Appropriate Technology Research Articles

An Overview of Fifty Years of Appropriate Technology Research Using Bibliometric Analysis

Appropriate technology (AT) has developed from an economic theory in the early 1970s into a broad multidisciplinary research methodology that is incorporated into many sustainable development fields. AT is an important tool in the fight against current global challenges, such as climate change and poverty. Hence, a bibliometric analysis of the AT research field over the last fifty years was performed to provide insights into the field and its current hot topics. Since the early 2000s, there has been a rapid increase in the number of papers and citations in the AT field, indicating that the AT methodology is increasingly applied in research. Over time, the fraction of single-author papers has decreased (and the number of authors per paper has increased), indicating that AT topics are attracting the interest of larger research groups. Although AT is often applied in developing countries, the most influential countries with respect to research were generally the English-speaking countries (e.g., USA, UK, and India), along with China, Germany, and Spain. This was attributed to English being the lingua franca of research, more than an accurate representation of the application of AT. A keyword analysis identified that economic development, environment, health, and agriculture were the most popular AT topics over the last fifty years. Since 2005, topics such as computing and telemedicine began increasing in popularity, while in the past three years, automation-and-control, and smart-city topics have emerged. Bibliometric analysis is a valuable research tool for providing insight into the overall AT field.

Small is beautiful: climate-change science as if people mattered.

There is a widely accepted gap between the production and use of climate information. It is also widely accepted that at least part of the reason for this situation lies in the challenge of bridging between what may be characterized as ''top-down'' approaches to climate information on the global scale, and local decision contexts, which necessarily take a ''bottom-up'' perspective, in which climate change is just one factor among many to consider. We here reflect on the insights provided in a different context-that of economics-by E.F. Schumacher in his celebrated book Small is Beautiful (1973), to see what light they might shed on this challenge, with a focus on climate-change science for adaptation. Schumacher asked how economics might look if it was structured "as if people mattered". We ask the same question of climate-change science, and find many parallels. One is the need to grapple with the complexity of local situations, which can be addressed by expressing climate knowledge in a conditional form. A second is the importance of simplicity when dealing with deep uncertainty, which can be addressed through the use of physical climate storylines. A third is the need to empower local communities to make sense of their own situation, which can be addressed by developing ''intermediate technologies'' that build trust and transparency. Much of climate-change science is necessarily big science. We argue that in order to make climate information useable for adaptation, it is also necessary to discover the beauty of smallness.

Component sizing of a series hybrid electric vehicle through artificial neural network

Series hybrid electric vehicles are the intermediate technology between gasoline-powered vehicles and full electric vehicles to suppress the emission and global warming issues. In the present study, the component sizing of a series hybrid electric vehicle including a high voltage battery, the combustion engine, and the electric motor is investigated employing experimental data and an artificial neural network. Despite previous studies, the experimental data is implemented to generate a robust artificial neural network model. About 3000 data series are implemented to train the artificial neural network. The results reveal that the 1.44 kWh for the high voltage battery is sufficient for all driving conditions. This battery size can overcome many challenges of this type of vehicle both in price and packaging. Three different working point of 6.7, 12.2 and 22 kW is proposed for a combustion engine in the best efficiency zone for urban, accelerating and highway driving conditions, respectively. The required power of the electric motor is 80 kW to support the drivability and vehicle acceleration in different conditions. This novel method can be extended to size the component of hybrid electric vehicles for different segments and driving conditions.

Deterrence of Orchestrated Cheating: Group versus Individual Punishment

Abstract In the wake of a state-sponsored doping scandal, the World Anti-Doping Agency recommended banning all Russian athletes from the Rio Olympic Games. We study the circumstances in which such group penalties deter a group leader, whose payoff is tied to the group’s benefits and sanctions, from helping cheating group members avoid detection. We show that relative to individual punishment, group punishment deters orchestrated cheating and thereby increases individual deterrence for sufficiently strong enforcement and an intermediate detection-avoidance technology. Otherwise, group punishment fosters more individual cheating. Group punishment is thus a double-edged sword useful primarily as an off-equilibrium threat against orchestrated cheating but detrimental if frequently imposed on the equilibrium path. (JEL C72, K42)

Study Guide Review ‘Technology of Film and Video Registration Processes’ by N. Honcharenko, O. Priadko

The textbook "Technology of film and video recording processes" by M. M. Honcharenko, O. M. Priadko is aimed at students of higher education, speciality 021 "Audiovisual Art and Production". Taking into account the specifics of training in this area, the information about modern technologies of film and video recording processes, obtaining colour images in analogue and digital technologies, equipment Digital Intermediate film production technologies, equipment for digital technologies is presented quite thoroughly.

