Application Of Drip Irrigation Research Articles

A Review of Drip Irrigation’s Effect on Water, Carbon Fluxes, and Crop Growth in Farmland

The substantial depletion of freshwater reserves in many pivotal agricultural regions, attributable to the dual pressures of global climate change and the excessive extraction of water resources, has sparked considerable apprehension regarding the sustainability of future food and water security. Drip irrigation, as an efficient and precise irrigation method, reduces water loss caused by deep percolation, soil evaporation, and runoff by controlling the irrigation dosage and frequency, thus improving the efficiency of water resource utilization. Studies have shown that compared with traditional irrigation methods, drip irrigation can significantly decrease water consumption, optimize the water–energy relationship by reducing soil evaporation, increase the leaf area index, and promote crop growth, thereby enhancing plant transpiration. Although more wet and dry soil cycles from drip irrigation may increase soil CO2 emissions, it also enhances crop photosynthesis and improves crop net ecosystem productivity (NEP) by creating more favorable soil moisture conditions, indicating greater carbon sequestration potential. The advantages of drip irrigation, such as a short irrigation cycle, moderate soil moisture, and obvious dry and wet interfaces, can improve a crop’s leaf area index and biomass accumulation, improve root dynamics, promote the distribution of photosynthetic products to the aboveground parts, and thus enhance crop yields. This study highlights the potential for the application of drip irrigation in arid regions where resource optimization is sought, providing strong technical support for the achievement of sustainable agricultural development. Future research needs to consider specific agricultural practices, soil types, and environmental conditions to further optimize the implementation and effectiveness of drip irrigation.

Intercrop and drip irrigation effects on growth, yield, water-use efficiency and economics of elephant foot yam (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius)

A field experiment was conducted during 2012–13 and 2013–14 at Bhubaneswar, Odisha to study the effects of intercrop and drip irrigation on growth, corm yield, water-use efficiency as well as economics of production of elephant foot yam [Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson]. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with 5 replications, keeping elephant foot yam + green gram and elephant foot yam sole crop in the main plots and surface irrigation, drip irrigation at 100% cumulative pan evaporation (CPE), drip irrigation at 80% CPE and drip irrigation at 60% CPE in the sub-plots. The results revealed that, drip irrigation at 60–80% CPE resulted in higher green gram seed yield (630 kg/ha). Elephant foot yam + green gram intercropping system recorded better growth, yield attributes and yield than sole elephant foot yam. Drip irrigation at 100% and 80% CPE realized better growth, yield attributes and yield compared to other treatments. Surface irrigation resulted in higher consumptive use of water (204 cm) than drip irrigation (50, 41 and 30 cm at 100, 80 and 60 CPE respectively). The highest water-use efficiency was noticed in elephant foot yam + green gram intercropping with drip irrigation at 60% CPE (1080 kg/ha-cm). The highest net returns was recorded with elephant foot yam + green gram intercropping with drip irrigation at 100% CPE (309 × 103 /ha), which was statistically at par with elephant foot yam + green gram intercropping with drip irrigation at 80% CPE (307 × 103 /ha). Thus, elephant foot yam and green gram can be grown as an intercrop profitably with application of drip irrigation at 80% CPE to harvest greater yield and realize more returns.

Effectiveness of tomato plant growth with drip irrigation techniques in drylands

Dry land with low rainfall results in minimal availability of irrigation water. However, the lack of irrigation water is not an obstacle in cultivation if the right, effective and efficient irrigation method is applied, namely drip irrigation. This study aims to see the effect of applying drip irrigation techniques with different water discharge treatments on tomato plant growth. This research was conducted in Batu Putik Village, East Lombok Regency from August 12, 2020 to September 20, 2020. This research method uses experimental methods by conducting direct experiments in the field. This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 3 treatments 4 times repeated so that 12 experimental units were obtained. Each treatment was P1 with a 90° tap slope discharge, P2 with a 45° tap slope discharge, and P3 with a 15° tap slope discharge. The research data were analyzed using ANOVA. The results of the drip irrigation technique design performance test showed an average uniformity coefficient percentage of 94% in all treatments. The results of this test provide an insignificant effect on plant height, stem diameter, and number of leaves of tomato plants. So this insignificant result shows that the application in the field in relation to water efficiency should use P1 with less water distribution but gives the same effect as P2, and P3 on tomato plant growth. While in wet and dry stems, there is a significant effect between treatments.

