Systems Analysis Approach Research Articles

Posttrial Experiences in Sustainment of a Scaled Model of the Systems Analysis and Improvement Approach (SAIA-SCALE) in the Absence of External Funding in Manica Province, Mozambique.

Following the conclusion of a stepped-wedge cluster randomized trial of the Systems Analysis and Improvement Approach (SAIA) to optimize the prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission cascade in Manica Province, Mozambique, we conducted a natural experiment to test the sustainability of the delivery model with limited financial inputs. District nurse supervisors were encouraged to continue to facilitate SAIA cycles in subordinate health facilities and provided phone credit and tablet access to upload implementation data. No additional resources (eg, funds for transport, refreshments, or supplies) were provided. Barriers to implementation were collected via conversations with district supervisors. Monthly facilitation of SAIA cycles continued in 11 of 12 (92%) districts and 13 of 36 (36%) facilities through 12 months posttrial, which declined to 10 districts and 10 facilities by the end of the 15-month posttrial period. Despite interest among district supervisors to continue implementation, logistical and financial barriers prevented visits to facilities not in close proximity to district management offices. Turnover of district supervisors resulted in replacements not having knowledge and experience facilitating SAIA. The lack of refreshments for facility staff and limited supplies (pens and papers) were cited as additional barriers. Despite the scalability of the SAIA model, it is susceptible to implementation decay without sufficient health system resources. Additional research is needed to test sustainment strategies that address identified barriers and enable continued delivery of the implementation strategy core components at a sufficient level of fidelity to maintain desired health system improvements and patient-level outcomes.

A comprehensive propulsion system analysis: an integrated approach utilising engine simulation and free-running model experiments

Regulations concerning the environmental impact and energy efficiency of ships are becoming increasingly stringent. To meet these demanding criteria, new technologies are actively being developed to achieve emission reductions while maintaining efficient fuel energy conversion into propulsion power. However, the propulsion system behaviour in a dynamic environment of the actual sea is highly nonlinear and complex, and a profound understanding of the mutual interactions is still lacking. This paper proposes an integrated approach for comprehensive propulsion system analysis. The key feature of this technique is the utilisation of an intelligent propeller drive controlled by a marine diesel engine simulator (MDES) to drive the free-running model of a ship, providing real-like behaviour of the engine model in real-time in response to actual measured values. The core of the MDES consists of a continuous cycle-mean value dynamic engine model supplemented with a detailed combustion cycle evaluation. The developed fast calculation algorithm of crank-angle resolved thermodynamic equations of the gas state in the engine cylinder enables the complete engine model to be integrated into the real-time environment of a physical model ship. Thus, the propulsion system's performance can be analysed under conditions that closely mimic those of the actual sea environment.

IDENTITY OF AN ENTERPRISE AS A DISTINCT VALUE IN A CULTURE OF HIGH TOLERANCE FOR UNCERTAINTY

The identity of an enterprise, once overlooked by theorists, has gained significant attention across multiple disciplines, including management, sociology, and economics. In today’s dynamic business landscape, especially within cultures of high tolerance for uncertainty, corporate identity has emerged as a crucial element for success. Such cultures, characterized by flexibility, openness to change, and risk acceptance, require companies to establish a strong identity to navigate uncertainty and maintain coherence. Corporate identity integrates values, goals, culture, and operational methods, ensuring the company remains distinct and trustworthy amid constant change. This research aims to explore the theoretical and practical aspects of corporate identity as a distinct value in a culture with high tolerance for uncertainty, emphasizing its role in strategic decision-making and adaptability. The study is based on an interdisciplinary theoretical framework, utilizing general and specialized scientific research methods. These methods, including system analysis, theoretical generalization, and qualitative approaches, were employed to highlight challenges related to corporate identity and offer solutions. The research also incorporates perspectives from psychology, sociology, and management to analyze how identity functions in uncertain environments. The study highlights several factors contributing to the importance of corporate identity: cultural diversity, mission and values, image and reputation, organizational culture, management style, innovation capacity, and communication processes. It was found that companies with a well-defined identity are better equipped to manage risks, adapt to market changes, and build long-term relationships with stakeholders. A strong corporate identity enhances employee motivation, stakeholder trust, and the ability to innovate, thereby fostering a competitive edge in uncertain environments. The findings underscore the significance of corporate identity as a strategic asset in managing uncertainty. In today’s globalized, rapidly changing market, businesses must prioritize the development and maintenance of a clear, cohesive identity to ensure resilience and sustainability. Future research should focus on further exploring the role of corporate identity in different cultural contexts and its impact on long-term competitiveness and innovation.

