Approach For Synthesis Research Articles

Sustainable synthesis of α-ketoglutaric and methanetriacetic acids from biomass feedstocks

α-Ketoglutaric acid (KGA) and methanetriacetic acid (MTA) are important multi-functional carboxylic acids with versatile applications. However, their synthetic processes are still not green and efficient. Herein, we report a novel one-pot approach for sustainable synthesis of KGA and MTA from biomass-derived pyruvic and glyoxylic acids under mild conditions. KGA is synthesized via cross-aldol condensation of pyruvic and glyoxylic acids to 2-hydroxy-4-oxopentanedioic acid, followed by its sequential dehydration and hydrogenation on Pd/TiO2, affording a high yield of 85.4% on a molar basis of glyoxylic acid at 110 °C and 1.0 MPa H2. The synthesis of MTA involves cross-aldol condensation of KGA and glyoxylic acid to 3-(carboxymethyl)-2-hydroxy-4-oxopentanedioic acid and its subsequent hydrodeoxygenation on Pd/TiO2 and MoOx/TiO2 in a high yield of 86.2% at 200 °C and 2.0 MPa H2. This novel approach provides a rationale for the sustainable production of various multi-functional carboxylic acids that are still not easily available.

GC/MS analysis and green-synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Senna auriculata flower extract: Antibacterial, antioxidant effects and anticancer effects.

In the present state of nano drug research, the production of herbal nutritionally aided nanoparticles has a broad variety of applications of new non side effect medical medications, as long as they are founded with environmentally acceptable methods. Silver nanoparticles in the form of phytochemicals from traditional herbal remedies, specifically the flower of senna auriculata, have been produced. The green synthesized silver nanoparticles were subsequently characterized by UV-Visible spectroscopy, Transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and Thermo gravity analysis. In the current study on the green synthesis approach, one of the best candidates, Ag nanoparticles act as a potential agent to investigate the antibacterial activity by a well diffusion method. The green synthesized AgNPs had the highest significant antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria E. coli at 100μg/mL, as well as, the AgNPs exhibited great inhibitory effects on DPPH radicals and their antioxidant properties were favorably comparable to the antioxidant outcomes of ascorbic acid. Furthermore, at 100μg/mL concentration, the S. auriculata silver nanoparticles showed substantial cytotoxic effects against human breast cancer MCF-7cell lines when compared to their effect on the normal cell line tested. The GC-MS analysis of the S. auriculata extract showed that 55 bioactive phytochemical compounds, which may be of use to the synthesis of AgNPs. Hence, the green synthesized silver nanoparticles from flower extract S. auriculata can be employed for biomedical applications.

Biosynthesis of trimetallic nanoparticles and their biological applications: a recent review.

Trimetallic nanoparticles (TMNPs) have emerged as a pivotal area of research due to their unique properties and diverse applications across medicine, agriculture, and environmental sciences. This review provides several novel contributions that distinguish it from existing literature on trimetallic nanoparticles (TMNPs). Firstly, it offers a focused exploration of TMNPs, specifically addressing their unique properties and applications, which have been less examined compared to other multimetallic nanoparticles. This targeted analysis fills a significant gap in current research. Secondly, the review emphasizes innovative biosynthesis methods utilizing microorganisms and plant extracts, positioning these green synthesis approaches as environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional chemical methods. This focus aligns with the increasing demand for sustainable practices in nanotechnology. Furthermore, the review integrates discussions on both medical and agricultural applications of TMNPs, highlighting their multifunctional potential across diverse fields. This comprehensive perspective enhances our understanding of how TMNPs can address various challenges. Additionally, the review explores the synergistic effects among the different metals in TMNPs, providing insights into how these interactions can be harnessed to optimize their properties for specific applications. Such discussions are often overlooked in existing studies. Moreover, this review identifies critical research gaps and challenges within the field, outlining future directions that encourage further investigation and innovation in TMNP development. By doing so, it proactively contributes to advancing the field. Finally, the review advocates for interdisciplinary collaboration among material scientists, biologists, and environmental scientists, emphasizing the importance of diverse expertise in enhancing the research and application of TMNPs.

Advanced environmental remediation using enhanced performance of hollow ZnO@SnIn4S8 core-shell nanorod arrays for hazardous ion and organic pollutant removal.

