Range Of Applications Research Articles

Two-Photon Absorbing Dendrimers and Their Properties-An Overview.

This review describes the two-photon absorption properties of dendrimers, which are arborescent three-dimensional macromolecules differing from polymers by their perfectly defined structure. The two-photon absorption process is a third order non-linear optical property that is attractive because it can be used in a wide range of applications. In this review, dendrimers that were studied for their two-photon absorption properties are first described. Then, the use of dendritic TPA chromophores for light harvesting, photopolymerization, optical power limitation, cell imaging, singlet oxygen generation, and photodynamic therapy is described. This review thus proposes an overview of the properties and possible applications of two-photon absorbing dendrimers.

Current progress and future perspectives in total‐body positron emission tomography/computed tomography. Part II: Clinical applications

AbstractTotal‐body positron emission tomography (TB‐PET) has significantly advanced from initial conception to global commercial availability. The high sensitivity of TB‐PET has led to superior lesion detection, thereby expanding the range of clinical applications. TB‐PET technology offers several advantages: (a) It enables the detection of small lesions, facilitating precise cancer staging and targeted cancer formulation. (b) The technology shortens the acquisition time while maintaining the quality of diagnostic images. (c) TB‐PET allows for a reduction in the amount of administered radiotracer, which minimizes image noise, reduces the effective radiation dose to patients, and enhances staff safety. (d) The scanner supports the development of new tracers and the dynamic imaging of these tracers throughout the entire body. (e) TB‐PET accommodates delayed scanning, which has been shown to improve the detection of small and previously undetected malignant lesions by enhancing the clearance in areas of significant background activity. (f) Owing to its high‐quality images, TB‐PET is suitable for parametric imaging, which offers several advantages over conventional standardized uptake value imaging. However, TB‐PET still faces several challenges. There is a lack of consensus on the optimal dose and scan duration for clinical diagnosis using TB‐PET. Additionally, unified standards for parametric imaging via TB‐PET are yet to be established, and the full clinical significance of this technology remains under‐explored. The accompanying review (Part 1) covers TB‐PET data manipulation and analysis.

Microstructure of dendrimers functionalized with folic acid as studied by molecular dynamics simulations

Poly(amidoamine) dendrimers (PAMAM), due to their unique properties such as nanometric size and shape, monodispersity, and numerous modifiable surface groups, are promising nanocarriers in a wide range of biomedical applications. However, amine-terminated PAMAM dendrimers have been proven to be toxic at physiological pH, which limits their biomedical application. It has been approved that the binding of folic acid (FA) to dendrimer reduces nanocarrier toxicity. Also, it can selectively target cancer cells with folate receptors (FR-α) overexpression. In this study, we have explored the structural features of FA-functionalized PAMAM dendrimers using all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. To this end, third and fourth generations of PAMAM dendrimers were functionalized with FA, and MD simulations were performed for 100 ns at 310 K and 1 bar at neutral pH. We have examined the effect of FA functionalization on the molecular size, solvent accessible surface area, structural changes of amidoamine monomers, and the solvation of investigated dendrimers. Our results reveal that G4FA is the most suitable drug delivery system for cancer therapy among others.

Amino-Acid-Encoded Bioinspired Supramolecular Self-Assembly of Multimorphological Nanocarriers.

Supramolecular self-assembly has emerged as an efficient tool to construct well-organized nanostructures for biomedical applications by small organic molecules. However, the physicochemical properties of self-assembled nanoarchitectures are greatly influenced by their morphologies, mechanical properties, and working mechanisms, making it challenging to design and screen ideal building blocks. Herein, using a biocompatible firefly-sourced click reaction between the cyano group of 2-cyano-benzothiazole (CBT) and the 1,2-aminothiol group of cysteine (Cys), an amino-acid-encoded supramolecular self-assembly platform Cys(SEt)-X-CBT (X represents any amino acid) is developed to incorporate both covalent and noncovalent interactions for building diverse morphologies of nanostructures with bioinspired response mechanism, providing a convenient and rapid strategy to construct site-specific nanocarriers for drug delivery, cell imaging, and enzyme encapsulation. Additionally, it is worth noting that the biodegradation of Cys(SEt)-X-CBT generated nanocarriers can be easily tracked via bioluminescence imaging. By caging either the thiol or amino groups in Cys with other stimulus-responsive sites and modifying X with probes or drugs, a variety of multi-morphological and multifunctional nanomedicines can be readily prepared for a wide range of biomedical applications.

