Steganography Approach Research Articles

A blind steganography approach for hiding privacy details in images of digital imaging and communications in medicine using QR code

<span>This study aims to hide patient’s privacy details of digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) files using the quick response (QR) code images with the same size using steganographic technique. The proposed method is based on the properties of the discrete cosine transform (DCT) of the DICOM images to embed a QR code image. The proposed method includes two parts: data embedding and extraction process. Moreover, the stego DICOM image could be blindly used to produce the embedded QR code image without the existence of the original DICOM image. The performances of proposed method were evaluated using the metrics of the peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), the structural similarity index (SSIM), the universal quality index (UQI), the correlation coefficient (R) and the bit error rate (BER) values. The experimental results scored a high PSNR after the embedding process by embedding a QR code image into the DICOM image with the same size.</span>

A Review on Major Image and Video Steganography Techniques

With the growing expansion of the intensive sharing of multimedia content and secret communications, data concealing techniques have become increasingly crucial. Steganography is a mechanism for sharing data covertly and securely. It is the science of embedding hidden information into cover media by altering the cover image in a way that is difficult to detect by human eyes. Audio, video and image files can all benefit from steganography techniques. Video steganography is the process of hiding secret information in a video file. Video Steganography is concealing a secret message, which might be a secret text message or an image within a bigger one, in such a way that an unwelcome person cannot determine the presence of the concealed message just by looking at it. There are several Steganography strategies for hiding hidden information in videos, which are further detailed in this paper, along with some of the research efforts done in some disciplines under video steganography by some authors.This article discusses the advancements in the subject of image and video steganography, as well as a comparison of its many applications and methodologies. It is critical to secure digital information while communicating over the internet in today’s digitally-driven society. One of the techniques utilised for this is steganography. The importance of steganography and the numerous types of steganography are discussed in this study. It also clarified the vocabulary for the general model of digital steganography. The traditional steganography approach of most minor significant bit substitution is explored. Furthermore, in terms of several performance metrics, a comparison is made between the conventional technique and other techniques for covering media quality and imperceptibility. The size of the hidden message that can be embedded in the image is estimated.

A Systematic Review of Computational Image Steganography Approaches

A Systematic Review of Computational Image Steganography Approaches

A Meliorated Kashida Based Approach for Arabic Text Steganography

A Meliorated Kashida Based Approach for Arabic Text Steganography

Optimal Multikey Homomorphic Encryption with Steganography Approach for Multimedia Security in Internet of Everything Environment

Recent developments of semiconductor and communication technologies have resulted in the interconnection of numerous devices in offering seamless communication and services, which is termed as Internet of Everything (IoE). It is a subset of Internet of Things (IoT) which finds helpful in several applications namely smart city, smart home, precise agriculture, healthcare, logistics, etc. Despite the benefits of IoE, it is limited to processing and storage abilities, resulting in the degradation of device safety, privacy, and efficiency. Security and privacy become major concerns in the transmission of multimedia data over the IoE network. Encryption and image steganography is considered effective solutions to accomplish secure data transmission in the IoE environment. For resolving the limitations of the existing works, this article proposes an optimal multikey homomorphic encryption with steganography approach for multimedia security (OMKHES-MS) technique in the IoE environment. Primarily, singular value decomposition (SVD) model is applied for the separation of cover images into RGB elements. Besides, optimum pixel selection process is carried out using coyote optimization algorithm (COA). At the same time, the encryption of secret images is performed using poor and rich optimization (PRO) with multikey homomorphic encryption (MKHE) technique. Finally, the cipher image is embedded into the chosen pixel values of the cover image to generate stego image. For assessing the better outcomes of the OMKHES-MS model, a wide range of experiments were carried out. The extensive comparative analysis reported the supremacy of the proposed model over the rennet approaches interms of different measures.