Appropriate Technology for Access to Universal Basic Services: A Case Study on Basic Electricity Service Provision to Remote Communities in the Napo River Basin

Appropriate technologies (ATs) refer to technologies that are controlled by the communities that benefit from their implementation. Technologies have become a fundamental element in projects aiming to solve problems related to poverty and access to basic needs in some areas in emerging countries, and appropriation of these technologies is necessary to ensure effective transfer of knowledge and sustainability. However, due to the lack of consensus on the definition of ATs, there is a need to clarify and define the scope and boundaries of the term to facilitate the implementation of technology in projects in developing countries. This study addresses this gap by means of a scoping review, which presents a detailed analysis of 17 journal articles (from an initial selection of 95 articles) and provides a comprehensive definition of ATs. To guide AT-oriented interventions in technology-intensive cooperation projects, this study proposes an Action Framework based on that definition of ATs. The Action Framework provides guidance on how to implement technology in these projects to ensure that the technology is appropriated. To facilitate the understanding of the Action Framework, the study showcases its application in a real project of rural electrification in the Peruvian Amazon Rainforest.

Simulación in situ y paciente simulado, creando oportunidades en el contexto de la pandemia.

The teaching-learning process in clinical disciplines includesamongst its challenges the acquisition of the student’s skills with thepatient. Opportunities for clinical practice have diminished. A smallernumber of pediatric visits in 2020 during the Coronavirus pandemicincreased this fact.Objective: to communicate the experience of in situ simulationand simulated mother carried out by the faculty of the PediatricEmergency Department of the Pereira Rossell Hospital Center,address to students in the Pediatrics Curricular Unit (School ofMedicine- UdelaR), in the case of an infant patient with respiratorypathology.Methods: Descriptive study. Simulated mother: faculty members/residents. Simulator: intermediate technology infant. Participants inthe scenario: 2 students. Location: DPE.PRHC. Period: SeptemberDecember 2020.Results: 327 students participated in the simulation, 255 answered the census. Usefulness of the simulation: 53.2% very useful /excellent, little or not at all useful 24.8%, no answer 22%. Credibility:acceptable 38%, very credible / excellent 27.5%, 12.5% little or not atall credible, 22% do not answer. Group participation in the debriefing64.5%, partial participation 11.4%, without debriefing 2.1%, no answer22%.Discussion: Of the 327 students who carried out the simulation atleast 24,8 % perceived it as little or not useful. The lack of previousinformation, the participation in the scenario of 2 students per groupand the little interaction in the debriefing in some groups could haveinfluenced.Conclusions: The communicated experience generated newteaching-learning opportunities. Methodological aspects that can beimproved were identified.

The power to protect: Household bargaining and female condom use

Women may face systematically greater benefits than men from adopting certain technologies, for example some health-improving technologies. Yet women often hold lower bargaining power, such that men’s preferences may constrain household adoption in households containing men. Introducing a version of the technology that is less effective, but has lower perceived costs or higher perceived benefits to men, may increase adoption and household welfare compared to no adoption at all. This paper contributes the first explicit model and test of the trade-offs when introducing such an intermediate technology. We conduct a field experiment introducing female condoms – which are less effective than male condoms, but perceived by men as more pleasurable and less stigmatising – in an area with high HIV prevalence. We find strongest adoption of female condoms among women with lower bargaining power, who were previously having unprotected sex. We also observe an increase in the likelihood that women have sex.

Impact of Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control on a Multilane Highway under a Differentiated Per-Lane Speed Limit Policy

Cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC) has drawn wide attention in recent years for its potential throughput benefit, as it is a promising intermediate technology to the highly connected and automated vehicles. The impact of CACC on multilane highways has been the subject of several studies, but they assumed traffic under a uniform speed limit. Recent research has revealed that traffic performs differently under a differentiated per-lane speed limit (DPLSL) policy with heavy vehicle (HV) restricted lanes. Whether the benefits of CACC still remain under a DPLSL policy has not been explored. This study developed cellular automaton models to incorporate CACC-equipped and non-equipped vehicles (i.e., passenger cars, HVs) on a two-way eight-lane highway with a DPLSL. Results shown throughputs by lane increase up to 78.5% as the CACC car market penetration rate (MPR) rises. Such increases became sharper (i.e., ≥10%) for inner lanes (i.e., HV restricted lanes) and outer lanes after reaching a 40% and a 60% CACC car MPR, separately. Moreover, HVs induced a 1.5% to 15.7% throughput reduction across lanes even under higher CACC car MPRs (i.e., 60%, 80%). This DPLSL policy may cause the lanes to experience a throughput penalty when they are adjacent to lanes with a different speed limit as the MPR of CACC cars rises. Lastly, in traffic with a 60% CACC car MPR, increases are brought further by considering 10% of HV with CACC, especially on those HV non-restricted lanes. The study is helpful for policy makers to further prepare for the prevalence of CACC in the forthcoming years.

Pengembangan Pendederan Ikan Kerapu melalui Peningkatan Kapasitas Kelompok untuk Penguatan Komoditas Unggulan Kabupaten Administratif Kepulauan Seribu, Jakarta

Nursery needs to be developed to strengthen the grouper as a superior commodity for the Seribu Islands Administrative District, Jakarta. This effort is carried out through the development of human resources (HR) and appropriate technology (AT), and hoped that the grouper nursery will become a new business unit in this district, where most of the area is sea. This activity aims to develop HR and AT for grouper nursery through training, piloting, and mentoring. This activity was carried out to 23 community members who are members of the three fish farmer groups. The training materials including the technical and management aspects of the grouper nursery. The piloting and mentoring of grouper nursery were carried out in parallel with the development of AT in the form of the application of garlic-meniran flour, and were carried out at the Sea Farming Center of PKSPL-IPB, Seribu Islands. The piloting includes preparing of cages, stocking of seeds, feeding, water quality and fish health management, sampling, harvesting, and post-harvest handling. The mentoring is carried out by serving participant visits to the center, interviews and meetings. After the training there was an increase in knowledge and skills of the participants, as well as the emergence of motivation to start a grouper nursery business. During the piloting and mentoring, the involvement and enthusiasm of the participants was relatively high and various aspects were discussed. The application of meniran-garlic flour in feeding on grouper nurseries can improve the feed conversion ratio, so that feed costs are more efficient. One of the participants has tried to run humpback grouper fish farming independently, and made a profit after two months of rearing.

Endogenous Growth Model With Financial Intermediation

Abstract In this paper, we analyse the simplest possible three-dimensional model of endogenous growth to account for the relationship between financial intermediation and economic growth. In our setting, households maximize an interim utility function and firms maximize profit. Households can save money only through banks which offer firms investment loans. We show that under very general assumptions, investments realized by firms depend not only on savings accumulated by banks but also on financial intermediation technology ϕ(θ). Using mathematical methods of dynamical systems, we found stationary states of the system and study their stability.

The development of universal design principles for appropriate technology in small and medium enterprises (SMEs)

The Indonesian government has considered appropriate technology (AT) as a cost-effective strategy to increase productivity, including for farmers in processing agricultural commodities. However, its acceptance and effectiveness still need to be improved so that AT can be used for the general population. The existing AT designs seem to fail in considering the characteristics and capabilities of their users. This paper proposed expanding universal design principles for AT in small and medium enterprises (SMEs). After conducted random observation and interviews with SMEs in Subang Area, this study refers to relevant literature studies from various previous studies. This study’s results are new universal design principles: flexibility in use, practicability, ease of service, perceptible information, tolerance for error, low physical effort, low energy, adjustability, mobility, and modular and straightforward and intuitive use. A conceptual model proposed in this study describes the relationship among user characteristics, the concept of universal design, and the effectiveness of using appropriate technology.

Penerapan Mesin Pemarut Singkong untuk Meningkatkan Produktivitas Usaha Makanan Tradisional “Gebleg” di Kota Magelang

