Appreciation Rates Research Articles

An Extensive Assessment of Factors Driving Theatre Audience Loyalty and Engagement

Background: Theatre audience loyalty is vital to growing appreciation rates and overall consumer satisfaction. This research aims at discovering and understanding the relationship between TEE, PPV, and APQ, TSAT, AL and RTV. The goal of this study is to evaluate theatre audience behaviours and the factors that affect their propensity to revisit the theatre again. In order to look at the relationships between TEE, PPV, APQ, TSAT, AL, and RTV, the study used CB-SEM. To compare high and low groups of TEE, PPV and APQ Mann-Whitney U Test was used; Chi-Square test was utilized to cross-tabulate two variables. Questionnaires were completed by 550 theatre audience respondents, and variables were assessed by a 5-point Likert scale. CB-SEM analysis also showed that TEE has a positive impact on RTV (β= 0.045) and PPV (β= 0.038), whereas, APQ has the least impact (β= 0.015). Analysis indicated that TSAT and AL, respectively, moderated the relationships between PPV and RTV (r = 0.22) and TEE and RTV (r = 0.31). Mann-Whitney U Tests confirmed the significant relationships for TEE and PPV but not for APQ. Chi-Square Tests exposed that there was a considerable relationship among TEE and RTV [χ² = 7.89, p = 0.005] as well as between PPV and RTV [χ² = 5.67, p = 0.017]. Findings of the study show that TEE and PPV are core determinants of RTV, with TSAT and AL being strong intermediaries. Thus, emphasize that APQ does not have a sufficient or significant effect on RTV. Thus, these findings are useful for increasing theatre audience loyalty and engagement.

Quality of public transport services in Chisinau

The quality of transport services represents the most comprehensive and synthetic attribute that reflects the performance of a transport system. In the public transport system, the quality of service is largely influenced by the way passengers perceive its performance. The quality of transport services is assessed according to a number of technical and economic indicators that characterize the performance of transport operators within the framework of the urban public transport system. The article aims to identify the criteria for evaluating the quality of urban public transport services based on the study carried out for the public transport system of the municipality of Chisinau and to describe the indicators that reflect the performance offered by the public transport system, as perceived by passengers. It should be noted that the quality of the urban public transport service has a direct impact on the quality of life of all city residents. The study includes a concrete survey of the beneficiaries of public transport in the municipality of Chisinau, which analyzes the quality criteria and their rate of appreciation by the inhabitants of the municipality. Finally, conclusions and future directions of action aimed at improving the quality of services and increasing the attractiveness of urban public transport are presented, thus contributing to the improvement of the quality of life of the inhabitants.

Results of the Far East Mortgage Program for Consumers, Developers, and the Government

The volume of mortgage loans issued in eleven regions of the Far Eastern Federal District at the end of 2023 increased 2.5 times by the start of the Far Eastern Mortgage program in 2020. The most interesting result of the program is an increase in demand for primary real estate and a simultaneous decrease in the affordability of this housing. Since the start of the program, prices have increased by 116% vs. 26% while maintaining historical growth rates. By the end of 2021, the price of an apartment, including interest under the Far East Program, has become higher than that of an apartment while maintaining the historical rate of price appreciation under the family mortgage rate. The program has effectively made housing less affordable. The main conclusion is that for program participants (young families under 35), the most effective benefit of stimulating home buying is lower interest payments, not down payments. The main beneficiaries of rising prices and the scale of lending are developers. Considering the increased price of construction materials, the developers’ margin in the Far Eastern Federal District in 2023 increased to 58%. On the one hand, the government has achieved its goal of boosting the housing market in the Far East and has found an effective tool to encourage young families to buy real estate. This is evidenced by the extension of the program until 2030. On the other hand, several economic shocks led to a significant increase in the key interest rate and the accompanying growth of the program implementation costs.