BIOSURFACTANTS: SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE TO SYNTHETIC SURFACTANTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

Biosurfactants are surface active agents produced by microorganisms, which help reduce surface or interfacial tension between two immiscible liquids like oil and water. In recent years, Due to their environmentally friendly nature and wide range of applications in various industries, they can act as a sustainable alternative to synthetic surfactants. This review article provides an overview of biosurfactants, emphasizing their need for biosurfactants, the production process, and their classification based on molecular weight, charge, and the microorganism they derived. The advantages include biodegradability, biocompatibility, low toxicity, surface activity, and specificity, and various areas where the biosurfactant used are emulsification, thermal stability, pH stability, wetting ability, foaming ability, and spreadability. Research on using biosurfactants in various formulations like nanoparticles, liposomes, transdermal application, nanoemulsion, and nanocapsules is also highlighted in this review to support its application in the medical field. Biosurfactants are also utilized in various fields like the pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, food, and oil industries. However, they have their drawbacks, which include high production costs, variability in production yield, sensitivity to the environment, lack of standardization, hurdles in regulatory approval, and research and development limitations. Despite certain drawbacks, biosurfactant offers a sustainable alternative to synthetic surfactants.

Investigation of morphology and volume phase transition of supramacromolecular microgels by NMR spectroscopy and quartz crystal microbalance

AbstractMicrogels have a wide range of applications, from catalysis to biomedical applications such as drug delivery in dispersion, or as surface‐attached materials to improve the biocompatibility of implants or as anti‐fouling coatings. The first aim of this work is to understand the morphology of the supramacromolecular, tannic acid (TA) crosslinked microgels using two‐dimensional 1H NMR spectroscopy, and relaxometry. The second aim is to study the volume phase transition (VPT) of TA‐crosslinked microgels with different crosslinker densities in dispersion using NMR. In this context, 1H high‐resolution NMR spectroscopy is used in combination with the two‐state model and the Boltzmann sigmoidal function to determine thermodynamic quantities of the VPT, such as temperature (Tt), width of transition (ΔTt), and change in entropy (ΔS). Third, surface‐deposited microgels are characterized in terms of their VPT using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM‐D) to study the properties of these microgels for applications where they are used as coatings. Finally, the Tt of microgels supramolecular crosslinked with TA are compared with microgels covalently crosslinked with N,N′‐methylenebisacrylamide (BIS) in dispersion, using NMR, and deposited on a surface, using QCM‐D. For this purpose temperature‐responsive poly(N‐vinylcaprolactam) and poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) microgels crosslinked with the plant‐derived polyphenol TA or BIS are used.

Reliability and validity of an app-assisted tissue compliance meter in measuring tissue stiffness on a phantom model.

Most methods for soft tissue stiffness assessment require high financial resources, significant technical effort, or extensive therapist training. The PACT Sense device was developed to be used in a wide range of applications and user groups. However, to date, there are no data on its validity and reliability. The aim of this study was to investigate the validity and reliability of the PACT device. A polyurethane phantom tissue model (PTM) mimicking the mechanical properties of the fascia profunda and the erector spinae muscle was used. Stiffness measurements with PACT were conducted by two independent investigators. For construct validity, correlations were calculated between the known stiffness of the PTM and values obtained with PACT. For concurrent validity, we determined the association between the PACT values and additional measurements with the established MyotonPRO device. To estimate interrater and intrarater (two measurements with an interval of 7 days) reliability, we used the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Correlation analysis (PTM/PACT) revealed very high concurrent validity (r = 0.99; p < 0.001), construct validity (PACT/MyotonPRO) was 0.87, p < 0.001. Both, interrater reliability (ICC = 0.85; p = 0.036) and intrarater reliability were good (ICC = 0.89; p < 0.001). The PACT provides valid and reliable stiffness measurements in tissue phantoms. Further studies in humans are needed to confirm its physiometric properties under in vivo conditions.

Near-Unity Light-Matter Interaction in Mid-Infrared van der Waals Metasurfaces.

Accessing mid-infrared radiation is of great importance for a range of applications, including thermal imaging, sensing, and radiative cooling. Here, we study light interaction with hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) nanocavities and reveal strong and tunable resonances across its hyperbolic transition. In addition to conventional phonon-polariton excitations, we demonstrate that the high refractive index of hexagonal boron nitride outside the Reststrahlen band allows enhanced light-matter interactions in deep subwavelength (<λ/15) nanostructures across a broad 7-8 μm range. Emergence and interplay of Fabry-Perot and Mie-like resonances are examined experimentally and theoretically. Near-unity absorption and high quality (Q ≥ 80) resonance interaction in the vicinity of the hBN transverse optical phonon is further observed. Our study provides avenues to design highly efficient and ultracompact structures for controlling mid-infrared radiation and accessing strong light-matter interactions with hBN.