Алгоритмизация управленческих процессов медицинской организации для создания цифровой модели функционального прототипа регионального проекта в отрасли здравоохранения.

Currently, the issues of algorithmization of various systems, objects, phenomena and processes for their subsequent digitalization are relevant. The essence of this approach is associated with the active development of information technology. The purpose of the study is to identify processes (algorithms) for preparing and creating a digital model of a project prototype, starting with an examination of the object (managerial processes of the project activity of a medical organization) in all functional states under the influence of external factors and the existing communication environment of the system. Materials and methods. The theoretical basis of the review was the scientific works of Russian and foreign researchers devoted to the study of the processes of algorithmization, prototyping and mathematical modeling. More than 30 literature sources were analyzed. The research methods were: system analysis, comparison, systemic and integrated approaches, as well as the method of problem modeling and abstraction. Results. The project-oriented orientation of the healthcare industry dictates the need to develop a practical system methodology and a holistic approach to the creation of digital prototypes of medical organization projects, which will rationalize the constant search for new management models to optimize project processes. The authors made the assumption that in order to visualize design processes by selecting optimal variants of prototype models, it is possible to create a digital prototype by algorithmizing management processes. To visualize the process algorithms (mechanisms) of the prototype(s) of project management processes, researchers proposed using a matrix that allows one to correlate the formalized processes of the project model with the processes of system functioning through the stages of the project life cycle. Conclusions. The transfer of management activities into a digital format implies clear formalization and codification using pre-formed prototypes of standard management processes for further digitization and development of digital (native) prototypes. In the next article, the authors plan to analyze in detail the matrix output data obtained from the formalization of project management processes in order to obtain information that complements the results of full-scale tests of a real system, and to obtain forecasts for the evolution of the project system over time.

ARQUIN: Architectures for Multinode Superconducting Quantum Computers

Many proposals to scale quantum technology rely on modular or distributed designs wherein individual quantum processors, called nodes, are linked together to form one large multinode quantum computer (MNQC). One scalable method to construct an MNQC is using superconducting quantum systems with optical interconnects. However, internode gates in these systems may be two to three orders of magnitude noisier and slower than local operations. Surmounting the limitations of internode gates will require improvements in entanglement generation, use of entanglement distillation, and optimized software and compilers. Still, it remains unclear what performance is possible with current hardware and what performance algorithms require. In this article, we employ a systems analysis approach to quantify overall MNQC performance in terms of hardware models of internode links, entanglement distillation, and local architecture. We show how to navigate tradeoffs in entanglement generation and distillation in the context of algorithm performance, lay out how compilers and software should balance between local and internode gates, and discuss when noisy quantum internode links have an advantage over purely classical links. We find that a factor of 10–100× better link performance is required and introduce a research roadmap for the co-design of hardware and software towards the realization of early MNQCs. While we focus on superconducting devices with optical interconnects, our approach is general across MNQC implementations.