Herein, novel hollow ZnO and ZnO@SnIn4S8 core-shell nanorods (NRs) with controlled shell thickness were developed via a facile synthesis approach for the efficient photocatalytic remediation of organic as well inorganic water pollutants. The introduction of SnIn4S8 shell layer coating over ZnO enhances visible light absorption, efficient exciton-mediated direct charge transfer, and reduces the band gap of ZnO@SnIn4S8 core-shell nanorods. The ZnO@SnIn4S8 core-shell nanorods show efficient solar-light driven catalytic efficiency for the disintegration of industrial dye (orange G), degradation of tetracycline, and reduction of hazardous Cr (VI) ions in aquatic systems. The measured photocurrent density of ZnO@SnIn4S8 core-shell NRs under illumination of simulated solar light was about nine times higher than ZnO NRs. It has been revealed that charge transfer resistance (RCT) of ZnO@SnIn4S8 core-shell NRs was doubled after the illumination of solar light. The developed ZnO@SnIn4S8 core-shell NRs photocatalyst efficiently decontaminate about 99.8±02, 99.98±0.01, and 99.8% of methyl orange, tetracycline, and Cr(VI), respectively. Notably, under similar conditions, ZnO was able to display efficiencies of 29.3±0.6, 27.08±1.1 and 31.1±6.3 % of methyl orange, tetracycline, and Cr(VI), respectively. It was also noted that •O2‾, •OH radical, and holes were majorly contributed in the photocatalysis process for disintegration of industrial dye (orange G), tetracycline and finally transform to water and carbon dioxide. Overall, this work explores an intense insight and a novel idea for a hollow core-shell nanocomposite for photocatalytic reduction of diverse pollutants.

Novel nano-sized N-Thiazolylpyridylamines targeting CDK2: Design, divergent synthesis, conformational studies, and multifaceted In silico analysis.

This study involves the design, divergent synthesis, conformational and structural analysis, target prediction, and molecular docking simulations of novel nano N-thiazolylpyridylamines 2-7 and 10 as potential cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) inhibitors. Using a divergent synthesis approach, the compounds were designed with structural variation and optimization in mind. The conformational and structural properties were explored through various spectroscopic techniques, confirming the structure, stability, and preferred conformations. Additionally, nanocrystalline characterization, including X-ray diffraction analysis, revealed the nanoscale structural features of the synthesized molecules. Most compounds exhibited a crystalline nature with crystallite sizes ranging from 10.75 to 57.77nm, which is crucial for improving cellular uptake and anticancer efficacy. Biological testing was performed to evaluate the cytotoxicity of compounds 2-7 and 10 against cancer cell lines, including HepG2, MCF-7, and HCT-116. Compound 5 exhibited significant cytotoxicity with IC50 values of 10.9±0.5μM, 6.98±0.3μM, and 6.3±0.2μM against MCF-7, HePG2, and HCT116, respectively. Other compounds demonstrated varied activities, with compounds 4, 6, and 10 showing moderate activity against the MCF-7cell line. Computational techniques suggested a strong probability of these compounds targeting CDK2, with molecular docking and dynamics used to predict their binding mechanisms. These findings suggest that N-thiazolylpyridylamines may serve as new anticancer agents for further lead optimization.

Novel ZnO-TiO2@MSC nanomaterial based on corn stover template enhances disease resistance in tomato plants.

Crop diseases significantly threaten global food security, driving the need for innovative control strategies. This study explored using ZnO-TiO2@MSC, a novel nanomaterial synthesized using a corn stover template, to enhance disease resistance in tomato plants. In vitro assays demonstrated potent antimicrobial activity of ZnO-TiO2@MSC against the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst. DC3000) by disrupting bacterial cell membranes and modulating oxidative stress-related gene expression. When applied to tomato leaves in pot trials, ZnO-TiO2@MSC achieved 79.83% control of bacterial leaf spot disease while promoting plant growth and photosynthesis. The nanomaterial triggered plant defense mechanisms, upregulating resistance genes and increasing the activities of key enzymes. Metabolomic profiling revealed elevated lipids, lipid-like molecules, and organic acid derivative levels in treated leaves, suggesting cell membrane remodeling as part of the defense response. These findings highlight the potential of biologically-templated nanomaterials like ZnO-TiO2@MSC as multifunctional tools for sustainable disease management in crops. The corn stover-based synthesis approach also provides a way to valorize agricultural waste. Further research is needed to understand the long-term impacts and viability of field-scale application of ZnO-TiO2@MSC as an alternative to conventional pesticides.