Design and Analysis of Reversible Data Hiding Using Hybrid Cryptographic and Steganographic approaches for Multiple Images

Data concealing is the process of including some helpful information on images. The majority of sensitive applications, such sending authentication data, benefit from data hiding. Reversible data hiding (RDH), also known as invertible or lossless data hiding in the field of signal processing, has been the subject of a lot of study. A piece of data that may be recovered from an image to disclose the original image is inserted into the image during the RDH process to generate a watermarked image. Lossless data hiding is being investigated as a strong and popular way to protect copyright in many sensitive applications, such as law enforcement, medical diagnostics, and remote sensing. Visible and invisible watermarking are the two types of watermarking algorithms. The watermark must be bold and clearly apparent in order to be visible. To be utilized for invisible watermarking, the watermark must be robust and visibly transparent. Reversible data hiding (RDH) creates a marked signal by encoding a piece of data into the host signal. Once the embedded data has been recovered, the original signal may be accurately retrieved. For photos shot in poor illumination, visual quality is more important than a high PSNR number. The DH method increases the contrast of the host picture while maintaining a high PSNR value. Histogram equalization may also be done concurrently by repeating the embedding process in order to relocate the top two bins in the input image's histogram for data embedding. It's critical to assess the images after data concealment to see how much the contrast has increased. Common picture quality assessments include peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), relative structural similarity (RSS), relative mean brightness error (RMBE), relative entropy error (REE), relative contrast error (RCE), and global contrast factor (GCF). The main objective of this paper is to investigate the various quantitative metrics for evaluating contrast enhancement. The results show that the visual quality may be preserved by including a sufficient number of message bits in the input photographs.

An efficient image steganography approach based on QR factorization and singular value decomposition in non‐subsampled contourlet transform domain

AbstractAs the amount of information communicated through the virtual world grows dramatically day by day, data security becomes a significant concern while communicating over the internet. Steganography can play an integral part in safeguarding the data from unauthorized users through a hiding mechanism. This article describes a three‐step steganographic algorithm. This algorithm applied QR factorization and singular value decomposition (SVD) in the non‐subsampled contourlet transform (NSCT) domain. First, this algorithm scrambles the secret image using Arnold transforms, and then NSCT decomposes the carrier and the scrambled hidden image into coefficient sub‐bands. Second, the QR factorization and SVD are used on the specific coefficients of carrier and scrambled secret images, respectively. Finally, the modified secret image inserts into the carrier image for communication. The reverse mechanism is applied to discover the hidden message at the receiving end. The methodology gives superior imperceptibility as well as robustness. Furthermore, the anticipated strategy is compared with current methods in terms of effectiveness.

A novel approach of steganography by using strong edge detection and chaos theory

A novel approach of steganography by using strong edge detection and chaos theory

LSB-based pre-embedding video steganography with rotating & shifting poly-pattern block matrix.

BackgroundIn terms of data-hiding areas, video steganography is more advantageous compared to other steganography techniques since it uses video as its cover medium. For any video steganography, the good trade-off among robustness, imperceptibility, and payload must be created and maintained. Even though it has the advantage of capacity, video steganography has the robustness problem especially regarding spatial domain is used to implement it. Transformation operations and statistical attacks can harm secret data. Thus, the ideal video steganography technique must provide high imperceptibility, high payload, and resistance towards visual, statistical and transformation-based steganalysis attacks.MethodsOne of the most common spatial methods for hiding data within the cover medium is the Least Significant Bit (LSB) method. In this study, an LSB-based video steganography application that uses a poly-pattern key block matrix (KBM) as the key was proposed. The key is a 64 × 64 pixel block matrix that consists of 16 sub-pattern blocks with a pixel size of 16 × 16. To increase the security of the proposed approach, sub-patterns in the KBM are allowed to shift in four directions and rotate up to 270° depending on the user preference and logical operations. For additional security XOR and AND logical operations were used to determine whether to choose the next predetermined 64 × 64 pixel block or jump to another pixel block in the cover video frame to place a KBM to embed the secret data. The fact that the combination of variable KBM structure and logical operator for the secret data embedding distinguishes the proposed algorithm from previous video steganography studies conducted with LSB-based approaches.ResultsMean Squared Error (MSE), Structural Similarity Index (SSIM) and Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) parameters were calculated for the detection of the imperceptibility (or the resistance against visual attacks ) of the proposed algorithm. The proposed algorithm obtained the best MSE, SSIM and PSNR parameter values based on the secret message length as 0.00066, 0.99999, 80.01458 dB for 42.8 Kb of secret message and 0.00173, 0.99999, 75.72723 dB for 109 Kb of secret message, respectively. These results are better than the results of classic LSB and the studies conducted with LSB-based video steganography approaches in the literature. Since the proposed system allows an equal amount of data embedding in each video frame the data loss will be less in transformation operations. The lost data can be easily obtained from the entire text with natural language processing. The variable structure of the KBM, logical operators and extra security preventions makes the proposed system be more secure and complex. This increases the unpredictability and resistance against statistical attacks. Thus, the proposed method provides high imperceptibility and resistance towards visual, statistical and transformation-based attacks while acceptable even high payload.