Improved State-Space Approach Based on Lumped Mass Matrix for Transient Analysis of Large-Scale Locally Nonlinear Structures

Due to the assumption of acceleration variation in traditional step-by-step integration methods such as Newmark, sufficiently small time steps are required to ensure numerical stability and accuracy in dynamic systems. In contrast, the state-space approach, based on piecewise interpolation of discrete load functions, does not rely on predetermined acceleration assumptions and has demonstrated high efficiency in terms of stability and accuracy. The original state-space method requires the calculation of the inverse of the structural mass in the transition matrix. However, when a lumped mass matrix is used, this computation renders the entire mass matrix singular, resulting in an invalid solution expression. To address this issue, this study proposes an improved state-space approach for the transient analysis of large-scale structural systems with local nonlinearities. In this approach, a nonlinear force corrector is introduced as an external force term applied to the linear elastic system to account for the nonlinear behavior of locally yielding components. Consequently, the original nonlinear dynamic system can be transformed into an equivalent linear elastic transient system. Furthermore, based on the lumped mass matrix, a first-order ordinary differential state-space equation for such an equivalent linear elastic transient system is derived. Simulation results from three transient system examples show that the state-space approach outperforms the Newmark method in terms of accuracy and stability for dynamic systems characterized by high frequency and low damping. The prediction results show that the state-space approach appears to be insignificantly affected by the choice of the consistent or lumped mass matrix. The numerical results show that the root-mean-square errors between the consistent and lumped matrices in the top displacement time histories of a 15-storey plane frame under various seismic intensities are all less than 1%, and in the base reaction time histories responses the discrepancies are only about 0.5%, indicating that the use of lumped mass matrices is quite reliable. When many nodes or degrees of freedom have no assigned mass, the dimensionality of the state-space equation can be significantly reduced using the lumped mass approach. Therefore, the simulation of large-scale systems can be simplified by employing the improved state-space approach with lumped mass matrices, yielding results nearly identical to those obtained using traditional methods. In conclusion, the improved state-space approach has great potential for the simulation of transient behavior in large-scale systems with local nonlinearities.

Leadership And Democratization In Kazakhstan And Kyrgyzstan: Comparative Analysis Of Political Systems Of Post-Soviet Countries

This study aims to investigate the prospects of democratization in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan by comparing their political systems. The primary objective is to identify the factors influencing the varying degrees of democratic development between these two Central Asian countries, despite their similar socio-cultural and historical backgrounds. The methodology employed involves a systems analysis approach, examining both "input" and "output" functions of the political systems. Key variables include the levels of democracy as the independent variable, and political parties, leaders, resource distribution, and opposition suppression as dependent variables. Results indicate that Kazakhstan, under Nazarbayev, maintained a more controlled political environment through patronage networks and resource allocation, effectively limiting opposition and preserving stability. In contrast, Kyrgyzstan exhibited a more dynamic political landscape with multiple power shifts, driven by competitive party politics and less centralized control over resources. However, both countries face significant challenges, including regional fragmentation, corruption, and the influence of Islamist movements, which complicate their democratic trajectories. The findings suggest that while Kyrgyzstan shows potential for democratic development due to its parliamentary system and active civil society, Kazakhstan's path is hindered by entrenched authoritarian practices and elite control.

Theoretical and General Philosophical Foundations Operational and Investigative Support of Criminal Prosecution.

This article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of theoretical and general philosophical foundations of operational and investigative support of criminal prosecution. Various aspects of this activity are considered, including philosophical concepts, theoretical approaches, ethical aspects, epistemological and axiological foundations. The paper provides an overview of the contribution of Soviet, Russian and Central Asian scientists to the development of the theory of operative-search activity. Special attention is paid to the concept of V.A. Lukashov, who expanded the understanding of operational and investigative support to the entire system of law enforcement agencies. The study relies on a number of methods, including dialectical, hermeneutic, system analysis and comparative approach. As a result, the concept of the philosophical and legal foundations of operational and investigative support is formulated, key theoretical approaches to its understanding are identified, a system of ethical principles is developed and an epistemological model of information acquisition is proposed. Operative and investigative support is considered as a complex phenomenon that integrates elements of various philosophical concepts and legal theories. The importance of the balance between public safety and protection of individual rights is emphasized, as well as the necessity of constant rethinking of ethical principles in the context of society and technology development. The article analyzes informative-cognitive, preventive-prophylactic, procedural-security and other approaches to the understanding of operational and investigative support. The issues of integration of operational and investigative support into the system of social control and crime control are considered. Special attention is paid to the influence of technological progress on the development of methods and means of operative-search activity. The conclusion is made about the need for continuous theoretical understanding and practical improvement of operational and investigative support of criminal prosecution in the context of changing social, technological and legal realities.