Anticancerous activity of Annona muricata-mediated cerium doped nickel ferrite spinel nanoparticles

Nickel ferrite nanoparticles have garnered significant interest for their applications in medical diagnosis and targeted drug delivery due to their unique magnetic and structural properties. In this study, we present a green synthesis approach utilizing Annona muricata extract to prepare nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) nanoparticles, emphasizing an eco-friendly solution to overcome the limitations of conventional chemical synthesis methods. Using a sol–gel auto-combustion technique, we synthesized cerium-doped nickel ferrite nanoparticles and characterized them thoroughly to evaluate their structural, optical, magnetic, and anti-cancer properties. The characterization results showed that the nanoparticles formed a cubic spinel structure with reduced crystallite sizes and altered lattice parameters. The synthesized nanoparticles displayed agglomerated spherical morphology with high phase purity. The cerium doping caused changes in binding energies, which enhanced the magnetic properties, including increased saturation magnetization and reduced coercivity. Additionally, the anti-cancer efficacy of the nanoparticles was confirmed through 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay results, showing dose-dependent cytotoxicity against Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7) breast cancer cells. These findings suggest promising applications in targeted drug delivery and cancer therapy, highlighting the potential of cerium-doped nickel ferrite nanoparticles as an effective material for biomedical use.

Nanocellulose synthesis via synergistic application of solid acid and cellulase.

Nanocellulose stands out in numerous applications due to its excellent properties. Yet, achieving its preparation in a cost-effective, efficient, and environmentally benign manner remains challenging. This study introduces a green synthesis approach by employing a non-polluting solid acid, combined with a cellulase enzyme, for nanocellulose production. We explored the impact of varying the addition sequence of solid acid and cellulase on nanocellulose yield. Experimental results showed that under optimal cellulase hydrolysis conditions, solid acid hydrolysis yielded 41.3% nanocellulose, whereas cellulase hydrolysis resulted in a 27.1% yield. In co-treatment experiments, with the following process steps: 1) sequential hydrolysis with solid acid, followed by cellulose (SA-E); 2) simultaneous hydrolysis with solid acid and cellulase (SA+E); 3) cellulase followed by solid acid hydrolysis (E-SA). the nanocellulose yields were: 73.37%, 70.43%, and 57.21%, respectively. These results proved a synergistic effect between solid acid and cellulase in both SA-E and SA+E scenarios. In addition, the synergistic mechanism between solid acid and cellulase was proposed. This approach presents a highly promising strategy for achieving high yields of nanocellulose.

An adaptive port technique for synthesising rotational components in component modal synthesis approaches

An adaptive port technique for synthesising rotational components in component modal synthesis approaches

Recently Adopted Synthetic Protocols for Piperazines: A Review

Piperazines, a class of heterocyclic compounds, have garnered significant attention in the field of organic synthesis due to their diverse pharmacological activities and widespread applications in medicinal chemistry. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent advancements in the synthesis of piperazines, highlighting innovative methodologies, novel reagents, and green synthesis approaches adopted by researchers. The synthesis of piperazines has witnessed remarkable progress, with a focus on developing efficient and sustainable synthetic routes. Various strategies, such as transition-metal-catalyzed reactions, microwave-assisted synthesis, photo-redox reactions, and bio-inspired methods, have emerged as powerful tools for constructing piperazine scaffolds. The review also encompasses discussions on the stereochemistry and regioselectivity issues associated with piperazine synthesis, shedding light on the intricacies of achieving specific substitution patterns. The impact of newly synthesized piperazines in drug discovery and development is also explored, emphasizing the therapeutic potential of these compounds in various disease areas. In conclusion, this review provides a comprehensive and up-to-date account of the recent advancements in piperazine synthesis, offering insights into the current state of the field and guiding future research directions. The integration of innovative methodologies and the exploration of sustainable practices underscore the ongoing efforts to streamline the synthesis of piperazines, contributing to the expansion of their applications in medicinal chemistry and related disciplines.

Kinetically Controlled Approach for One-Pot Synthesis of Poly(peptide-b-peptoid) Exhibiting Well-Defined Secondary Structure and Thermal Stability.

