Appraisal Theories Of Emotion Research Articles

How and When Socially Responsible Human Resource Management Practices Influence Employee Insomnia

Although existing studies show that socially responsible human resource management (SRHRM) practices positively influence employees’ outcome at work domain, the social impacts of SRHRM practices on employee’s insomnia remain unexplored. Drawing on the appraisal theory of emotion, we explore whether, how, and when SRHRM practices reduce employees’ insomnia. Using multiphase and multilevel data from 270 employees in 52 companies, we find that SRHRM practices negatively predict employee insomnia, and the relationship is mediated by employee’s hope and anxiety. Furthermore, business threat due to COVID-19 weakens the positive relationship between SRHRM practices and employees’ hope, whereas mitigates the negative relationship between SRHRM and employees’ anxiety. We also find that business threat due to COVID-19 influences the indirect effect of SRHRM practices on employee’s insomnia via their hope and anxiety. Our study contributes to understanding the social impacts of SRHRM practices on employee insomnia at the non-work domain, especially after the COVID-19 outbreak.

Theoretical and Empirical Advancements in Intimate Partner Aggression and Violence at Work

Intimate partner aggression (IPA), a prevailing global health and social issue (United Nations [UN], 2020) have undeniable spillover effects at work. The criticality of examining how IPA affects work lives has become even more relevant given mounting reports of increased victimization in the current pandemic era. While empirical research on work-related IPA (WIPA) continues to accumulate, the application of theory in WIPA research has generally been limited. Advocating for more theory-driven scholarship, this symposium aims to present compelling works that applied a variety of theoretical perspectives in the study of WIPA. We offer three papers that applied strong theoretical perspectives (e.g., conservation of resources theory and work-home resources perspective, appraisal theory of emotions, and stigma theory) that enrich our understanding of WIPA. These studies also consist of both field and archival data collected in an extensive range of research designs (e.g., a cross-sectional nationally representative survey, longitudinal/time-lagged). Moreover, these studies were undertaken in different countries (e.g., USA and the Philippines) – welcoming the opportunity for discussion about cross-national differences in intimate partner aggression. These three papers set the stage for more theory-driven scholarship, thereby contributing to building a stronger body of scholarship on WIPA. Witnessing Interparental Violence and Leader Role Occupancy Presenter: Anika Cloutier; Rowe School of Business, Dalhousie U. Presenter: Julian Barling; Queen's U. Emotional Anguish at Home: Intimate Partner Aggression, Negative Emotional Reactions, & Work Outcome Presenter: Yaqing He; U. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Presenter: Simon Lloyd D. Restubog; U. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Suffering in Silence: Disclosure Dynamics of Intimate Partner Aggression and the Role of FSSB Presenter: Catherine Deen; RMIT U., Australia

Pattern and Dynamics of Teacher Emotions during Teaching: A Case Study of a Senior Secondary Mathematics Teacher

Understanding the emotional dimension of classroom practices benefits sustainable education. However, the dynamic nature of teacher emotions during teaching remains understudied. To acquire an “in-depth” description of the emotional phenomena during teaching, a case study was adopted to examine the pattern and dynamics of a senior secondary mathematics teacher’s teaching-related emotions. Seven new mathematics lessons were observed and videotaped, and three video-stimulated, post-lesson teacher interviews were conducted. Based on appraisal theories of emotions, thematic analysis and content analysis were mainly used to analyse the data. The study revealed that the teacher most frequently experienced happiness/satisfaction as positive emotions and confusion/surprise as negative emotions. The emotions followed a three-stage process: perceptions, multilevel appraisals, and responses. The teacher most often perceived her students’ cognitive accuracy and adopted goal/need conduciveness/attainment, the discrepancy from expectations, and causal attribution as core appraisal dimensions. Teacher emotions in classrooms were also often hierarchical and cumulative, shifting from more negative at the beginning of a new semester to more positive at the middle of the semester. This study shed light on the dynamic development of teacher emotions, extending the theories and process models of emotions from the psychological field to educational research and facilitating teachers’ sustainable professional development.