Switching LPV approach for analysis and control of TCP-based cyber-physical systems under DoS attack

Cyber-physical systems (CPSs) integrate controllers, sensors, actuators, and communication networks. Tight integration with communication networks makes CPSs vulnerable to cyberattacks. In this paper, the impact of denial of service (DoS) attacks on the stability of cyber physical systems is investigated, with a focus on the transmission control protocol (TCP). A sufficient stability condition is extracted in linear matrix inequality (LMI) form. The TCP-CPS under DoS attack is modeled as a switching linear parameter-varying (LPV) time-delay system using the Markov jump model. Subsequently, a parameter-dependent stabilizing controller is designed for CPSs under DoS attacks, taking into account network parameters. Finally, the efficiency and feasibility of the findings are demonstrated through a well-known case study in the networked control systems literature.

National and International Efforts to Confront Environmental Changes in Iraq: A Survey

This study focuses on the environmental changes that have occurred in Iraq and disrupted its ecological balance, rendering it a deteriorating environment. These changes have manifested themselves clearly in the form of drought, desertification, pollution, and rising temperatures. This has necessitated concerted national and international efforts to address these changes and save Iraq and its environment from the effects of these environmental changes on Iraqi society, the deteriorating Iraqi economy, and the fragile political and security situation. The study is based on the hypothesis that "the national and international efforts made to address environmental changes in Iraq are not commensurate with the magnitude of the changes sweeping Iraq". The study proves its hypothesis by relying on the systems analysis approach. The study aims to investigate the efforts being made to address environmental changes in Iraq. The most prominent findings of the study are the existence of timid national and international efforts to address environmental changes in Iraq that are not commensurate with the magnitude of the environmental changes in Iraq.

Unpacking the Complex Socio-Technical Systems Assemblages in Cybersecurity

The ensuing digital transformation means that cybersecurity solutioning increasingly occurs in the context of complex intractable socio-technical systems comprising non-technical elements, including human, social, and societal factors. These evolving cybersecurity ecosystem dynamics, at the confluence of cyber-physical-social spaces, present several challenges to techno-centric cybersecurity solutions including for risk assessment, threat modelling, and incident analysis. This paper unpacks the complexity of the cybersecurity domain and illustrates the associated socio-technical systems assemblages through a case study and situational analysis of a cybersecurity incident. It then reviews socio-technical systems analysis approaches from the safety management domain and discusses the alignment with and relevance for cybersecurity. The utility of these approaches is demonstrated by applying the functional resonance analysis method to the said cybersecurity incident. The situational analysis surfaces the diverse set of factors, including human, non-human, cultural, economic, institutional, and global, that directly played a role in the unfolding of the incident, and which need to be considered in risk assessment and incident analysis. Further, analysing the incident through the functional resonance analysis method shows the functional dependencies and cascade of performance variability between the different elements in this situation, which goes beyond simple, root-cause, linear causality, and purely technical explanations. Overall, the paper explicates the need for cybersecurity risk assessment and incident analysis that is commensurate with the complexity of underlying socio-technical cyber systems.