An Investigation on Students Learnings &amp; Mental Health Influenced by Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence has impacted student’s social, emotional, and physical well-being. It has resulted in how a person thinks and reacts to a particular situation. The Purpose of this investigation is to test the effectiveness of learning patterns on our mental health. It can affect a student’s energy level, concentration, dependability, and mental ability. On the other hand, AI can automate the process of grading assignments and providing feedback to students, which can save teachers a lot of time and can focus more on student interaction. It is essential to ensure that AI systems used in education are unbiased and fair. We read articles about the connection between artificial intelligence and mental health that use mood rating scales and classified them into the pros and cons of artificial intelligence. In our college, we will also carry out a poll that shows how Artificial intelligence has harmed and benefited the students. Therefore, it is crucial to carefully examine the benefits and risks of AI in education and implement appropriate safeguards to ensure that it is used ethically and responsibly. Public mental health based on artificial intelligence engineering has a wide range of application and development prospects in enhancing the effectiveness of instruction, achieving high efficiency and intelligence, and enhancing specialized education. The use of artificial intelligence-based public mental health in business administration teaching effects has highly favorable importance for precisely determining the mental health and teaching effects of business administration students. We develop a method for the influence of public mental health on the teaching effect of the business administration profession based on artificial intelligence engineering to improve the teaching- learning effect of the business administration major. ( Keywords:- Learnings, Mental Health, and Artificial Intelligence )

Exploring the frontiers of condensed-phase chemistry with a general reactive machine learning potential.

Atomistic simulation has a broad range of applications from drug design to materials discovery. Machine learning interatomic potentials (MLIPs) have become an efficient alternative to computationally expensive ab initio simulations. For this reason, chemistry and materials science would greatly benefit from a general reactive MLIP, that is, an MLIP that is applicable to a broad range of reactive chemistry without the need for refitting. Here we develop a general reactive MLIP (ANI-1xnr) through automated sampling of condensed-phase reactions. ANI-1xnr is then applied to study five distinct systems: carbon solid-phase nucleation, graphene ring formation from acetylene, biofuel additives, combustion of methane and the spontaneous formation of glycine from early earth small molecules. In all studies, ANI-1xnr closely matches experiment (when available) and/or previous studies using traditional model chemistry methods. As such, ANI-1xnr proves to be a highly general reactive MLIP for C, H, N and O elements in the condensed phase, enabling high-throughput in silico reactive chemistry experimentation.

Gesture Recognition Based on Deep Learning: A Review

Gesture recognition is an important and inevitable technology in modern times, its appearance and improvement greatly improve the convenience of people's lives, but also enrich people's lives. It has a wide range of applications in various fields. In daily life, it can carry out human-computer interaction and the use of smart home. In terms of medical treatment, it can help patients to recover and assist doctors to carry out experiments. In terms of entertainment, it allows users to interact with the game in an immersive manner. This paper chooses three technologies that deep learning plays a more prominent role in gesture recognition, namely CNNs, LSTM and transfer learning based on deep learning. They each have their own advantages and disadvantages. Because of the different principles of use, different techniques have different roles, such as CNNs can carry out feature extraction, LSTM can deal with long time series, transfer learning can transfer what is learned from another task to this task. Select different practical technologies according to different application scenarios, and make improvements in real time in practical applications. Gesture recognition based on deep learning has the advantages of good accuracy, robustness and real-time implementation, but it also bears the disadvantages of huge economic and time costs and high hardware requirements. Despite some challenges, researchers continue to optimize and improve the technology, and believe that in the future, gesture recognition technology will be more mature and valuable.

A Simple and Efficient Method for the Nickel‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Azines from Aldehydes and Hydrazines

AbstractAzines are organic molecules with a C=N−N=C functional range of applications. But the conventional azines synthesis process requires a high reaction temperature and long reaction time combined with complex reaction facilities, so the synthesis process needs to be further improved in terms of economic efficiency and process simplification. Here, we demonstrate a structurally well‐defined inorganic ligand Ni compound, (NH4)4[NiMo6O18(OH)6](Ni‐POMs). The catalysts show good activity towards the reaction of carbonyl compounds, and the corresponding products can be obtained in yields up to about 90 %. In this condition, the majority of the aldehydes (aromatic and aliphatic) can be reacted, and the products are obtained in high yields. Density functional theory (DFT) looked into the process by which benzaldehyde and hydrazine hydrate reacted on the surface of Ni‐POMs. It was calculated that the whole reaction goes through two stages and the activation energy of the whole reaction is −6.72 kcal/mol. Thus, from experiment to calculation, a complete structure of the catalytic reaction cycle has been constructed.