An event‐based approach to psychological contracts: The importance of examining everyday broken and fulfilled promises as discrete events

SummaryPsychological contract research has typically focused on employees' perceptions of whether the organization hasgenerallyfulfilled or broken its promises/obligations. However, employees can experience broken and fulfilled promises asdiscreteevents on an everyday basis, which may have immediate implications for employees and also influence their generalized psychological contract. Integrating attribution and appraisal theories of emotions, we argue that discrete psychological contract events (i.e., specific instances of a broken or a fulfilled promise) can initiate attribution and appraisal processes that can guide employees' emotional and behavioral responses. Moreover, experiencing a broken versus a fulfilled promise can have distinct implications for employees' outcomes as well as their generalized perceptions of psychological contract fulfillment. Our hypotheses are generally supported using a daily diary study with event sampling. Theoretical contributions include the importance of (a) examining the attribution and appraisal processes underlying everyday discrete psychological contract events, (b) acknowledging distinctions between broken versus fulfilled promises, and (c) understanding how everyday broken/fulfilled promises can influence generalized perceptions of psychological contract fulfillment. Practical contributions include the importance of effectively managing broken and fulfilled promises on an everyday basis and ensuring that employees perceive that the organization does not breakandalso fulfills its promises.

How Smart Should a Service Robot Be?

Service robots are taking over the frontline. They can possess three types of artificial intelligence (AI): mechanical, thinking, and feeling AI. Although these intelligences determine how service robots can help customers, not much is known about how customers respond to robots of different intelligence. This paper addresses this gap, builds on the appraisal theory of emotions, and employs three online experiments and one field study to demonstrate that customers have different emotional responses to the three types of AI. Particularly, the influence of AI on positive emotions becomes stronger as the AI type becomes more sophisticated. That is, feeling AI relates more strongly to positive emotions than mechanical AI. Also, feeling AI and thinking AI increase spending and loyalty intention through customers’ positive emotions. We also identify important contingency effects of service tiers: mechanical AI is more suitable for low-cost firms, whereas feeling AI mainly benefits full-service providers. Remarkably, none of the three intelligences are directly related to negative emotions; perceived robot autonomy is an important mediator in these relationships. The findings yield concrete managerial guidance as to how smart a service robot should be by pinpointing the right type of AI given the market segment of the service provider.

Emotions in climate change communication: An experimental investigation

AbstractWe conducted an experiment to test whether altering the saliency of information provided by experts in fictitious news stories on climate change triggered different emotions among readers. Based on appraisal theories of emotions in the psychology literature, we hypothesized that 1) news stories that presented climate change related threats as diffuse and uncertain would elicit greater levels of anxiety, while 2) stories that provided a specific target to blame would induce greater anger, and 3) those that underlined the potential of technology and human efforts to solve climate change related issues would elicit greater levels of hope. We found that while all news stories concerning climate change elicited high levels of anxiety, there were statistically significant differences between the emotions expressed by participations in the expected directions. We discuss the potential implications of these findings for climate change communication and for public opinion on climate change.

Getting emotional or cognitive on social media? Analyzing renewable energy technologies in Instagram posts

Renewable energy development is a widely and intensively discussed topic, though it is still unclear which exactly variables may influence people's evaluation of the phenomenon. There is a need to study the general public's knowledge, emotions, and cognitions linked to energy technologies especially in the context of advanced inventions. Social media is a powerful communication tool which has a huge impact on studying public opinions. This study aims to describe linguistic connections through an analysis of 1500 Instagram posts, assuming and interpreting emotional and/or cognitive words. Using a socio-cognitive approach, this research explores the salient words under a set of pre-specified renewable energy technology (RET) hashtags. Building on the appraisal theories of emotions, this research investigates the coexistence of several energy technologies (solar, wind, biomass, and geothermal) and powerlines. The results showed the highest linguistic interconnection between solar and wind energy posts. Furthermore, powerlines were not linguistically connected to the RETs, as they are not included in the schema or not salient when people write posts about renewable energy. Solar, wind, and geothermal posts evoked more emotional and positive emotions than the other RETs and powerlines. Instead, biomass posts had a high frequency of cognitive processes and causal words. Powerline posts were linked to the words of risk, body, health, and biological process showing a great concern for health and perceived threat. These differences in the words used can be a guide to understanding peoples' reactions and communication for each of the energy sources. This study, taking both emotions and cognitions into account, explains different types of considerations towards energy projects.

How Perceived Corporate Social Responsibility Raises Employees' Creative Behaviors Based on Appraisal Theory of Emotion: The Serial Mediation Model.