South Korea’s Experience in the Development of National Innovation System

Introduction. The Republic of Korea nowadays is a leader of innovative development not only in Southeast Asia, but also at the global level. Since 1950’s thanks to the development of science, technology and innovation, one of the poorest agricultural countries has achieved unprecedented economic growth and became one of the leading advanced industrialised countries, which is popularly known as “Korea’s economic miracle.” One of the most important factors of rapid economic growth was the construction of an effective national innovation system (NIS). The purpose of the article is to analyze the main stages in the formation of the Korean national innovation system (NIS), to identify its strengths and weak points. Methods. The study used system analysis, structural-functional, historical and sociocultural approach. Conclusions. The Republic of Korea managed to construct an effective national innovation system thanks to the deduced state policy in the field of science and technology, competent strategic planning, a systematic and integrated approach to the development of innovation, large-scale and continuous R&D financing and the development of innovation infrastructure.

Expanding the modelling capabilities of systemic interactions utilizing applied category theory

AbstractCurrent systems analysis approaches often lack the necessary clarity to capture details relating to the interactions of systems, defining arbitrary system boundaries, and expanding boundaries to capture interactions of interest. This paper proposes a new approach for identifying and defining system boundaries based on system‐level properties that can be defined in any system. The research proposes a unification of methodological understandings between systems analysis and applied category theory to bring further mathematical rigor to abstract system boundaries and interactions. This unification is demonstrated by the expansion of systemic interactions between an individual and an organization that employs them, periodically integrating applied category theory concepts to expand the scope of modelled information. We conclude with a call to action to further define the applications of applied category theory to systems analysis and to apply the rigorous practices that exist in the field to further the advancement of methods for modelling the exploration of systemic interactions.

Addressing the asymmetry between central and local air protection policies: Insights from Poland

Purpose: This paper examines the asymmetry between the air protection policies of the central government and local authorities in Poland, using the city of Kraków as a case study. Methodology: The study employs a comparative method to contrast the Polish state's coal policy with the air protection efforts of the Kraków local government. A systems analysis approach is used to identify the causes and effects of the divergent policies. Results: The analysis reveals a lack of alignment between the central government's focus on maintaining coal extraction and the local government's efforts to reduce air pollution. Kraków authorities have taken significant measures to improve air quality, but face challenges due to insufficient support from the central government and neighboring municipalities. Theoretical contribution: The paper highlights the importance of policy symmetry and coordination between different levels of government in addressing complex environmental issues like air pollution. It contributes to understanding multi-level governance dynamics in the context of air protection. Practical implications: The findings underscore the need for a collaborative model of air protection policy that engages central authorities, local governments, private sector entities, and civil society. Establishing air protection councils at the voivodship, county and municipal levels is proposed as a mechanism to facilitate this coordination. Integrating air quality considerations into local governments' management control systems is also recommended.

Systems analysis and improvement approach to optimize tuberculosis (SAIA-TB) screening, treatment, and prevention in South Africa: a stepped-wedge cluster randomized trial

BackgroundThe use of systems engineering tools, including the development and use of care cascades using routinely collected data, process mapping, and continuous quality improvement, is used for frontline healthcare workers to devise systems level change. South Africa experiences high rates of tuberculosis (TB) infection and disease as well as HIV co-infection. The Department of Health has made significant gains in HIV services over the last two decades, reaching their set “90–90-90” targets for HIV. However, TB services, although robust, have lagged in comparison for both disease and infection. The Systems Analysis and Improvement Approach (SAIA) is a five-step implementation science method, drawn from systems engineering, to identify, define, and implement workflow modifications using cascade analysis, process mapping, and repeated quality improvement cycles within healthcare facilities.MethodsThis stepped-wedge cluster randomized trial will evaluate the effectiveness of SAIA on TB (SAIA-TB) cascade optimization for patients with TB and high-risk contacts across 16 clinics in four local municipalities in the Sarah Baartman district, Eastern Cape, South Africa. We hypothesize that SAIA-TB implementation will lead to a 20% increase in each of: TB screening, TB preventive treatment initiation, and TB disease treatment initiation during the 18-month intervention period. Focus group discussions and key informant interviews with clinic staff will also be conducted to determine drivers of implementation variability across clinics.DiscussionThis study has the potential to improve TB screening, treatment initiation, and completion for both active disease and preventive measures among individuals with and without HIV in a high burden setting. SAIA-TB provides frontline health care workers with a systems-level view of their care delivery system with the aim of sustainable systems-level improvements.Trial registrationClinicaltrials.gov, NCT06314386. Registered 18 March 2024, https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06314386. NCT06314386.