Kampung Meteseh Jayengan terletak di Kecamatan Magelang Tengah Kota Magelang, yang berlokasi sekitar 3,5 Km dari pusat kota Magelang. Sebagian besar warga masyarakat kampung Meteseh Jayengan, Kelurahan Magelang memiliki usaha produksi makanan tradisional. Sebagian besar proses produksi jajanan tradisional masih dilakukan tanpa mesin, sehingga tidak efektif secara waktu. Tujuan kegiatan Program Kemitraan Masyarakat (PKM) yaitu untuk meningkatkan kapasitas produksi makanan tradisonal “gebleg”, salah satunya usaha milik Bu Murdinah. Kegiatan PKM di Meteseh Jayengan, Kelurahan Magelang dilaksanakan dalam dua tahap. Tahap awal adalah observasi dengan melakukan survei lapangan untuk memperoleh data dokumentasi dan dilanjutkan diskusi dengan Bu Murdinah sebagai stakeholder. Tahap kedua adalah tahap pengembangan solusi melalui penerapan teknologi tepat guna yaitu mesin pemarut singkong. Hasil kegiatan PKM adalah berupa mesin pemarut singkong yang memiliki kapasitas 30 kg/hari dengan daya 20 watt. Melalui penerapan mesin pemarut singkong yang dibuat dapat meningkatkan kapasitas produksi yang semula hanya 15 kg/hari menjadi 30 kg/hari. Taraf hidup masyarakat Meteseh Jayengan, Kelurahan Magelang juga meningkat dengan meningkatnya pendapatan hingga 100%.

DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY TO RECYCLE WASTE PERFORMED

The program of development and application of appropriate technology to recycle waste is executed by SMEs Bank Sampah (Waste Bank) Bumi Hijau Cemerlang Desa Suradita Tanggerang. The team was established since 2015. The management of this waste bank foundation is always energetic and productive so as they are competent to collect 200 kg inorganic waste (plastic and paper) in one week. On the other side, they did recycling liquid fertilizer from organic waste by using the used composter. This action is performed by realizing the fact that household waste matter gets heaped and malignant towards environment. The are problems faced by the team. Providing learning assistance in the form of appropriate technology tools and how to use them. In order to ensure the successful of this program, evaluation is carried out in every step of the program’s development.

Imagining the future through revisiting the past: the value of history in thinking about R(R)I’s possible future(s)

ABSTRACT Despite reflexivity being held up as a core pillar of Responsible Research and Innovation (R(R)I), actors in the field have yet to consider the importance of R(R)I's history. Acknowledging field has multiple histories, not only the ones that are told but also the ones that could be told, is necessary in order to meet the requirement of reflexivity. Inspired by the notion of ANTihistory, I therefore propose an alternative historiography. Based on ethnographic and archival research, I trace some of the interactions between early iterations of Science and Technology Studies (STS) and Technology Assessment (TA) which do not regularly feature as a part of R(R)I's established history, thereby drawing attention to potentially ‘forgotten' or ‘neglected' histories. I also propose the Appropriate Technology (AT) movement as an ‘alternative' forebear of R(R)I. I argue that the interpretative richness offered by empirical historical analysis provides insights for thinking about R(R)I’s possible future(s).

Validating visuals: a socio-semiotic instrument for an informed production and use of visual representations

ABSTRACT Visual representations serve a multitude of crucial functions in the creation and dissemination of knowledge and information. They may take many different forms and refer to different phenomena or processes. Making valid decisions how particular visuals should look like presupposes a thorough insight in the nature of the referent or subject of the visual representation, the complex intermediate processes and technologies that are used to produce it, the final form and context of the visual, and the purposes it needs to serve. While often oblivious to its producers and their users or consumers, these insights and practices are firmly grounded in cultural processes of meaning-making, and therefore benefit from a socio-semiotic approach. The proposed socio-semiotic instrument builds upon my earlier taxonomic work in visualization practices. It incorporates many aspects and observations into a practical model that can be used to guide the production of new materials, or as a tool to interrogate the usefulness of existing visual representations for distinct purposes.

A division of the capitalist class and the market for money capital

AbstractIn a one‐commodity economy populated by capitalists equipped with equal endowment but with heterogeneous linear production technology, a division of the capitalist class emerges endogenously. The capitalists with relatively weak technology, yielding the profit rate lower than the interest rate, become a money capitalist (lender), whereas the capitalists with relatively strong technology, yielding the profit rate greater than the interest rate, become an industrial capitalist (borrower). The equilibrium interest rate is derived by the associated demand and supply relation. From this setup of the model follow two essential relationships Marx establishes between the average profit rate and the interest rate: (a) that the profit (rate) sets a maximum limit of interest (rate), and (b) that the two rates are correlated in the long‐run. Lastly, the profit rate of financial sector is less than that of industrial sector due to the basic setup of the model where the industrial sector uses leverage to amplify the underlying capital profit rate, whereas the financial sector lacks intermediation technology, which would have enabled it to borrow profitably.