This study examines the micro-level consequences of perceived corporate social responsibility (CSR) and hypothesizes that perceived CSR affects the perception-emotion-attitude-behavior sequence. We hypothesized that perceived CSR affects organizational pride (OP) (emotion), affects affective commitment (AC) (attitude), and enhances the employees’ creative behaviors (behavior) by using the lens of appraisal theory of emotion (ATE). This study also hypothesizes that the association of perceived CSR and employee creative behaviors (ECBs) is serially mediated by OP and AC. The time-lagged data were collected from employees of only those companies participating in CSR activities to analyze the sequential mediation effect. We have tested the hypotheses of this study through Hayes approach. Results showed that perceived CSR kindles the employees’ creative behaviors. Furthermore, “organizational pride” and “affective commitment” serially mediate the association of perceived CSR and ECB. Hence, the hypothesized perception-emotion-attitude-behavior model received a significant support and demonstrated that micro-level positive consequences of CSR could be created through emotional, attitude, and behavioral mechanisms. The organization should promote their CSR activities using documentaries and contents to improve their perception of environmental and social issues, and it enhances employees’ pride and creativity.

How do morning and friendly ads influence mobile advertising? A mediation perspective using appraisal theory

ABSTRACT Mobile advertising accounted for 137 billion dollars or 55% of 2021 U.S. total digital advertising expenditures. Delivery time and tone of language in advertisements (ads) are two little explored characteristics in mobile advertising. This paper examines how morning delivery and the use of a friendly language tone in ads are related to customer purchase intention. Based on survey data from the U.S. population, morning ads with a friendly tone are less irritating and positively influence customer attitude toward mobile learning from the ads, which result in increasing consumer purchase intention. In other words, morning and friendly-toned ads have a positive indirect impact on purchase intention. This research contributes to the body of literature on mobile marketing by providing empirical evidence on the value of delivery time and language tone of mobile communication because such delivery avoids irritating users and increases purchase intention. The developed research model is supported by the appraisal theory of emotions.

How COVID-19 can promote workplace cheating behavior via employee anxiety and self-interest - And how prosocial messages may overcome this effect.

SummaryWhile scholars have debated whether environmental factors (e.g., air pollution) can prompt unethical behavior (e.g., crime), we argue that the COVID‐19 pandemic provides a unique opportunity to inform this theoretical debate by elaborating on why these effects may occur, identifying how they can be overcome, and addressing methodological issues. Drawing on appraisal theories of emotion, we argue that appraising COVID‐19 (i.e., an environmental factor) as a threat can elicit anxiety. This can focus employees on their own self‐interest and prompt cheating behavior (i.e., unethical workplace behavior). However, we propose that these detrimental effects can be attenuated by prosocial messages (i.e., highlighting the meaningful and positive impact that employees' work can have on others). Our predictions were supported using a two‐wave survey (N = 396) and an experiment (N = 163) with samples of full‐time employees during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Theoretically, our studies inform this ongoing debate by highlighting the importance of state anxiety and self‐interest as key mechanisms and that drawing peoples' attention towards others can serve as a boundary condition. Practically, we provide insight into the ethical costs of COVID‐19 in the workplace and identify a simple yet effective strategy that organizations can use to curtail workplace cheating behavior.

Emotionally augmented mental models, connectivity and beaver reintroduction in Southwest England

Understanding the psychology of human-wildlife interactions has grown beyond cognitive frameworks to include appreciation of roles played by emotion in human responses to wildlife. From its beginnings as an essentially cognitively framed proposition, mental modeling has been shown readily applicable to representing and interpreting stakeholder perspectives on combined social and natural systems, but lacks an integrated approach to emotion. This is an important knowledge gap. To commence an investigation into the relationship focused on the requirements of wildlife conservation, we carried out a case study of perspectives toward a free-living Eurasian beaver (<em>Castor fiber</em>) reintroduction in Southwest England, ecologically significant as a generator of high-value wetland habitat while interacting strongly with local human interests. Using fuzzy cognitive mapping techniques, we report predictive relationships between model measurements and subjective emotional valence elicited in relation to stakeholder conceptual content. Significant interactions were identified between three measures of concept connective influence within mental models and associated emotional valence intensity: single model concept connective salience, aggregated model concept connective salience, and aggregated model predictive inferences made by dynamic analysis. A possible explanation for these findings is outlined in which we propose that criteria-based evaluations suggested by appraisal theory of emotion are sensitive to the strength and distribution of connective influences within mental models. Apart from its theoretical significance, the evidence presented in this paper highlights the importance of attending to conservation stakeholder emotional experiences, and may assist in new approaches to mitigation where conservation objectives require human adjustment.