Flooding and Elevation: An Examination of Differential Price Responses to Flood Events

Although many studies show elevating properties in flood-prone areas can be cost effective, few, if any, studies have examined the impact of home elevation on property values. We examine the impact of multiple flood events on property values of elevated and non-elevated homes in Charleston, SC. We find flooding significantly reduces the rate of appreciation, and home elevation increases the rate of lost appreciation. Our results suggest home elevation is not a flood risk adaptation and mitigation strategy valued by the market.

Variance risk premiums in emerging markets

We provide for the first time the emerging market variance risk premium (EMVRP) from 2006 to 2023, based on nine emerging stock and option markets—Brazil, China, India, South Korea, Mexico, Poland, Russia, South Africa, and Taiwan. The EMVRP significantly predicts international stock returns and currency appreciation rates, especially for horizons longer than six months. This is in sharp contrast with the predictive pattern of the developed market variance risk premium (DMVRP), which is more important over horizons shorter than six months. These findings are consistent with an illustrative model incorporating partial market integration and heterogeneous economic uncertainty.

Insights into Gold Investing: Exploring Investor Behavior

A content analysis was conducted to examine factors influencing investor behavior when investing in gold and to look into possible reasons for selling gold. The results showed that investors' needs, return expectations, herding behavior, fear of financial collapse, higher appreciation rate, store of value, and liquidity all significantly impact gold investment decisions. The analysis also identified factors that may lead to selling gold in times of crisis, such as uncertainty caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, perception of gold as a safe haven during global financial instability, rise in the price of gold during crisis periods, its value as a hedging instrument, an essential investment source, protection against inflation, and also as a medium of exchange. An important motive for selling gold during these periods is to flee to safer assets. The research also revealed that although the demand for gold is usually higher in times of economic uncertainty and inflation, cash shortages do not significantly impact the decision to sell gold.

A firm-level analysis of Chinese commercial health insurance surrender.

Based on the unbalanced panel data of Chinese professional health insurance companies from 2011 to 2021, the paper constructs "PW+PCSE" model to empirically investigate the main factors affecting the commercial health insurance surrender in China from the company level. The results show that asset-liability ratio has a significant positive effect on health insurance surrender rate. The value preservation and appreciation rate of capital and R&D expenditure rate both have significant negative effects on health insurance surrender rate. These studies bring important enlightenment for domestic health insurance companies to avoid surrender risk.

Transforming homeownership: an innovative financing model with a future value approach

Purpose This study aims to address the critical need for innovative financing solutions in the global housing sector, focusing specifically on Malaysia’s distinct housing finance system encompassing both conventional and Islamic loans. The primary objective is to develop a transformative housing finance model that addresses affordability challenges and reshapes the Malaysian housing landscape. Design/methodology/approach The study presents an alternate housing finance model for Malaysia, integrating lower monthly payments and reduced household debt. Key variables include house price appreciation rates, interest rates, initial guarantee fees and loan-to-value ratios. Inspired by the Help to Buy (HTB) scheme, the model aligns with proven global initiatives for enhanced affordability, balancing payment amounts, loan interest rates and acceptable price thresholds. Findings The study’s findings promise to address affordability disparities and reshape Malaysia’s housing finance landscape. The emphasis is on introducing a structured repayment plan that offers a sustainable path to homeownership, particularly for low-income families. Incorporating the future value adaptation concept, inspired by reverse mortgages and Islamic finance, enhances adaptability, ensuring long-term sustainability despite economic shifts. Practical implications The proposed model promotes widespread access to homeownership, offering practical solutions for policymakers to improve affordability, prompting adaptable risk management strategies for financial institutions and empowering potential homebuyers with increased flexibility. Originality/value The study introduces a transformative housing finance model for Malaysia, merging elements from reverse mortgages, Islamic finance and the HTB scheme, offering potential applicability to similar systems globally.