Hybrid Machine Learning and Experimental Studies of Antiviral Potential of Ionic Liquids against P100, MS2, and Phi6.

Viruses are a group of widespread organisms that are often responsible for very dangerous diseases, as most of them follow a mechanism to multiply and infect their hosts as quickly as possible. Pathogen viruses also mutate regularly, with the result that measures to prevent virus transmission and recover from the disease caused are often limited. The development of new substances is very time-consuming and highly budgeted and requires the sacrifice of many living organisms. Computational chemistry methods allow faster analysis at a much lower cost and, most importantly, reduce the number of living organisms sacrificed experimentally to a minimum. Ionic liquids (ILs) are a group of chemical compounds that could potentially find a wide range of applications due to their potential virucidal activity. In our study, we conducted a complex computational analysis to predict the antiviral activity of ionic liquids against three surrogate viruses: two nonenveloped viruses, Listeria monocytogenes phage P100 and Escherichia coli phage MS2, and one enveloped virus, Pseudomonas syringae phage Phi6. Based on experimental data of toxic activity (logEC90), we assigned activity classes to 154 ILs. Prediction models were created and validated according to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) recommendations using the Classification Tree method. Further, we performed an external validation of our models through virtual screening on a set of 1277 theoretically generated ionic liquids and then selected 10 active ionic liquids, which were synthesized to verify their activity against the analyzed viruses. Our study proved the effectiveness and efficiency of computational methods to predict the antiviral activity of ionic liquids. Thus, computational models are a cost-effective alternative approach compared with time-consuming experimental studies where live animals are involved.

Optimization of Installation Position for Complex Space Curve Weldments in Robotic Friction Stir Welding Based on Dynamic Dual Particle Swarm Optimization

Robotic friction stir welding (RFSW), with its wide application range, ample working space, and task flexibility, has emerged as a vital development in friction stir welding (FSW) technology. However, the low stiffness of serial industrial robots can lead to end-effector deviations and vibrations during FSW tasks, adversely affecting the weld quality. This paper proposes a dynamic dual particle swarm optimization (DDPSO) algorithm through a new comprehensive stability index that considers both the stiffness and vibration stability of the robot to optimize the installation position of complex space curve weldments, thereby enhancing the robot’s stability during the FSW process. The algorithm employs two independent particle swarms for exploration and exploitation tasks and dynamically adjusts task allocation and particle numbers based on current results to fully utilize computational resources and enhance search efficiency. Compared to the standard particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, the DDPSO approach demonstrated superior search capabilities and stability of optimization results. The maximum fitness value improved by 4.2%, the average value increased by 12.74%, and the concentration level of optimization results rose by 72.91% on average. The new optimization method pioneers fresh perspectives for optimizing the stability of RFSW, providing significant grounds for the process optimization and offline programming of complex spatial curve weldments.

Solvent effects in anion recognition.

Anion recognition is pertinent to a range of environmental, medicinal and industrial applications. Recent progress in the field has relied on advances in synthetic host design to afford a broad range of potent recognition motifs and novel supramolecular structures capable of effective binding both in solution and at derived molecular films. However, performance in aqueous media remains a critical challenge. Understanding the effects of bulk and local solvent on anion recognition by host scaffolds is imperative if effective and selective detection in real-world media is to be viable. This Review seeks to provide a framework within which these effects can be considered both experimentally and theoretically. We highlight proposed models for solvation effects on anion binding and discuss approaches to retain strong anion binding in highly competitive (polar) solvents. The synthetic design principles for exploiting the aforementioned solvent effects are explored.