Toward an Integrative Perspective on Distinct Positive Emotions for Political Action: Analyzing, Comparing, Evaluating, and Synthesizing Three Theoretical Perspectives

Which emotions explain why people engage in political action (e.g., voting, protesting)? To answer this question, theory and research in psychology and political science predominantly focused on distinctnegativeemotions such as anger. The current article conceptually explores the motivational potential of distinctpositiveemotions by developing an integrative perspective that specifies which positive emotions can be differentiated (i.e., theirform), whichfunctionthese emotions have, and whichimplicationsthese have for explaining political action. To this end, I analyze, compare, evaluate, and synthesize three approaches to positive emotions (affective intelligence theory, appraisal theories of emotion, and broaden‐and‐build theory). This perspective generates new hypotheses for the field to test, including the role played by distinct positive emotions such as joy, inspiration, interest, hope, and pride in motivating political action. I discuss how this perspective may help restore a balance in research on emotions and political action by focusing on the motivational potential of distinct positive emotions.

Navigating the era of disruption: How emotions can prompt job crafting behaviors

AbstractEnvironmental disruptions can disturb the status quo. This can create the need for employees to navigate rapidly evolving demands in their work environment, often before formalized strategic plans can be developed and/or implemented. As such, understanding how employees experience and respond to these disruptions is critical for effective strategic human resource management. Drawing on appraisal theories of emotion, we argue that employees' appraisals of how the disruption has impacted their work can elicit discrete emotions (e.g., frustration and pride). In turn, these emotions can encourage employees to address challenges and opportunities by engaging in job crafting behaviors. Importantly, job crafting behaviors can have implications for subsequent employee outcomes (e.g., performance and well‐being). We test our predictions using a three‐wave survey (N = 402) in the context of the COVID‐19 pandemic—an unexpected environmental disruption that sparked rapid change. Theoretically, our findings provide insight into why and how employees can self‐initiate changes to their jobs in response to environmental disruptions as well as how job crafting behaviors impact employee outcomes. Practically, our findings provide insight and guidance to SHRM practitioners on how to effectively support and manage employees before, during, and after environmental disruptions.

The Effect of Affect: An Appraisal Theory Perspective on Emotional Engagement in Narrative Persuasion

Most recent research examining the influence of story-based advertisements on persuasion leverages theories of narrative and character involvement. These theories emphasize emotional engagement as key to stories’ persuasive influence. Researchers who build on these theories tend to assume that an audience will experience the emotions depicted by a focal character and examine emotional engagement with respect to intensity (i.e., amount of emotion experienced). The current work integrates insights from the appraisal theory of emotion to develop a framework of audience emotional engagement in stories. We expand the current conceptualization of emotional engagement in narratives to include the discrete emotion experienced while involved in the story as well as the event appraisals that elicit the emotions. We highlight antecedents of an audience’s emotional response to a story and ways in which the appraisal theme associated with the discrete emotion experienced while emotionally engaged in a narrative ad explains variance in outcomes of importance to advertisers.

The impact of climate change on birder destination loyalty: examining changes in bird resources

ABSTRACT Climate change has had a considerable impact on bird activities; however, it remains unclear how birders perceive the effects of climate change and whether their perceptions affect their loyalty to birding destinations. Based on the cognitive appraisal theory of emotions, this study constructs a destination loyalty model driven by the perception that bird resources have changed and place attachment of birders. We collected 252 valid questionnaires at five well-known birding destinations in China, including Baihualing in Yunnan, Nonggang in Guangxi, Chengdu in Sichuan, and Guangzhou and Shenzhen in Guangdong to test the proposed model. The study indicated four important findings. First, when climate change caused significant changes in bird migration time as perceived by birders, their loyalty to birding destinations was significantly reduced. Second, when mediated by place attachment, changes in bird migration time, population and distribution/habitat had negative impacts on loyalty to birding destinations. Third, the change in bird departure time had the greatest impact on birding destination loyalty. Finally, the change in bird distribution/habitat in a city had the greatest impact on place attachment than changes in migration time and population of birds. Specific theoretical and practical implications are provided.

Cognitive appraisal, emotional labor and organizational citizenship behavior: Evidence from hotel industry

Drawing on support from social exchange theory and appraisal theory of emotions, this paper empirically investigates the link between cognitive appraisal, emotional labor and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) among hotel employees in India. This study uses a field survey conducted on 380 employees from 14 hotels in India. The moderated mediation model was tested using structural equation modelling. Positive (negative) cognitive appraisal of interactions result in deep (surface) acting. The moderated mediation analysis show employees who fake emotions (surface act) can still exhibit high OCB if they receive high perceived organizational support (POS). Findings suggest that hotel managers may repeatedly train their employees to deep act while discouraging surface acting. This study is unique and original in that it finds cognitive appraisal as a predictor of emotional labor. It is also the first to extend Lazarus’ theory of emotions to the context of emotional labor. Finally, it shows that cognitive appraisal influences emotional labor and OCB among hotel employees.