Strategic Technologies Selection for Oil Production: An Application of Attractiveness-Capability Matrix of Technology

Rapid development of technologies, their increasing complexity and variety, together with limited organizational resources and efforts for survival in industrial competitions have made the task of appropriate technology selection a major challenge. The present research is aimed at the formulation of technology strategy related to oil production in one of the west Karoon oil fields in Iran. At the first, the processes and challenges of production in the studied oil field are recognized by the experts’ survey. Then, the priority of the challenges is evaluated and four key challenges of the considered field are recognized by using a paired comparison questionnaire and Chang Fuzzy AHP. In the next step, the existing and new technologies of oil production in the four recognized key challenges are determined. For each of the recognized technologies, the attractiveness assessment and capability assessment questionnaire are designed based on Jolly indexes and distribute in a sample composed of production engineering experts. Sampling is done by the non-random and purposive-judgmental method. Based on the results of the questionnaires, the attractiveness-capability matrix is designed by Morin’s model, and then based on the obtained technology portfolio, the strategies of each of the four areas are formulated and discussed.

Объектно-ориентированный подход к разработке моделей данных

The modern understanding of the object-oriented approach focuses on one of the main problems of programming – its automation. Many important and practically useful results have been achieved in this direction. Methods for creating object libraries and programming technologies have been developed, which greatly facilitate software development. This is especially evident in the development of WEB-applications. MVC technology has improved the efficiency of developing programs that link remote databases to client applications. However, this and similar technologies have one significant drawback, which is manifested in the fact that the time of obtaining data from their database often does not meet the requirements of both the developer and the user. For a long time, there have been ongoing discussions on this topic on the Internet. Various methods are proposed to speed up database calls, which, as a rule, complicate programming and are artificial methods that go beyond the basic technology, which are applicable to solving particular problems and require significant processing in each specific case. The article assumes that the reason for these problems lies in the fact that in the programming community there is a solidified opinion, the essence of which is that the relational data model, which serves as the basis for most modern DBMS, has nothing to do with the object-oriented paradigm. Therefore, developers of programming technologies use an intermediate technology called object-relational mapping (ORM), which, in their opinion, should connect the non-object database and the object program that provides the client application with the database. In fact, any way you organize your database systems is in the object-oriented paradigm. Based on these premises, the article discusses the object method of developing data models. For this purpose, the properties of data models are formulated, which are necessary for them to be object and to ensure high performance of programs that implement data processing on their basis. The concept of an abstract algebraic machine is introduced, which is a two-base algebraic system. Examples are given that illustrate the use of an abstract algebraic machine for solving various problems. The possibility is considered and a method is proposed for constructing algebraic systems for complex data structures, namely, tuples, which can be considered as elements of such data aggregates as multidimensional matrices, relations, files. In conclusion, it is concluded that the proposed approach allows one to prove the correspondence of various data models, which, in turn, makes it possible to effectively implement parallel processing of various databases on software and hardware complexes, the architecture of which is based on a multidimensional matrix computation model.

Aplikasi Akuaponik Sayur Organik-Ikan Lele dalam Ember (Asoileledamber) di Kota Bengkulu

AQUAPONIC APPLICATION OF ORGANIC VEGETABLES-CATFISH IN BUCKETS (ASOILELEDAMBER) IN BENGKULU CITY. Bengkulu City is the capital of Bengkulu Province with the highest population in Bengkulu Province so it requires the availability of high food consumption as well. Required foodstuffs such as vegetables, meat, and fish, not all are available from Bengkulu City, so it is not uncommon the price on the market becomes more expensive. To fulfill the needs of foodstuffs, some people of Bengkulu City make effort to cultivate vegetables and maintain fish in ponds, but this method is also difficult to do because of the limited land area. Based on the description, it is necessary to apply the Appropriate Technology (TTG) for the people of Bengkulu City to fulfill family food security, one of which is the application of aquaponic technology: Asoileledamber (Organic Vegetable-Catfish Aquaponics in Buckets). This community service activity aims to provide information and training to the group of service partners in Bengkulu City about the benefits of Asoileledamber. Community service activities include Asoileledamber counseling activities, the provision of guidebooks, provision of tools and materials for cultivation such as fish seedlings, vegetable seeds and pellet feed. The results perceived by the service partners were harvesting Catfish from the second month of maintenance to the fourth month of maintenance. Organic vegetables are harvested starting from 2 weeks after planting time (SMT) until the 4th month of maintenance with an average harvest of 1-2 bunches per bucket.