Novel Ransomware Hiding Model Using HEVC Steganography Approach

Ransomware is considered one of the most threatening cyberattacks. Existing solutions have focused mainly on discriminating ransomware by analyzing the apps themselves, but they have overlooked possible ways of hiding ransomware apps and making them difficult to be detected and then analyzed. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel ransomware hiding model by utilizing a block-based High-Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) steganography approach. The main idea of the proposed steganography approach is the division of the secret ransomware data and cover HEVC frames into different blocks. After that, the Least Significant Bit (LSB) based Hamming Distance (HD) calculation is performed amongst the secret data’s divided blocks and cover frames. Finally, the secret data bits are hidden into the marked bits of the cover HEVC frame-blocks based on the calculated HD value. The main advantage of the suggested steganography approach is the minor impact on the cover HEVC frames after embedding the ransomware while preserving the histogram attributes of the cover video frame with a high imperceptibility. This is due to the utilization of an adaptive steganography cost function during the embedding process. The proposed ransomware hiding approach was heavily examined using subjective and objective tests and applying different HEVC streams with diverse resolutions and different secret ransomware apps of various sizes. The obtained results prove the efficiency of the proposed steganography approach by achieving high capacity and successful embedding process while ensuring the hidden ransomware’s undetectability within the video frames. For example, in terms of embedding quality, the proposed model achieved a high peak signal-to-noise ratio that reached 59.3 dB and a low mean-square-error of 0.07 for the examined HEVC streams. Also, out of 65 antivirus engines, no engine could detect the existence of the embedded ransomware app.

Approaches of Steganography & its Applications

Steganography is a science of hiding the presence of data so that it remains safe from intruders. In modern communication scenarios, the use of steganography is very valuable. It can protect the insecurity of wireless communication channels and having enough capability to surprise intruders. In this paper, a brief introduction of steganography along with its association to cryptography is discussed and we believe that it will be very helpful in the development of security protocols for various applications.

Secure multimedia data transfer using crypto and stegano algorithms

Recent developments in Steganalysis have made it difficult to secure personal content, messages, or digital images using steganography. Using Steganalysis can easily reveal the presence of hidden information in storage files. This paper presents a new Steganographic approach to communication between two individuals. The approach presented in this paper uses both Steganographic and cryptographic methods. Cryptography uses Rivest–Shamir–Adleman (RSA) and Steganography use image Steganography to hide data. It also uses the mutual authentication process to satisfy all services in the field of cryptography, i.e., access control, confidentiality, integrity, and authentication. In this way, it can store data more securely. Since it uses the RSA algorithm to protect the data again, it performs Steganography to hide the data in the image. Thus, any other person on the network cannot access the data present on the network. Only the sender and receiver can extract the message from the data.

Image steganography approach using spatial and transform domain technique

Cryptography is often used to keep information confidential by making it illegible. However, incomprehensible information may raise suspicions of the adversary and may lead him to sabotage this style of communication. Therefore, steganography has a place in the arena of information security. Steganography refers to the technique of hiding information in digital media to hide the existence of information. Data caching is the art of hiding data for colorful purposes similar as; to maintain private data, secure non-public data and so on. Securely exchange the data over the internet network is veritably important issue. So, to transfer the data securely to the destination, there are numerous approaches like cryptography and steganography. In this design we propose a LSB & DCT grounded steganographic system for hiding the data by applying Least Significant Bit (LSB) algorithm for bedding the data into the images which is enforced through the HTML, CSS, JavaScript.