Mean-variance reinsurance and asset liability management with common shock via non-Markovian stochastic factors

This paper explores a reinsurance and asset liability management problem in a factor model with dependent risks, considering economic factors as non-Markovian processes impacting the appreciation rate, volatility, and value of liabilities. It encompasses various stochastic volatility (SV) models like Hull-White, Heston, 3/2, and 4/2 models as special cases. The model addresses dependent risks through a common shock in claim number processes. The insurer's aim is to minimize variance in terminal net wealth while achieving a certain expected terminal net wealth, balancing reinsurance, new business, and asset allocation. The paper employs linear-quadratic (LQ) control and backward stochastic differential equation (BSDE) theory to derive both the efficient strategy and the efficient frontier. To illustrate our results, numerical examples are provided in two special cases, the 3/2 and 4/2 SV models.

Risk-return Performance of Residential Property Investment in Lagos, Nigeria: A Quantitative Survey Analysis From 2001 to 2021

Aim: To evaluate the risk-return performance of residential property investment between 2001 and 2021 in Lagos, Nigeria.
 Study Design: Quantitative Survey research.
 Place and Duration of Study: Eti-osa and Somolu LGA, Lagos State, 2022.
 Methodology: Survey with structured questionnaire collected primary data on non-owner-occupied residential property investments in Somolu and Eti-Osa, Lagos, Nigeria. Estate surveying and valuation firm provided the data. Analysis used descriptive statistics (charts, tables, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation) and trend analysis over 20 years (2001-2021) to assess risk-return performance. This included rental index, rental growth rate, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation.
 Results: In Eti-Osa, duplexes had a high expected return of 54.04% with a risk of 18.58. Bungalows and flats had lower returns of 44.61% and 41.8% with risks of 16.38 and 15.39, respectively. Duplexes performed best with a coefficient of variation of 0.34, followed by bungalows and flats at 0.37 each. In Somolu, self-contained and duplex properties performed best with returns of 19.12% and 19.08% but higher risks of 14.82 and 17.08. Bungalows and tenement buildings had returns of 15.5% and 15.32% with lower risks of 10.43 and 8.25. Self-contained apartments had the lowest return of 13.31% and low risk of 6.57, performing best in risk-return with coefficient of variation of 0.49. Overall, Eti-Osa properties performed better than Somolu.
 Conclusion: The study shows that rental prices experienced an overall upward trend, with flats and bungalows exhibiting higher rental growth rates compared to other property types. Appreciation rates varied across property categories, with duplexes in Eti-Osa and bungalows in Somolu showing higher average annual appreciation rates. Anticipated yield and risk varied among property types, with duplexes having the highest anticipated yield but also the highest level of risk. Therefore, this study recommends that investors prioritize flats and bungalows in Eti-Osa and Somolu, Lagos for higher rental growth and appreciation. Evaluate duplex risks, as they offer greater returns but entail elevated risk.

An Islamic Literature as Reading Materials in Islam-Affiliated University

This study aims to develop Islamic literature-based material for reading for English letter study program students. Moreover, this paper carried on research and development design (R&D) which was adopted and modified by Borg & Gall. The data were collected through questionnaires and observation. Qualitative data were analyzed using data reduction, data display, and drawing verification, and quantitative data analysis used Skala Likert analysis. The research participants consisted of lecturers and 20 students from the English Letters study program. The content of the book consists of the following components: the front cover, the introduction, the table of content, the cover text, the materials, references, and the writer. After the implementation of the revision from the expert, and the implementation of both preliminary and main field tests, the data show the student's responses to the Islamic literature-based reading materials designed were 3.72 average scores with a scale of 4, which includes it on a very good category. Then, the response for the literature appreciation rate is from 3.4 to 3.62 in the average score which is on a scale of 4 including the very good category, which means the Islamic literature-based reading materials have an effect on the literature appreciation rate. Therefore, Islamic literature-based reading material is worth applying to the students of the English Letters study program.