Indicadores econômicos para o feijão-caupi cultivado sob diferentes lâminas de irrigação

ABSTRACT Cowpeas are of high socioeconomic importance in the North and Northeast regions of Brazil, whereby the search for alternatives that offer increased productivity with financial returns has become an important challenge. Thus, the objective of this study was to estimate and evaluate the economic indicators of cowpea production in 2015 and 2016 when applying drip irrigation to different depths. Irrigation treatments were based on crop evapotranspiration (ETc). The experiment was laid in a randomized complete blocks design with four treatments (0, 25, 50, and 100% ETc) and six replications. For economic analysis, the results were extrapolated to an area of one hectare. Productivity in 2015 was lower than that in 2016; however, in all treatments, it was always higher when plants were grown under adequate water supply. In both years, the total operating costs were higher under irrigation than under rainfed conditions. The 100% ETc treatment resulted in a greater number of cowpea bags (60 kg) produced and a higher gross revenue than the rainfed treatment by 17 bags ha-1, equivalent to 1,020 kg ha-1 (gross revenue US$ 711.48) and 16 bags ha-1, equivalent to 960 kg ha-1 (gross revenue US$ 867.12), in 2015 and 2016, respectively. Water deficit limited cowpea yield in both years but made cultivation economically unfeasible only in 2015.

Simulating soil salinity dynamics, cotton yield and evapotranspiration under drip irrigation by ensemble machine learning.

Cotton is widely used in textile, decoration, and industry, but it is also threatened by soil salinization. Drip irrigation plays an important role in improving water and fertilization utilization efficiency and ensuring crop production in arid areas. Accurate prediction of soil salinity and crop evapotranspiration under drip irrigation is essential to guide water management practices in arid and saline areas. However, traditional hydrological models such as Hydrus require more variety of input parameters and user expertise, which limits its application in practice, and machine learning (ML) provides a potential alternative. Based on a global dataset collected from 134 pieces of literature, we proposed a method to comprehensively simulate soil salinity, evapotranspiration (ET) and cotton yield. Results showed that it was recommended to predict soil salinity, crop evapotranspiration and cotton yield based on soil data (bulk density), meteorological factors, irrigation data and other data. Among them, meteorological factors include annual average temperature, total precipitation, year. Irrigation data include salinity in irrigation water, soil matric potential and irrigation water volume, while other data include soil depth, distance from dripper, days after sowing (for EC and soil salinity), fertilization rate (for yield and ET). The accuracy of the model has reached a satisfactory level, R2 in 0.78-0.99. The performance of stacking ensemble ML was better than that of a single model, i.e., gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT); random forest (RF); extreme gradient boosting regression (XGBR), with R2 increased by 0.02%-19.31%. In all input combinations, other data have a greater impact on the model accuracy, while the RMSE of the S1 scenario (input without meteorological factors) without meteorological data has little difference, which is -34.22%~19.20% higher than that of full input. Given the wide application of drip irrigation in cotton, we recommend the application of ensemble ML to predict soil salinity and crop evapotranspiration, thus serving as the basis for adjusting the irrigation schedule.

Enhancement growth, water use efficiency and economic benefit for maize by drip irrigation in Northwest China

The application of drip irrigation has been paid more and more attention, but there was lack of systematic comparative analysis between drip irrigation and conventional border irrigation method for maize, currently. A 7-year field study from 2015 to 2021 evaluated the effects of drip irrigation (DI, 540 mm) or conventional border irrigation method (BI, 720 mm) on maize growth, water use efficiency (WUE) as well as profitability. The results showed the plant height, leaf area index, yield, WUE and economic benefit of maize with DI had significantly higher than BI. The dry matter translocation, the dry matter transfer efficiency and contribution of dry matter translocation to grain with DI showed significant increase of 27.44%, 13.97% and 7.85% compared to BI, respectively. In comparison to conventional border irrigation, the yield of drip irrigation increased by 14.39%, as well as WUE and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) increased by 53.77% and 57.89%. The net return and economic benefit of drip irrigation was 1998.87 and 756.58 USD$ hm−1 higher than that of BI. Drip irrigation increased net return and benefit/cost ratio by 60.90% and 22.88% compared with BI. These results demonstrate that the drip irrigation can effectively improve the growth, yield, WUE and economic benefit of maize in northwest China. Therefore, drip irrigation can be used for maize cultivation to increase crop yield and WUE in northwest China, which has cut down on irrigation water about 180 mm.