Sequence-controlled polymerization aims to bridge the gap between biopolymers and synthetic macromolecules. In a kinetically controlled approach, the inherent reactivity differences among monomers determine the primary structure or sequence of the monomers linked within the resulting copolymer chains. This report outlines a one-pot synthesis of polypeptide-b-polypeptoid by choosing a suitable pair of N-carboxy anhydride (NCA) monomers with significant reactivity differences. We have demonstrated the preparation of well-defined block copolymers, including polyproline-b-polysarcosine (PLP-b-PSar) and poly(propargyl proline)-b-polysarcosine (PLPP-b-PSar) in a single step. 1H NMR kinetic studies confirmed the sequence-controlled primary structures of these block copolymers. The NMR analysis indicated a striking reactivity ratio difference (rPLP = 925 and rPSar = 0.0014; rPLPP = 860 and rPSar = 0.0015) between the selected monomer pairs, which was crucial for a one-pot block copolymer synthesis. Notably, these sequence-controlled copolymers' secondary structures and stability were remarkably similar to those of block copolymers synthesized through conventional sequential addition methods. This further underscores the practicality of this kinetically controlled approach.

Ultrasensitive Flexible NO2 Sensors with Remote-Controllable ADC-Electropolymerized Conducting Polymers on Plastic.

Alternating- and direct-current (ADC) bipolar electropolymerization (EP) offers an efficient and scalable approach for the lateral synthesis of conjugated macromolecules, enabling the simultaneous polymerization and deposition of large conducting polymer films with intriguing fractal-like ramified topographies onto arbitrary insulating substrates under remote control. In this study, we presented the remote synthesis of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT):anion sensing films on a plastic substrate, aimed at their use in flexible nitrogen dioxide (NO2) gas sensors. Notably, the PEDOT:ClO3 films exhibited excellent gas-sensing characteristics, with a sensitivity of 54.8% to 50 ppm of NO2, minimal cross-sensitivity to other gases, and a detection limit of 0.726 parts per billion (ppb) for NO2. The sensing mechanism of the ADC-bipolar electropolymerized PEDOT:anion films was examined using spectroscopic analysis, microstructural characterization, and interaction energy computations. The findings revealed that the enhanced sensitivity of the PEDOT:ClO3 film was attributable to an appropriate electrostatic interaction between the counteranion (ClO3-) and NO2 molecules at the molecular scale, as well as the large surface area of the film resulting from hierarchical macrostructures. This study showed the practical application of the ADC-bipolar EP method for flexible organic gas sensors.

Visible Light-Mediated Decarboxylative Giese Addition Utilizing Thioxanthone or Thioxanthone-TfOH Complex as the Photocatalyst.

Synthetic photochemistry is an alternative, green and sustainable approach in organic synthesis, offering the possibility for the discovery of novel reactivities. Carboxylic acids are abundant and widely used as suitable radical precursors for light-mediated processes, providing access to products that are not accessible via conventional methods. Herein, we report a green, cheap, metal-free, photochemical decarboxylative protocol for the 1,4-radical conjugate addition (Giese reaction) using thioxanthone, a commercially available organic molecule, or a thioxanthone-triflic acid (TfOH) complex, as the photocatalyst, under LED 427 nm irradiation. A wide range of carboxylic acids, amino acids and Michael acceptors has been tested, affording the desired products in good to high yields.

Toward a Comprehensive Understanding of Nurses' Compassion Fatigue: A Meta-Integrative Qualitative Synthesis.

The study aims to conduct a thematic synthesis approach of existing qualitative research to synthesise the real experiences of nurses dealing with compassion fatigue. This integration seeks to provide a comprehensive overview, identify common themes, and offer theoretical support for developing effective intervention strategies to mitigate compassion fatigue in healthcare settings. A thematic synthesis approach was utilised, synthesising qualitative studies on nurses' experiences of compassion fatigue. Data were collected from major academic databases, including PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, and Web of Science. A total of 15 studies met the inclusion criteria. This study systematically reviewed 11 qualitative research articles from China, the United States, Japan, Spain, Iran and Finland, involving 1076 nurses, to analyse and integrate the phenomenon of compassion fatigue among nurses and extract common themes. The analysis revealed that the leading causes of compassion fatigue include insufficient time and resources, psychosocial stressors, compassion overload and organisational and environmental factors. The manifestations of compassion fatigue primarily consist of work-related difficulties and impacts on family life, emotional and physical exhaustion and a mix of positive and negative emotions. Coping strategies focus on self-care and emotional regulation, symptom recognition and response strategies and organisational interventions and training. This study's findings provide theoretical support for healthcare institutions to develop effective intervention strategies to alleviate compassion fatigue among nurses and improve the quality of care. The study contributes to the body of knowledge by systematically synthesising qualitative evidence on compassion fatigue among nurses. The results have practical implications for nursing management and policy, emphasising the need for supportive measures to protect nurses from compassion fatigue and ensure sustainable care practices. This research does not directly involve patients or public participants but focuses on synthesising the experiences of nurses as reported in existing studies, thereby indirectly contributing to improving patient care by addressing the well-being of healthcare providers.