중국 FDI와 환율의 관계에 대한 실증연구

Purpose – Theoretically, exchange rate appreciation and exchange rate volatility may increase or decrease FDI inflows, and the results of empirical analyses are mixed. Given these inconsistent findings, this study aims to empirically investigate the effects of exchange rates and exchange rate volatility on FDI in China. Design/Methodology/Approach – To analyze the effects of exchange rate and exchange rate volatility on FDI, we first generate exchange rate volatility, monthly GDP data, and the difference between long-term interest rates in China and the U.S., and then set the time period of increased exchange rate volatility after 2012 as a dummy variable. We finally investigate the long run equilibrium and the short run dynamics by employing the time series ARDL model. Findings – The estimation results show that the FDI determination model exhibits a long-run equilibrium relationship. In the long and short runs, exchange rate appreciation, increased exchange rate volatility, and the interest rate differential between China and the U.S. inhibit FDI inflows to China. However, GDP growth promotes FDI inflows only in the long-run. Research Implications – By empirically investigating the effects of China's exchange rate and exchange rate volatility on FDI, we may evaluate whether the current reforms of the CNY exchange rate are all in the direction of stability and marketization.

A Revisit of Supply Elasticity and Within-city Heterogeneity of Housing Price Movements

AbstractWhile supply elasticity can explain why housing prices appreciate by different amounts across cities, it may play a lesser role in smaller geographic units, such as neighbourhoods within a city. This is because of location substitution: a city cannot be easily substituted by another city, but neighbourhoods of the same city can be close substitutes. This paper revisits the question of whether supply elasticity can differentiate housing price appreciation rates within a city by carefully accounting for substitution effects at the neighbourhood level. From a Hong Kong housing boom (2003—2018), we have found that the impact of supply elasticity on another neighbourhood on average is about one-tenth of the impact on its own neighbourhood. It rejects the notion of perfect substitution, under which this magnitude difference should not have been identified. The contribution of this paper is threefold: 1) It clarifies the theoretical relationship between supply elasticity and substitution in shaping housing price movements. 2) It proposes two novel ways to account for neighbourhoods’ substitution using the spatial spillover of land availability and price co-movement. 3) It delivers a clear answer that supply elasticity can shape the housing price movements within a city.

Positive and negative price bubbles of Chinese agricultural commodity futures

This study examines the predictability of positive and negative price bubbles of the Chinese agricultural commodity futures with the log-periodic power law singularity (LPPLS) confidence multi-scale indicators application. To measure the bubble risks of these commodity futures, the duration, the frequency and the magnitude of the price bubble are adopted as the evaluation indicators. The results found that the Chinese agricultural commodity futures with higher bubble risks are soybean, soybean oil, soybean meal, white sugar, cotton and corn futures. Furthermore, the price bubbles of Chinese agricultural commodity futures are affected by the investor sentiment and the overall degree of macroeconomic factors. Economic growth, money supply, and inflation have positive effects on the occurrences of the positive bubbles, while currency appreciation and interest rate have negative effects and vice versa on the occurrences of the negative bubbles. Financialization has positive effects on both occurrences of the positive and negative bubbles. Overall, this study provides new insights for the policy makers and market participants to monitor the occurrence of price bubbles.

An exact and explicit formula for pricing lookback options with regime switching

<p style='text-indent:20px;'>This paper investigates the pricing of European-style lookback options when the price dynamics of the underlying risky asset are assumed to follow a Markov-modulated Geometric Brownian motion; that is, the appreciation rate and the volatility of the underlying risky asset depend on states of the economy described by a continuous-time Markov chain process. We derive an exact, explicit and closed-form solution for European-style lookback options in a two-state regime switching model.</p>