Тождество теоретического и экспериментального подходов при прототипировании региональных проектов в сфере здравоохранения.

The formalization of processes for finding the parameters of a prototype model of a medical organization implementing a regional project is based on the unity of theoretical and experimental approaches. The purpose of the study was an attempt to create a unified and harmonious theoretical foundation for conducting an experiment in order to find a prototype of a medical organization implementing projects at the regional level. In order to reveal the potential for solving technological problems facing project stakeholders, formalization of approaches was carried out for experimentally finding the parameters of a prototype project for a medical organization implementing a regional project. Materials and methods. The research materials were the works of Russian and foreign scientists related to the issues of mathematical modeling and prototyping. In order to study the research question, more than 30 literature sources were analyzed, directly or indirectly addressing the problems of practical application of object prototyping methods. Methods of system analysis, comparison, systemic and integrated approaches, as well as mathematical modeling methods were used. Results. Complex, multi-level systems when implementing projects in the regions are poorly structured and, accordingly, not fully formalized, so the experimental approach is especially relevant when searching for prototyping tools. The degree of formalization of approaches to searching for a prototype of a project object depends on the completeness (saturation) of processes, their structure and the degree of correlation of process data in a medical organization to process performers, operations, and management objects. Prototyping is designed to optimize the procedures for planning, analyzing and processing the results of research data based on a mathematical foundation. The prototyping technique is primarily aimed at saving resources (labor, financial, time) as much as possible, therefore, justification of the need and mastery of mathematical foundations in formalizing approaches to prototyping is a fundamental factor and the purpose of this discussion. Findings. System analysis using the unity of theoretical and experimental approaches, in the author’s opinion, will allow for a deeper synthesis of knowledge about the potential possibilities for forming decisions through a prototype of a medical organization implementing projects in the healthcare industry.

Operational risk estimation using system analysis methodology

Financial risks are considered today as popular research topics due to the existing practical necessity for the use of their mathematical models, estimates of possible loss in many areas of human activities, forecasting, and respective managerial decisions in financial and other spheres where capital, obligations, stocks, bonds, and other activities are circulating successfully. Financial processes today exhibit sophisticated forms of evolution in time that require the application of sophisticated modeling, risk estimating, forecasting, and decision-making/support methods, techniques, and procedures. The system analysis approach is applied to solving such problems as a unique and universal research methodology. The financial risks, specifically the operational ones in the study considered, are classified as nonlinear and nonstationary processes that require appropriate methods for analysis and a rather sophisticated analytical description to estimate and forecast possible loss. The results of operational risk analysis are achieved in the form of systemic methodology, models constructed with statistical data, regression analysis, and Bayesian techniques, and estimated loss with the models. The models and system analysis approach proposed for analyzing financial processes are suitable for practical applications, provided the users have appropriate statistical data and expert estimates.

Scaling-up and scaling-out the Systems Analysis and Improvement Approach to optimize the hypertension diagnosis and care cascade for HIV infected individuals (SCALE SAIA-HTN): a stepped-wedge cluster randomized trial.