Drip irrigation in agricultural saline-alkali land controls soil salinity and improves crop yield: Evidence from a global meta-analysis

Saline-alkali land, a precious candidate arable land resources, plays a critical role in achieving agricultural sustainability. Drip irrigation (DI) is an effective method for rationalizing of saline-alkali land. Nevertheless, the inapposite application of DI increases the risk of secondary salinization, significantly leading to severe soil degradation and yield decline. In this study, we conducted a meta-analysis to quantify the impacts of DI on soil salinity and crop yield to determine the appropriate DI management strategies for an irrigated agricultural system in saline-alkali land. The results showed that DI generally decreased soil salinity in the root zone by 37.7 % and increased crop yield by 37.4 % relative to flooding irrigation (FI). Drip emitters with a flow rate of 2–4 L h−1 were recommended to obtain positive effects on soil salinity control and agricultural production when an irrigation quota was below 50 % crop evapotranspiration (ETc), and the salinity of irrigation water was between 0.7 and 2 dS m−1. Further, we also found that drip-irrigated cotton had a higher yield on fine-textured saline soils. Our study provides scientific recommendations for applying DI technology worldwide in the saline-alkali land.

The importance of metrology and measurements in the application of drip irrigation in horticulture

The paper describes advantages of drip irrigation in horticulture. The importance of metrology and measurements in the drip irrigation system was explained. The effect of "gross errors" in the measurement results on the system was explained, and the method of further increasing the accuracy by processing the results obtained from measuring instruments and not taking into account "gross errors" was justified by concrete examples and diagrams. The disadvantage of using the conventional method has been pointed out. Using the proposed method, the maintenance of soil moisture in a stable state during the processing of the results obtained from the sensors was considered. This method allows saving a certain amount of water and more accurately measure soil moisture.

АҚМОЛА ОБЛЫСЫНДА КӨГАЛДАНДЫРУҒА ЕНГІЗУ ҮШІН ПЕРСПЕКТИВАЛЫБҰТАЛЫ ӨСІМДІКТЕРДІҢ ҚҰРҒАҚШЫЛЫҚҚА ТӨЗІМДІЛІГІН ЗЕРТТЕУ

The research purpose was to study and recommend the most decorative types of shrubs with a number of drought resistance-related agronomic characters for introduction into gardening in Akmola region. The experiments were conducted under both open-field (nursery) and closed-field (greenhouse) conditions. We explored the application of drip irrigation, different propagation methods (field seeding or seedling planting), use of hydrogels and various fillers such as perlite, vermiculite, and gravel for soil structuring and moisture retention. The selection of the optimal approach was based on morphological indicators of seedlings, including height, annual growth rate, leaf flooding indicators, size, area measurements, and the timeframe for obtaining standard planting material. The leaf water retention capacity was assessed from May to September. We studied and compared the growth and development of selected shrub plants using conventional annual irrigation and horticultural fleece (agrotextile), as well as automated drip irrigation with the application of moisture-absorbing agents to the sowing and planting wells. To evaluate critical growth periods and irrigation needs, we analyzed leaf moisture and water retention capacity monthly under various watering conditions. High water retention capacity indicates the plants resistance to water deficiency, and the data studied varied in scores. The research identified critical irrigation periods in the arid conditions of the Akmola region. Morphological indicators of Tamarix ramosissima and Salix purpurea seedlings notably enhanced with drip irrigation and in nursery setting.

An optimal design of wind -solar hybrid system using HOMER for drip irrigation application. A case study – Ouargla

In this study HOMER software was used as a simulation tool for the hybrid system to provide the optimal configuration of a renewable energy source capable of covering the electrical energy needs in order to irrigate 02 hectares in Ouargla region. Results have shown this region has significant potential for solar energy, reaching (2263 kWh / m2 / year). There is also significant wind speed during the spring and summer seasons. The results obtained through HOMER have demonstrated that the hybrid system consisting of 2 kW PV array, 1 number of 3 kW wind turbine, 2 kW converter, is the optimal configuration which provides the minimum cost of energy estimated with a value(COE) 0.303 $/kWh and the cost of a 25-year project estimated at (14 989 $). Finally, a comparison of the standalone system with grid extension suggests that the preference for the standalone system in isolated areas.