THE EXCHANGE RATE SYSTEM REFORM IN CHINA: SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS

We provide a review and empirical study on the exchange rate system reform in China. In the initial stage of the reform the Chinese central bank PBoC’s implicit promise of gradual appreciation helped to contain the appreciation rate and volatility of the renminbi. Subsequently, under US pressure for faster appreciation and hence the PBoC’s moderate violation of the implicit promise, there was a significant rise in the appreciation rate and the volatility of the renminbi. The moderate violation deteriorated further, forming a vicious cycle of speculative flows and faster exchange rate changes. Upon the onset of the global financial crisis in 2008, the threatening appreciation and volatility alleviated when the PBoC returned to the implicit stance of gradual appreciation or stable renminbi. We found that in the first ten years of the reform the PBoC did not shift its monitoring target from the RMB–USD rate to the nominal effective exchange rate. This may be one of the underlying causes of the renminbi crisis in 2015.

Intermediate Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Prices of Housing near Light Rail Transit: A Case Study of the Portland Metropolitan Area

This study explored the dynamics of a residential property value premium for proximity to a light rail transit (LRT) station in the intermediate term (roughly two years) since the pandemic. We applied a longitudinal quasi-experimental design using repeat sales data from the Portland Metropolitan Area, Oregon. Our results indicate that the effect of the pandemic on prices of housing near LRT stations differs between single-family and multi-family markets. Since the pandemic outbreak, there has been no statically significant difference in the price appreciation between single-family (SF) housing within an LRT service area and otherwise similar SF homes; however, for multi-family (MF) homes, those within an LRT service area have experienced a 3.0% lower price appreciation rate than MFs outside such areas with similar characteristics. Our findings help better highlight the impact of the pandemic on the real estate market and can inform discussions about longer-term changes in post-COVID cities and their planning.

Collaborative Analysis and Research on Marketing Risk and Enterprise Growth

To measure the level of synergy between marketing analysis and business growth, the existing literature is used to analyse the two perspectives of marketing risk and business growth and explore the possible links between the two based on synergy theory. A marketing management system and a business growth system are developed. The marketing system is based on seven indicators: cash ratio, asset turnover ratio, gearing ratio, current ratio, fixed asset turnover ratio, and higher technology share. The enterprise growth system is based on the growth rate of net asset income, the ratio of main earnings, the synchronization rate of main income and main profit growth, the capital preservation and appreciation rate, and the retention rate of profit retention. Corporate growth is inseparable from deep resource integration, of which marketing risk is a key part and the study of whether there is a link between the two systems of existence through the quantification of indicators and synergistic analysis of the linkage between the two.

Multiscale analysis of human social sensing of urban appearance and its effects on house price appreciation in Wuhan, China

• Explore the effect of human social sensing of urban appearance on the house price appreciation rate with consideration of temporal and scale heterogeneity. • Use machine learning with big data containing 34 variables. • Provide strategies to achieve sustainable smart urban layout plan. City managers seek to achieve people-oriented sustainable city development, which requires a clear understanding of socioeconomic effects of citizens’ perceptions of urban appearance. Traditional studies have investigated effects of urban appearance but have ignored the perception of place, which depends on people's unique social experiences. We distinguish “house” and “home” and propose an integrated model to test the prediction effect of combining conventional perception and social perception variables on house price appreciation. We establish a dataset that includes factors, e.g., housing structures, visual quality, and human physical perception. Then, we use machine learning models to extract features from multisource data, investigate the price appreciation of 1,032 houses in Wuhan from 2015 to 2020 and use multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) to discuss spatial dependence. Finally, we perform a cluster analysis to understand the combined effects. The results show that human physical perception has the highest effect, the visual quality of urban streets has the highest impact in places where highly educated people gather, and the impact of service facilities is greatest in economically underdeveloped areas. Our findings provide novel insights into the interlinkages between human social sensing and appreciation rates, which can be efficiently applied to build sustainable smart cities.

Optimal portfolio and certainty equivalence estimator for the appreciation rate

Optimal portfolio and certainty equivalence estimator for the appreciation rate