) to detect changes in physiological arousal linked to perceptions of accommodations, focusing on universal design (UD) features. In environments like hotels, designers must consider wellness, social integration, and cultural appropriateness to effectively implement UD. Challenges exist with implementing and evaluating UD to accommodate diverse user needs due to conflicting definitions and application issues. To meet the need for post-design evaluation discerning accommodations by features and user groups, EDA measures offer a way to capture individual reactions to external stimuli. Materials and Methods: In this study, 22 adults (14 young, 8 older) completed an independent hotel walkthrough while expressing their perceptions. EDA was measured using a wristband, and participants’ perceived stress and usability were assessed through questionnaires. Phasic EDA was extracted to represent discrete event-evoked changes in arousal. Results: Findings demonstrated the potential of EDA to identify physiological response variations based on age and location within the hotel. Older adults displayed significantly higher levels of arousal and more favorable usability ratings (4.61 out of 5) compared to young adults, with peak arousal in the corridor and public restroom. Younger adults showed the highest arousal in the bathroom, often with negative associations. The groups differed in their reactions to the bathroom and reception areas. Conclusions: Divergences between physiological responses and subjective outcomes highlighted the complexity of translating arousal measures into meaningful insights. EDA, combined with commentary, enhanced our understanding of user reactions to design elements to fill gaps left by subjective methods.

The ‘cassette comeback’: debunking a tenacious narrative

ABSTRACT Academic attention to cassette tapes has reached its first peak in 30 years. If anything, this focus demonstrates that the adoption of media is not as linear as has been commonly anticipated in the past. At the same time, a plethora of news outlets continue to rehash the idea of a ‘cassette comeback’ and although this notion surfaced as early as the late 2000s, its core claims have not changed in the past 15 years. Most articles celebrating the revival cite increased sales figures across Anglo-Saxon countries to frame cassettes as nostalgia-laden gimmicks. Such depictions are problematic when they brush music scenes aside that rarely get featured in official sales statistics but nevertheless have used cassettes since the 2000s when the Global North considered the format dead and gone. This article contrasts reductionist depictions with a comprehensive overview of the cassette’s hybrid materiality and resulting multifaceted cultural appropriations. With this, it presents a counterpoint to repetitive revival narratives and argues not only that the idea of a cassette comeback is nonsensical as cassette tapes never completely vanished in the first place but also that there is more to them persevering in the new media age than mere nostalgia.

Enhancing accessibility to the dementia risk profile (DRP) and knowledge of dementia risk reduction (KoDeRR) measuring tools to diverse communities through translation and adaptation in the Nepali language.

Dementia is one of the fastest emerging global public health concerns today, as the World Health Organisation has predicted that the number of cases will triple from 55 million in 2023 to 152 million by 2050. Current evidence indicates that approximately 45% of dementia cases can be prevented or delayed by acting on potentially modifiable risk factors. However, public knowledge regarding this remains unknown in numerous poorly resourced countries, including Nepal, where the prevalence of dementia continues to increase. The lack of availability of dementia knowledge or risk-measuring tools in the native language may be accountable for this identified gap. Thus, our study aimed to translate and culturally adopt two significant measuring tools, KoDeRR, which measures the Knowledge of Dementia Risk Reduction and the DRP, which generates a Dementia Risk Profile focusing on 9 modifiable risk factors identified by WHO. KoDeRR and DRP have been translated and adapted into Nepali following the TRAPD protocol. Cognitive interviews were then conducted with five bilingual individuals to pre-test KoDeRR and DRP for cultural appropriateness, face validity, and appropriateness of language usage. Certain terms, including dementia, do not exist in Nepali, and some English words do not have direct translation. Similarly, some English words must be translated into multiple Nepali words to suit audiences from different literacy levels and various regions of Nepal. It is essential to be mindful of the choice of words used in the tools since intergenerational language disparities exist in Nepali-speaking communities, and the cultural appropriateness of the language used can vary from one language to another. Translating and adapting dementia survey tools into non-English languages is challenging and time-consuming. Despite these challenges, translating and adapting measuring tools such as KoDeRR and DRP in non-English languages will facilitate researchers' understanding of risk reduction knowledge and the risk profile of diverse communities.