Economic analysis of tomato cultivation on dryland with drip irrigation technique

Economic analysis is one of the important parameters in applying drip irrigation techniques. For the community, this drip irrigation technique is a new technology so it needs to be analyzed with an economic approach. The purpose of this study was to analyze the economics of tomato cultivation by applying drip irrigation techniques on dry land. The research design used was a Randomized Block Design (RAK) with the following treatments, T1 (beds without mulch), T2, (beds with Straw mulch, and T3 (beds with silver-black plastic mulch). , production costs, farmer's income, and business feasibility by looking at the value of the B/C Ratio. Furthermore, the data from the analysis were tested using mathematical equations with the help of excel. The results of the analysis showed that the highest tomato production by applying drip irrigation techniques was found in T3 with a production yield of 896 quintals/ha with a total cost of IDR 369.000,000/ha, the highest level of income was also found in P3 of IDR 437,4000,000/ha and the highest B/C Ratio value was also found in T3, namely 1.18. So based on the results and discussion it can be concluded that economically for tomato cultivation by applying drip irrigation techniques should use bed cover using mulch a Silver Black Plastic.

Effects of strip cropping with reducing row spacing and super absorbent polymer on yield and water productivity of oat (Avena sativa L.) under drip irrigation in Inner Mongolia, China

With the serious shortage of water resources and the development of water-saving agriculture, the application of drip irrigation has been paid more and more attention. But there was lack of oat planting methods suitable for drip irrigation, currently. In order to establish an efficient oat planting method for drip irrigation, a study was conducted at Agriculture and Forestry Sciences of Ulanqab, Inner Mongolia during the season (2019–2020) to evaluate the effect of strip cropping with reducing row spacing and super absorbent polymer on the yield and water use efficiency of oat. To conduct the field trials, a split plot system in three replications was established. Three planting patterns were in the main plots, including conventional cropping with 20 cm equal row spacing (PA), strip cropping with the 15 cm row spacing (PB) and strip cropping with the 10 cm row spacing (PC), and two super absorbent polymer levels were in the subplots, including 22.5 kg ha−2 (Y) and 0 (N). The results showed that, compared with PA, PB and PC both decreased the irrigation volumes by 4.5–18.4 mm, and the irrigation volumes of PB was lower than that of PC. When super absorbent polymers were applied, compared with PA, PB significantly increased grain yield and above-ground biomass, but PC had the opposite effects. The grain yield and above-ground biomass of PB significantly increased by 16.65% and 7.31% on average in two years, respectively. And the increasing of grain yield was attributed by the significant increasing of pike number and kernel number per spike. But when super absorbent polymers were not applied, PB had no significant effects on grain yield and above-ground biomass. PB also had the significant effects on regulating water use of oats weather or not super absorbent polymers were applied, it significantly increased the precipitation ratio by 2.64% (PBY) and 2.13% (PBN) and decreased irrigation ration by 3.32% (PBY) and 5.28% (PBN) on average in two years. Although PB and PC both decreased the total evapotranspiration, but PB increased WUE and PC deceased WUE. The WUE of PB increased by 19.70% (PBY) and 9.87% (PBN) on average in two years. Also PB had the highest economic benefits in all treatments. In conclusion, a drip irrigation oat planting pattern was proposed, which the row spacing is 15 cm, adjusted the equal row spacing planting to 8-row strip planting, with a belt spacing of 30 cm, combined with the application of 22.5 kg ha−2 applying super absorbent polymers. And this oat planting pattern is a viable strategy to improve oat productivity.

Drip Irrigation (Financial analysis) System for Strawberry Plants (Fragaria sp): Case Study in Pandanrejo Village, Bumiaji Sub-district, Batu City

Drip irrigation is a method of providing water with a low flow rate. The drip irrigation system can savewater usage, because it can minimize water losses that may occur. The use of drip irrigation systems needsto be considered from a financial analysis point of view. Financial analysis is one of the aspects used inassessing the investment plan of a development. There are several investment criteria that can be used inproject evaluation, including Net Present Value (NPV), Net Benefit Cost Ratio (Net B/C), IRR, and BEP.Based on the description above, it will raise important issues that will become the details of the problem,namely to provide an assessment of the economic efficiency of operations and maintenance of the dripirrigation system. The results of the drip irrigation project research show that it is feasible to run based oninvestment criteria. The results of the NPV calculation are Rp. 74,293,523.47. The result of IRR calculation is36.53%. The result of the calculation of Net B/C is 1.75. The calculation result of BEP is 547.7 kg/year, whilethe rupiah BEP is Rp. 24,902.15/kg. The results of the feasibility and sensitivity test gives a conclusion thatthe application of drip irrigation is feasible for the owner farmers, especially the scavenger farmers inPandanrejo Village.