ПІДХІД ДО НЕЕКВІВАЛЕНТНОГО СТЕГАНОГРАФІЧНОГО ВБУДОВУВАННЯ ДОДАТКОВИХ ДАНИХ В ПРОГРАМНИЙ КОД БЛОКІВ LUT FPGA

Purpose. To increase the effective volume of stego containers in the FPGA program code. To achieve this purpose, an additional procedure of non-equivalent transformations of FPGA program code is added. Non-equivalent transfor-mations complement the traditional procedure of equivalent transformations of program code. The joint use of these two types of transformations leads to the achievement of the purpose of this paper. Methodology. The steganographic ap-proach is used to covertly embed additional data into the FPGA chip program code. In this case the FPGA program code is a stego container. The stego container embedding procedure is used to perform hidden monitoring of the FPGA program code. For this purpose, monitoring data is embedded into the program code and secretly stored there. The tradi-tional approach to steganographic embedding in FPGA program code is based on the use of equivalent transformations of the program code. Such transformations do not change the target function of the program code or the operation of the FPGA chip. However, the traditional approach provides a relatively small effective volume of the stego container. This leads to the fact that it is usually possible to steganographically store only control data for one type of monitoring. It is proposed to additionally use a non-equivalent approach to steganographic embedding of data into the FPGA program code. Such transformations, despite their non-equivalence, do not change the target function of the program code. This is achieved by applying transformations to the program code of units that perform arithmetic operations on approximate data. For arithmetic operations on approximate data there is often a requirement that the operands and the result are the same size. To satisfy this requirement the complete result of the operation is computed first. After that some bits of the result are discarded and rounding is performed. It is proposed to allocate elementary LUT units in the FPGA structure, which participate only in the calculation of discarded bits (and do not participate in the calculation of the remaining bits). Program codes of such LUTs can be non-equivalently changed during steganographic embedding. Distortion of the FPGA program code of such units does not distort the behavior of the FPGA chip. This is a consequence of the fact that such LUTs are not involved in the formation of the discarded bits. Results. We have developed software that, together with Intel Quartus CAD system, extracts detailed information about an FPGA project. This information includes the structure of the circuit in the project and the program codes of the units of this circuit. An application has also been developed that uses this information to determine non-equivalent steganographic resources. With the help of the devel-oped software, an experimental estimation of the additional volume of the stego container is performed. Originality. An approach to the use of non-equivalent transformations of the program code of FPGA chips for steganographic embed-ding of additional data is proposed. This approach is proposed to be used together with the traditional approach, which is based on equivalent transformations of the program code. Practical value. The steganographic embedding approach proposed in this paper allows increasing the effective volume of the stego container in the FPGA program code. By ap-plying this approach, it becomes possible to secretly store monitoring data of several types of monitoring in FPGA stego containers. References 10, figures 2.

Adopt an optimal location using a genetic algorithm for audio steganography

With the development of technologies, most of the users utilizing the Internet for transmitting information from one place to another place. The transmitted data may be affected because of the intermediate user. Therefore, the steganography approach is applied for managing the secret information. Here audio steganography is utilized to maintain the secret information by hiding the image into the audio files. In this work, discrete cosine transforms, and discrete wavelet transform is applied to perform the Steganalysis process. The optimal hiding location has been identified by using the optimization technique called a genetic algorithm. The method utilizes the selection, crossover and mutation operators for selecting the best location. The chosen locations are difficult to predict by unauthorized users because the embedded location is varied from information to information. Then the efficiency of the system ensures the high PSNR, structural similarity index (SSIM), minimum mean square error value and Jaccard, which is evaluated on the audio Steganalysis dataset.