One‐Step Biosynthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Nonantibacterial, Nonantifungal, and Biocompatibility Properties

AbstractIn present research article, single‐step biosynthesis of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) is reported by using Sapindus mukorossi (SM) fruit extract as a source of reducing and capping agents. Biosynthesized spherical magnetic IONPs are characterized using XRD, ATR‐IR, FE‐SEM, VSM, BET, and XPS techniques. VSM analysis indicates an Ms value of 30.505 emu g−1, BET analysis reveals a specific surface area of 9.691 m2 g−1, and XPS confirms the formation of Fe₂O₃. NMR, GC‐MS, and HR‐MS techniques reveal the biological molecules present in SM fruit extract including flavonoids, diterpenoids, and antioxidants. These biomolecules perform a dynamic role of capping, stabilizing, and reducing agents to synthesize stable IONPs, using a bottom‐up synthesis approach. They exhibit nonantibacterial potential against both Gram‐positive (Staphylococcus aureus, (S. aureus), Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis)) and Gram‐negative (Escherichia coli, (E. coli), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa)) microorganisms. Nonantifungal potential against different fungi (Penicillium spp., Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus), Fusarium oxysporum (F. oxysporum), and Rhizoctonia solani (R. solani)) is also observed. The biosynthesized IONPs exhibit inertness toward the L929 normal fibroblast cell line, making them a promising candidate for drug delivery and various therapeutic and diagnostic applications.

Advancements in 2D Titanium Carbide (MXene) for Electromagnetic Wave Absorption: Mechanisms, Methods, Enhancements, and Applications.

With the advent of the 5G era, there has been a marked increase in research interest concerning electromagnetic wave-absorbing materials. A critical challenge remains in improving the wave-absorbing properties of these materials while satisfying diverse application demands. MXenes, identified as prominent "emerging" 2D materials for wave absorption, offer unique advantages that are expected to drive advancements and innovations in this field. This review emphasizes the synthesis benefits provided by the unique structural characteristics of MXenes and the performance enhancements achieved through their combination with other absorbing materials. Material requirements, synthesis approaches, and conceptual frameworks are integrated to underscore these advantages. The study provides a thorough analysis of MXene-absorbing composites, going beyond basic classification to address preparation and modification processes affecting the absorption properties of MXenes and their composites. Attention is directed to synthesis techniques, structural design principles, and their influence on composite performance. Additionally, the potential applications of MXenes in electromagnetic wave absorbing devices are summarized. The review concludes by addressing the challenges currently confronting MXene materials and outlining expected developmental trends, aiming to offer guidance for subsequent research in this domain.

Meta-synthesis of patient experiences with chronic fatigue syndrome

ABSTRACT Objective: This paper systematically reviews and analyzes qualitative studies on the illness experiences of patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) to provide a basis for healthcare professionals in developing support programs. Methods A systematic search of multiple databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase, was conducted, covering relevant literature from database creation to August 2023. The study employed an aggregative synthesis approach, systematically integrating qualitative data to identify common themes and patterns across studies. Results A total of 1,885 articles related to CFS were identified through the initial search, with 10 additional articles obtained through reference searching, bringing the total to 1,895. After duplicate checking and initial screening based on titles and abstracts, 123 articles were selected. Following a full-text review, re-screening, and quality assessment, 24 articles were ultimately included, involving 389 CFS patients. These studies identified 84 categories and 4 themes.1. Difficulty in Diagnosing CFS; 2. The Multidimensional and Complex Manifestations of CFS; 3. CFS and Social Challenges;4. CFS Diagnosis and Management Strategies. Conclusion The study recommends enhancing healthcare professionals' understanding of CFS through specialized training, the development of diagnostic and treatment guidelines, and the promotion of early identification. Raising public and medical awareness is crucial for reducing stigma. Energy management and psychological interventions can alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life, while support groups can provide emotional support and reduce feelings of isolation. Financial support and gender-sensitive approaches are essential to meet the diverse needs of CFS patients.