Water-Energy-Food Nexus and Life Cycle Thinking: A New Approach to Environmental and Nutritional Assessment of Potato Chips.

The water–energy–food (WEF) nexus has become a key concept to promote the cross-sectoral coordination toward sustainable development. In particular, understanding the interdependences of these pillars, as well as addressing a life cycle perspective, is essential when evaluating food production systems. This study explores the environmental impacts and nutritional quality of potato chips, addressing life cycle thinking and a WEF nexus approach. For this purpose, the combined application of life cycle assessment (LCA) and the Nutrient-Rich Food 9.3 (NRF9.3) index was considered to identify the main environmental hotspots and advanced opportunities. The results indicated a major contribution of the cultivation stage on water use, whereas the processing accounted for most of the impacts in energy-related indicators and eutrophication potentials. Improvement opportunities reside in the joint application of drip irrigation, allowing to achieve important water savings, as well as the use of natural gas or pellets instead of diesel, which constitute cleaner energy sources. On the other hand, a poor nutritional density of potato chips became evident from the quantification of the NRF9.3, which can be significantly improved if potatoes undergo a roasted process instead of frying.

The effect of drip irrigation under mulch on groundwater infiltration and recharge in a semi-arid agricultural region in China

Abstract The wide application of drip irrigation under mulch in semi-arid agricultural regions in China not only improves agricultural water efficiency, but also affects formation of groundwater and the mechanism of water infiltration to a certain extent. This paper takes the typical semi-arid agricultural region in China as the research object. The movement of soil water under the three types of underlying surface was simulated by the Hydrus-2D model for the quantitative analysis of groundwater recharge. The influence of drip irrigation under mulch on groundwater infiltration depth and cumulative infiltration amount under different level years was simulated. Taking a normal flow year as an example, the simulated results showed that the maximum infiltration depth of drip irrigation under mulch reached 250 cm, which was greater than that of border irrigation (138 cm) and bare area (158 cm). The cumulative infiltration amounts of drip irrigation under mulch at 80, 120, 140 and 200 cm were respectively 1,484.8 m3/hm2, 686.3 m3/hm2, 554.1 m3/hm2 and 238.1 m3/hm2, which were greater than that of border irrigation and bare land at the same depth. The results proved that drip irrigation under mulch could increase the infiltration depth and cumulative infiltration amount, which is beneficial to groundwater recharge in semi-arid agricultural regions of China.

Application of drip irrigation for cotton farming in Central Asia: The case of Turkmenistan

Application of drip irrigation for cotton farming in Central Asia: The case of Turkmenistan

Effects of Different Potassium Supply Levels on Potassium Fertilizer of Bananas under Drip Irrigation

HighlightsThe effects of different potassium levels on banana production were investigated under drip irrigation.The most economical and rational potassium level for Brazil 118 was recommended to be 675 kg/ha.Fertilization plays an important role in improving the potassium fertilizer efficiency of bananas.Abstract.Applying potassium with water is an effective way to meet the potassium needs of banana and improve the utilization efficiency of potassium fertilizer. This paper aims to explore the fertilizer effect of different potassium levels on banana production under drip irrigation to provide a theoretical basis for the efficient and rational utilization of potassium fertilizer in banana production. Brazilian banana was used in the field experiment in this study. Under the condition of applying nitrogen fertilizer (N 750 kg/ha) and phosphate fertilizer (P2O5 450 kg/ha), five potassium supply levels of CK (without potassium fertilizer), K1 (K2O 225 kg/ha), K2 (450 kg/ha), K3 (675 kg/ha), and K4 (900 kg/ha) were employed to study the effects of drip irrigation on banana yield, fruit quality and economic benefits. The results showed that drip irrigation with potassium application could significantly increase the pseudo-stem diameter, fruits per comb, and green leaves of bananas (P<0.05). The banana yield with K3 treatment was 45.11 t/ha, which was 73.97%, 37.87%, 11.11%, and 5.67% higher than those with CK, K1, K2, and K4, respectively. The net cash income with K3 treatment was 122400 Chinese yuan/ha, increased by 57.32% compared with the CK treatment, and the output/input ratio increased from 1.41:1 to 3.11:1. Considering the increasing yield and economic benefits of bananas, application of drip irrigation coupled with the optimized potassium dosage (K2O 675 kg/ha) could achieve the highest banana production. Keywords: Banana, Drip irrigation, Economic benefit, Fruit quality, Potassium application level.