KBM Based Variable Size DCT Block Approaches for Video Steganography

KBM Based Variable Size DCT Block Approaches for Video Steganography

Backward movement oriented shark smell optimization-based audio steganography using encryption and compression strategies

Audio steganography is the process of hiding secret information such as images, text, or video into the audio file. Data hiding in audio signals has been utilized in diverse applications like secret communication, hiding of data that may affect the safety and security of personnel and governments. Most of the recently introduced audio steganography approaches are content non-adaptive that may suffer low embedding capability and poor security. This paper proposes the audio steganography model for secure audio transmission during communication based on the meta-heuristic concept. In the embedding phase, the optimized instant selection is made for embedding the secret message (image) into the input audio. Further, the secret message to be embedded is encrypted using the optimized 2D-Logistic Chaotic Map. Here, the development of optimal instant selection and the optimized 2D-Logistic Chaotic Map are performed by the improved Shark Smell Optimization (SSO) called Backward Movement oriented SSO (BM-SSO). Once the secret message is encrypted, the compression of the message is done by Modified Huffman Encoding (MHE). Finally, the extraction phase uses the optimized 2D-Logistic Chaotic Map-based decryption. The proposed audio steganography by optimized instant selection for audio embedding minimizes the distortion error between the stego audio and original audio in terms of Mean Squared Error (MSE), and optimized 2D-Logistic Chaotic Map-based encryption aims to maximize the entropy of cipher image. The performance of the developed model has been estimated extensively against attacks, and simulation results are presented to prove the robustness of the proposed algorithm.

Destroying robust steganography in online social networks

In recent years, some robust steganography approaches for covert transmission in online social networks (OSNs) have been proposed. Some existing image algorithms, such as watermarking removal methods, have been developed to remove the hidden messages that might exist in an uploaded image. However, these methods may result in poor image quality after processing, which is not practical for OSN platforms. In this paper, we propose a general method for destroying robust steganography in OSNs that is able to preserve the image quality. In particular, we design a deep learning network including an attack module and an optimization module, and a new loss function is proposed to consider both. The experimental results indicate that the proposed method can be universally applied tocounter multiple robust steganography algorithms. Furthermore, the resulting processed image can be good quality, and the time cost is sufficiently low to meet most real-time requirements.

Spectral Graph Wavelet Based Image Steganography Using SVD and Arnold Transform

Steganography is the process of concealing sensitive information within cover medium. This study offers an efficient and safe innovative image steganography approach based on graph signal processing (GSP). To scramble the secret image, Arnold cat map transform is used, then Spectral graph wavelet is used to change the cover and scrambled secret image, followed by singular vector decomposition (SVD) of the modified cover image. To create the stego image, an alpha blending process is used. To produce the stego image, GSP-based synthesis is used. By maintaining the inter-pixel correlation, GSP improves the visual quality of the produced stego image. The effects of image processing attacks on the suggested approach are examined. The investigational results and assessment indicate that the proposed steganography scheme is more efficient and robust in terms of quality measures. The quality of stego image is evaluated in respect of PSNR, NCC, SC and AD performance metrics.

Steganography in Color Animated Image Sequence for Secret Data Sharing Using Secure Hash Algorithm

Steganography is one of the leading strategy that is employed to hide restricted content into a cover media so that the person unaware of the fact can’t predict that the cover media can acquire some secret information. The effectiveness of any steganographic approach is appraised on imperceptibility of the stego-media, payload of the cover media, integrity of the secret information, security, and computational complexity. The work presented in this paper focuses on these important concerns of secured data transmission. The proposed steganographic approach uses multimedia files including animated image sequences as cover media for concealing secret messages. The entire secret information to be embedded is converted to a code using Secure Hash Algorithm-1 (SHA-1) (National Institute of Standards, and Technology (US). Technology Administration. Secure hash standard, 1993) and shared with the secret message to validate the authenticity of the transmitted secret information. The whole secret message is converted to its ASCII to embed them by replacing the least significant digit (LSD) (Liu et al. In Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), IEEE, 2012). The receiver validates the transmitted information with SHA-1 again generating a code, which validates with the existing code sent over from the transmitting end. The proposed algorithm is worked upon a variety of text messages with a large set of color animated image sequences as cover media and also has been tested carefully by different parametric measures. This algorithm gives robust outputs in terms of visual imperceptibility, safety, and embedding capability.