Advance effect of magnetic field on the rheological properties of manganese zinc ferrite ferrofluid

The rheological characteristics of manganese zinc (Mn-Zn) ferrite magnetic nanofluid synthesized using co-precipitation technique were examined in the absence and presence of magnetic fields. The research formulates required conditions needed for the formation of a gelly-like structure. The impact of magnetic field and temperature on the rheological properties of Mn-Zn ferrite ferrofluid is investigated. When a magnetic field was applied, higher magnetoviscoelasticity and magnetoviscosity were formed. Analysis was also done on other rheological parameters, such as the damping factor, which is crucial for regulating and restricting vibrations in a system. A stiff, gel-like structure is produced when a magnetic field is applied, and the gel-like quality grows as the magnetic field increases; when the magnetic field is removed, the gel-like and rigidity of the structure is lost. At low temperatures, the liquid phase is dominated by solid-like particles, whereas at high temperatures, the liquid-like structure is dominant. This study reveals the conditions required for the creation of high viscous effect and the viscoelastic behavior induced by the field offers important insights for optimizing the Mn-Zn ferrite ferrofluid for a range of applications. Other criterial for gel-like structure formation such as low torque and deflection angle of the ferrofluid were also established.

ViObject

Knowing the object grabbed by a hand can offer essential contextual information for interaction between the human and the physical world. This paper presents a novel system, ViObject, for passive object recognition that uses accelerometer and gyroscope sensor data from commodity smartwatches to identify untagged everyday objects. The system relies on the vibrations caused by grabbing objects and does not require additional hardware or human effort. ViObject's ability to recognize objects passively can have important implications for a wide range of applications, from smart home automation to healthcare and assistive technologies. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of ViObject, to address challenges such as motion interference, different object-touching positions, different grasp speeds/pressure, and model customization to new users and new objects. We evaluate the system's performance using a dataset of 20 objects from 20 participants and show that ViObject achieves an average accuracy of 86.4%. We also customize models for new users and new objects, achieving an average accuracy of 90.1%. Overall, ViObject demonstrates a novel technology concept of passive object recognition using commodity smartwatches and opens up new avenues for research and innovation in this area.

Computer Vision and Deep Learning Transforming Image Recognition and Beyond

Computer vision is a cutting-edge information processing technology that seeks to mimic the human visual nervous system. Its primary aim is to emulate the psychological processes of human vision to interpret and depict objective scenery. This revolutionary field encompasses a wide range of applications, including life sciences, medical diagnosis, military operations, scientific research, and many others. At the heart of computer vision lies the theoretical core, which includes deep learning, image recognition, target detection, and target tracking These elements combine to enable computers to process, analyze, and understand images, allowing for the classification of objects based on various patterns One of the standout advantages of deep learning techniques, when compared to traditional methods, is their ability to automatically learn and adapt to the specific features required for a given problem. This adaptive nature of deep learning networks has opened up new possibilities and paved the way for remarkable breakthroughs in the field of computer vision. This paper examines the practical application of computer vision processing technology and convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and elucidates the advancements in artificial intelligence within the field of computer vision image recognition. It does so by showcasing the tangible benefits and functionalities of these technologies.

Research Progress of Ozone/Peroxymonosulfate Advanced Oxidation Technology for Degrading Antibiotics in Drinking Water and Wastewater Effluent: A Review.

Nowadays, antibiotics are widely used, increasing the risk of contamination of the water body and further threatening human health. The traditional water treatment process is less efficient in degrading antibiotics, and the advanced oxidation process (AOPs) is cleaner and more efficient than the traditional biochemical degradation process. The combined ozone/peroxymonosulfate (PMS) advanced oxidation process (O3/PMS) based on sulfate radical (SO4•-) and hydroxyl radical (•OH) has developed rapidly in recent years. The O3/PMS process has become one of the most effective ways to treat antibiotic wastewater. The reaction mechanism of O3/PMS was reviewed in this paper, and the research and application progress of the O3/PMS process in the degradation of antibiotics in drinking water and wastewater effluent were evaluated. The operation characteristics and current application range of the process were summarized, which has a certain reference value for further research on O3/PMS process.

Influence of Ti2SnC content on arc erosion resistance in Ag–Ti2SnC composites

Abstract In this work, an Ag–Ti2SnC composite was fabricated by the hot-pressing sintering method, and the erosion behavior of Ag–Ti2SnC with volume percentages of 10–40% was studied at a load voltage of 10 kV. The arc life and breakdown current were observed at about 31–36 ms and 39 A, respectively. The cathode spot traveled the fastest on the surface of the Ag–40 vol% Ti2SnC composite. Due to emission center model, the temperature of the minor protrusions on the cathode surface increased, resulting in Ag ions, Ti ions, and Sn ions being generated. Combining with the ionized oxygen, Ag2O, AgO, TiO2, and SnO2 were formed on the eroded Ag–Ti2SnC surface after arc erosion. The research results will broaden the application range of Ag–Ti2SnC electrical contact material and enrich the arc erosion mechanism.