Climate change adaptation strategies and production efficiency: The case of citrus farmers in the Limpopo province, South Africa.

Climate change adaptation policies and strategies have inevitably become an integral component of agricultural production on a global scale. The evaluative extent to which these adaptation techniques have influenced agricultural productivity is inherently exiguous. Citrus production in tropical regions such as South Africa, is more vulnerable to climate change as the region already experience hot and dry climate, hence the need to implement different strategies for climate change adaption in these regions. This study was designed to assess the effect of adopting the following climate change adaptation measures: planting drought resistant varieties, rainwater harvesting, planting early maturing varieties, integrated pest management (IPM) , changing fertiliser type, and applying drip irrigation to manage climate challenges on the production efficiency of citrus farmers in the Limpopo province of South Africa. The stochastic frontier production function with Cobb Douglas production functional form was used to analyse the productivity of farmers’ vis-à-vis adopted climate change strategies. A survey was conducted and data were collected through a semi-structured questionnaire administered to respondents from 235 production units in the five district municipalities of Limpopo. The likelihood ratio tests for profit models showed that farmers were profit efficient considering the identified adaptation strategies. The variables that influenced profit efficiency was price of fertiliser (p < 0.010) and water cost (p < 0.010). The inefficiency model showed that besides changing fertiliser as an adaptation measure, the other adaptation strategies including IPM, water harvesting and planting drought resistant varieties did not change the profit efficiency of farmers. Therefore, the results indicate that citrus farmers can still adapt to climate change and remain profit efficient.

Yield Enhancement of Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] through Drip Irrigation and Fertigation Management

Background: Pigeonpea an indeterminate pulse crop with profuse branching responds well to both irrigation and fertilizer. Erratic rainfall distribution pattern exposes this crop to dry spell during its vegetative stage and terminal drought at reproductive stage and the poor crop nutrition further results in to low yield. Under such circumstances it is very difficult to sustain the yield of pigeonpea. Agronomic practices like precise and timely application of drip irrigation along with judicious use of nutrients play a vital role to boost the yield of any crop. Thus the attempts were made to explore the yield potential of pigeonpea under drip irrigation and fertigation management. Methods: The present study was conducted at the experimental farm of AICRP on Irrigation Water Management, VNMKV, Parbhani (MS) during kharif 2018 and 2019. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with main plots comprising of four drip irrigation levels viz. 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 ETc (crop evapotranspiration) and conventional method and sub plots were allotted to four fertigation levels viz. control (no fertilizer), 80% RDF, 100% RDF (25: 50: 25 NPK kg ha-1) and 120% RDF. Result: Drip irrigation at 0.8 ETc recorded higher seed yield, harvest index, water use efficiency, nutrient use efficiency and net returns of pigeonpea followed by 1.0 ETc except in case of water use efficiency. As regards to fertigation studies, higher values of seed yield, harvest index and water use efficiency were recorded with drip fertigation @ 25:50:25 NPK kg ha-1 closely followed by 20:40:20 NPK kg ha-1. However higher nutrient use efficiency and net returns were obtained in drip fertigation @ 20:40:20 NPK kg ha-1.

Application of Drip Irrigation on Various Planting Media and Cow Urine in the Main Media of Preliminary Oil Palm Nursery

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of drip irrigation and biological organic fertilizer treatment on oil palm growth. This study used a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. This research consisted of three experiments, namely drip irrigation, planting media composition, and cow urine dose on the growth of oil palm seedlings. There are three levels of drip irrigation, namely 30 minutes, 60 minutes and 90 minutes. Experiments on the type of planting media composition consisted of two types, namely M1 (ultisol soil + husk charcoal + fern fertilizer) and M2 (ultisol soil + empty bunches + goat manure). The cow urine experiment consisted of three levels, namely 100 ml, 150 ml, 300 ml. The results showed that giving water for 30 minutes gave the best results on stem circumference, plant height increase, plant dry weight increase, plant wet weight increase in oil palm seedlings. M1 media (ultisol soil + husk charcoal + fern fertilizer) had a significant effect on the increase in plant height, wet weight and dry weight of oil palm seedlings. Treatment of 150 ml cow urine liquid fertilizer is sufficient for the needs of oil palm seedlings with a response that is not different from 200 ml of cow urine.