How Employees’ Perceptions of CSR Attenuates Workplace Gossip: A Mediated- Moderation Approach

This study explores the relationship between employees’ perceptions of corporate social responsibility and workplace gossip by focusing on the mediating role of pride and the moderating role of traditionality. Drawing from appraisal theory of emotions, we hypothesized that employees’ perceptions of corporate social responsibility positively relate to pride, which in turn, negatively relates to workplace gossip. In addition, traditionality weakens the relationship between pride and workplace gossip and the indirect effect of corporate social responsibility on workplace gossip via pride. The time-lagged design was employed to collect data. Based on the field survey results from 342 frontline employees from the hotel industry in China, we provided evidence that the greater corporate social responsibility, as perceived by employees is associated with a lower likelihood of workplace gossip through the mediating effect of pride. Also, traditionality moderates the relationship between pride and workplace gossip, such that the relationship is stronger among high traditionalists than among low traditionalists.

Customer emotion research in hospitality and tourism: conceptualization, measurements, antecedents and consequences

PurposeTo clarify inconsistencies in the emotion elicitation process and to suggest avenues for advancing emotion research, this study aims to conduct a systematic review of emotion research in the subject area of hospitality and tourism management.Design/methodology/approachThis study analyzes 178 emotion-related articles published in 37 journals from 2004–2019 in the context of hospitality and tourism, providing a systematic synthesis of publication outlets and trajectories, research settings, the conceptualization of emotion, emotion measurement, classifications of antecedents and consequences.FindingsRegarding the elicitation of emotions, many studies ignore the developments in emotion research in the mainstream discipline and still consider external stimuli as the direct causes of emotion. Numerous studies conceptualize customer emotion as positive or negative, which overlooks the nuances between discrete emotions with the same valence. Additionally, emotion scales are largely borrowed from psychology without considering the specific characteristics of the hospitality and tourism context. Methodologically, most studies take a single-measure lens with either a self-report, physiological or expression behavior measure.Research limitations/implicationsThe analysis of the literature highlights three main areas for future emotion studies in the hospitality and tourism context.Originality/valuePrevious reviews are narrative and only address specific areas of interest, rendering them incapable of explaining how a systematic literature identification process was conducted. The present systematic review is among the first to provide an overview of emotion studies in hospitality and tourism over a 15-year period. By drawing insights from appraisal theories of emotions, this review addresses common misunderstandings concerning the emotion elicitation process in the current hospitality and tourism literature.

Fear From Afar, Not So Risky After All: Distancing Moderates the Relationship Between Fear and Risk Taking.

A growing line of research has shown that individuals can regulate emotional biases in risky judgment and decision-making processes through cognitive reappraisal. In the present study, we focus on a specific tactic of reappraisal known as distancing. Drawing on appraisal theories of emotion and the emotion regulation literature, we examine how distancing moderates the relationship between fear and risk taking and anger and risk taking. In three pre-registered studies (Ntotal = 1,483), participants completed various risky judgment and decision-making tasks. Replicating previous results, Study 1 revealed a negative relationship between fear and risk taking and a positive relationship between anger and risk taking at low levels of distancing. Study 2 replicated the interaction between fear and distancing but found no interaction between anger and distancing. Interestingly, at high levels of distancing, we observed a reversal of the relationship between fear and risk taking in both Study 1 and 2. Study 3 manipulated emotion and distancing by asking participants to reflect on current fear-related and anger-related stressors from an immersed or distanced perspective. Study 3 found no main effect of emotion nor any evidence of a moderating role of distancing. However, exploratory analysis revealed a main effect of distancing on optimistic risk estimation, which was mediated by a reduction in self-reported fear. Overall, the findings suggest that distancing can help regulate the influence of incidental fear on risk taking and risk estimation. We discuss implications and suggestions for future research.

Exploring the effects of workplace deviance on perpetrators’ own work outcomes: the role of benevolent leadership in regulating fear activation and implication

Abstract The prevalence of workplace deviance has become an urgent issue for managers. Although increasing research has investigated the detriments of workplace deviance on other employees and organizations, limited research has studied the harm of workplace deviance on perpetrators themselves. This research drew from appraisal theories of emotion and sought to understand perpetrators' affective and behavioral consequences of engaging in deviance. Using a diary method, a survey consisting of 92 employees with 918 observations was conducted. The results reveal that employees' deviance is positively related to their feeling of fear and that fear overrides feelings of guilt, ultimately decreasing work engagement and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Importantly, perceived benevolent leadership weakens the effects of deviance on perpetrators themselves by relieving fear associated with past deviance and mitigating the negative influences of fear on OCB.