Animal-based evidence supports protective activity of bioengineered silver and gold nanomaterials on hepatic and renal function profile parameters

The liver and kidneys are vital organs responsible for essential metabolic and excretory functions, and their protection is a cornerstone of therapeutic innovation. This review highlights the emerging role of eco-friendly, bioengineered silver (AgNPs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as protective agents for liver and kidney health, based on evidence from animal studies. The discussion emphasizes green synthesis approaches, which offer sustainable and biocompatible routes for nanoparticle production. Key findings reveal the effects of these nanoparticles (NPs) on hepatic enzymes—Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine transaminase (ALT), and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)—and renal function markers, including urea and creatinine levels, under both healthy and pathological conditions. In diseased animal models, biosynthesized NPs significantly reduced ALT, AST, ALP, urea, and creatinine levels, demonstrating their protective effects. Conversely, in healthy animals, lower nanoparticle concentrations exhibited no statistically significant impact on these parameters, suggesting their safety at therapeutic doses. This review presents the novelty of bioengineered NPs as potential therapeutic agents for hepatic and renal protection while highlighting the need for further research into their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics to advance clinical translation.

An Automated Approach for Domain-Specific Knowledge Graph Generation─Graph Measures and Characterization.

In 2020, nearly 3 million scientific and engineering papers were published worldwide (White, K. Publications Output: U.S. Trends And International Comparisons). The vastness of the literature that already exists, the increasing rate of appearance of new publications, and the timely translation of artificial intelligence methods into scientific and engineering communities have ushered in the development of automated methods for mining and extracting information from technical documents. However, domain-specific approaches for extracting knowledge graph representations from semantic information remain limited. In this paper, we develop a natural language processing (NLP) approach to extract knowledge graphs resulting in a semantically structured network (SSN) that can be queried. After a detailed exposition of the modeling method, the approach is demonstrated specifically for the synthetic chemistry of organic molecules from the text of approximately 100,000 full-length patents. In this paper, we focus specifically on characterizing the knowledge graph to develop insights into the linguistic patterns and trends within the data and to establish objective graph characteristics that may enable comparisons among other text-based knowledge graphs across domains. Graph characterization is performed for network motif structures, assortativity, and eigenvector centrality. The structural information provided by the measures reveals language tendencies commonly employed by authors in the text discourse for chemical reactions. These include observations of the prevalence of descriptions of specific compound names, that common solvents and drying agents cut across large numbers of chemical synthesis approaches, and that power-law trends clearly emerge in the limit of larger corpora. The findings provide important quantitative characterizations of knowledge graphs for use in validation in large data settings.

Metallic Nanostructures: An Updated Review on Synthesis, Stability, Safety, and Applications with Tremendous Multifunctional Opportunities.

Metallic nanostructures play a vital role in technological advancement, providing exceptional performance and improved adaptability in comparison to their bulk equivalents. Conventional synthesis techniques frequently depend on dangerous reducing agents to transform metal ions into Nanoparticles (NPs), which presents considerable environmental and health issues. In contrast, the approach of green synthesis, which emphasizes the use of non-toxic reagents, has garnered significant interest as a sustainable method for the fabrication of Metallic Nanoparticles (MNPs). This sustainable approach utilizes biological sources, like actinomycetes, algae, fungi, polymers, crops, waste biomass, and yeast, recognized for their excellent biocompatibility, availability, affordability, and efficiency. Biological extracts act as reducing and stabilizing agents, with the metabolites and enzymes present in these extracts aiding in the conversion of metal ions into nanoparticles. This review offers an in-depth examination of different MNPs, such as copper, gold, platinum, silver, and zinc, emphasizing their distinct characteristics and a variety of synthesis methods. The review further explores the diverse applications of MNPs in biomimetics, agriculture, and various industrial sectors, including energy, catalysis, and wastewater treatment, along with optical enhancement. This review explores stability and toxicity profiles, filling a significant gap in the existing knowledge base and providing valuable insights into the broad applicability of MNPs.