Undiagnosed and untreated hypertension is a main driver of cardiovascular disease and disproportionately affects persons living with HIV (PLHIV) in low- and middle-income countries. Across sub-Saharan Africa, guideline application to screen and manage hypertension among PLHIV is inconsistent due to poor service readiness, low health worker motivation, and limited integration of hypertension screening and management within HIV care services. In Mozambique, where the adult HIV prevalence is over 13%, an estimated 39% of adults have hypertension. As the only scaled chronic care service in the county, the HIV treatment platform presents an opportunity to standardize and scale hypertension care services. Low-cost, multi-component systems-level strategies such as the Systems Analysis and Improvement Approach (SAIA) have been found effective at integrating hypertension and HIV services to improve the effectiveness of hypertension care delivery for PLHIV, reduce drop-offs in care, and improve service quality. To build off lessons learned from a recently completed cluster randomized trial (SAIA-HTN) and establish a robust evidence base on the effectiveness of SAIA at scale, we evaluated a scaled-delivery model of SAIA (SCALE SAIA-HTN) using existing district health management structures to facilitate SAIA across six districts of Maputo Province, Mozambique. This study employs a stepped-wedge design with randomization at the district level. The SAIA strategy will be "scaled up" with delivery by district health supervisors (rather than research staff) and will be "scaled out" via expansion to Southern Mozambique, to 18 facilities across six districts in Maputo Province. SCALE SAIA-HTN will be introduced over three, 9-month waves of intensive intervention, where technical support will be provided to facilities and district managers by study team members from the Mozambican National Institute of Health. Our evaluation of SCALE SAIA-HTN will be guided by the RE-AIM framework and will seek to estimate the budget impact from the payer's perspective. SAIA packages user-friendly systems engineering tools to support decision-making by frontline health workers and to identify low-cost, contextually relevant improvement strategies. By integrating SAIA delivery into routine management structures, this pragmatic trial will determine an effective strategy for national scale-up and inform program planning. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05002322 (registered 02/15/2023).

Functional Systemic Role Analysis (FSRA) on Early Childhood in the Development of Vocabulary: Insights from Indonesia

This study analyzes the role of functional systemics in vocabulary development in early childhood. Vocabulary development in early childhood plays an important role in the formation of cognitive foundations and more complex language abilities in the future. The study adopts a functional systemic role analysis approach to investigate the relationship between linguistic, cognitive and contextual aspects in vocabulary development. It utilized observations as a research methodology. Data were collected through direct observation of a group of children aged 2-5 years old in their daily environment. Children's interactions with objects, people and their surroundings were noted for period of August until December 2022 at Methodist Kindergarten in Pematang Siantar. Findings show that there are various functional systemic roles in vocabulary development in early childhood. Some of the roles identified include expressive functions, representative functions and interactional functions. The expressive function involves the use of vocabulary to convey feelings, wishes or opinions. The representational function involves the use of vocabulary to describe objects or events around them. The interactional function involves the use of vocabulary in social interactions with adults or peers.

Implementation of financial control tools in the adaptive management of enterprise financial security

The results reported here proved the necessity of introducing financial controlling tools into the system of adaptive management of the company's financial security, which is inextricably linked with technology transfer. The object of the study is the movement of technology with the application of any information on ensuring the implementation of financial controlling tools in the process of managing the financial security of enterprises. We analyzed theoretical approaches to adaptive management of financial security of enterprises. The principles, functions, and types of financial controlling were considered. The expediency of researching the financial security of enterprises using financial controlling as a functional system of adaptive management of deviations has been proven. A systematic approach was used to study scientific approaches to adaptive management of financial security based on financial controlling. Considerable attention was paid to the analysis of the functions and tasks of financial controlling under today's unstable conditions of the economic development of enterprises. Using the method of system analysis, theoretical and methodological approaches to understanding the essence of financial controlling in the adaptive management of financial security of enterprises were evaluated. Peculiarities in the scientific approaches of various scientists regarding the essence of the financial security of enterprises have been revealed. The role and significance of adaptive management of the financial security of enterprises with the help of a modern toolkit of financial controlling, which consists of contractual obligations that make it possible to ensure an effective mechanism for making managerial decisions regarding the enterprise and its counterparties or other financial institutions, is revealed. The extended capabilities of the financial controlling toolkit are useful for analysts and enterprise managers to justify and improve the quality of adaptive management of the enterprise's financial security in modern conditions of technology transfer