Supercapacitor Applications Research Articles

A novel route to produce large-scale activated carbon for supercapacitor application

A novel route to produce large-scale activated carbon for supercapacitor application

A Comprehensive Review of MXene-Based Emerging Materials for Energy Storage Applications and Future perspectives.

MXenes is a rapidly emerging class of two-dimensional (2D) materials. It exhibits unique properties that make it suitable for a wide range of applications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the synthesis and processing techniques for MXenes including both bottom-up and top-down approaches. The synthesis of MXene-based composites is explored in detail focusing on MXene-carbon composites, MXene-metal oxides, MXene-metal sulfides, MXene-polymer composites and MXene-ceramic composites. Key properties of MXenes are examined including structural, electrical, morphological, optical, mechanical, chemical stability, electrical and thermal properties, conductivity, magnetic properties, dielectric charge and catalytic properties. Characterization techniques used to study these properties are also reviewed. Their 2D structure provides a high surface area and unique interlayer spacing, making MXenes ideal for applications in energy storage devices (like supercapacitors and batteries) where surface area and ion transport are critical for performance. The diverse applications of MXenes are presented emphasizing their use in batteries, catalysis, sensors, environmental remediation and supercapacitors. Special attention is given to the supercapacitor applications of MXenes of their potential in energy storage devices. Due to their high capacitance, fast charge/discharge rates, and excellent stability, MXenes are used in supercapacitors, lithium-ion batteries, and sodium-ion batteries.

Ultrafast Joule Heating Modification of Methane-Pyrolyzed Carbon Black for Supercapacitor Application.

Carbon black from methane pyrolysis for hydrogen is an alternative resource and can be improved for conductive material supplication. Our current work uses an ultrafast Joule heating technique to modify the methane-pyrolyzed carbon black and prepare nanoparticles of electrode material for supercapacitor application, coupled with density functional theory, structural, and electrochemical analyses. Evolution rules of the carbon and pore structures of the modified sample with an increase in temperature reveal good structure improvements. The graphitization degree of modified carbon black nanoparticles increases, and the particle morphology changes from a smooth surface, disordered structure removal, and pore formation to graphite crystallization. Band structure and state density analytical results show that the modified carbon black with a defect-free structure possesses metallic properties and exhibits good electrical conductivity. A temperature around 1576 °C to the initial graphitization was defined based on the critical point of the evolution of ordered and disordered structures, while the electrical conductivity of the carbon black nanoparticles at 2000 °C reaches 2300 S/m. The modified carbon black performed with stable charge/discharge characteristics, exhibiting a 4.31% capacitance drop at a current load of 2 A/g and a 18.31% capacitance drop at a current load of 20 A/g.

Unlocking the Potential of Redox‐Active Copper Complexes in Thin Films via Proton‐Coupled Electron Transfer for Enhanced Supercapacitor Performance

AbstractNanoscale redox‐active molecular films are promising candidates for next‐generation energy storage applications due to their ability to facilitate long‐range charge transport. However, establishing stable and efficient electrode‐molecule interfaces remains a critical challenge. In this study, the properties of redox‐active copper‐polypyridyl thin films covalently bonded to graphite rods are explored, investigating their potential as supercapacitors. Using an electrochemical grafting method, robust covalent interfaces are created, resulting in copper‐polypyridyl films prepared on graphite rods and indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes, exhibiting both Cu(II) and Cu(I) redox states. These redox‐active mettalo‐oligomeric films demonstrate a structural transition between octahedral and tetrahedral geometries around the Cu(II), and Cu(I), respectively contributing to their charge storage capabilities. The combination of an electrical double‐layer capacitance and pseudocapacitance through Faradaic charge transfer is evaluated in different acidic electrolytes, showing significant capacitance enhancement. Notably, proton‐coupled electron transfer (PCET) at free pyridine‐N sites in Cu(I) polypyridyl complex is identified as a key factor in their distinct behavior in aqueous solutions, a finding supported by computational studies. This study shows the potential of binder‐free thin films for efficient supercapacitor applications, with a maximum areal capacitance of 6.8 mF cm⁻2 in aqueous media, representing an 1840% improvement over bare graphite rods.

Conversion of Lignocellulosic Amazonian Biomass into Biochar: Applications in Supercapacitors and Catalysts: Review.

This article explores the valorization of Amazonian biomass through its conversion into biochar, addressing the main technologies involved and their applications in supercapacitors and catalysts. The conversion of biomass into biochar is highlighted as a sustainable strategy for utilizing agroindustrial waste and generating high-value materials. The article reviews relevant technologies for this conversion, including hydrothermal carbonization, chemical activation, and pyrolysis, emphasizing their impacts on creating biochar with adjustable properties such as high surface area and controlled porosity. It also reviews recent studies investigating the valorization of Amazonian biomass for these specific applications, highlighting the advances made. Finally, future perspectives are discussed, including the exploration of new Amazonian biomass sources and the optimization of conversion techniques to expand biochar applications and promote technological innovation and sustainability in the Amazon region.

Synthesis of polyaniline nanomaterials for an effective supercapacitor applications

Abstract Polyaniline-based materials have been widely used for supercapacitors due to their outstanding properties, such as high specific capacitance, excellent electrochemical properties, and ease of synthesis methods; however, the short-cycle stability of PANI-based supercapacitors limits their commercialization. Herein, we synthesized polyaniline (PANI) nanomaterials, which meet high specific capacitance through the chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline with ammonium persulfate (APS) in aqueous salicylic acid. The electrode materials were characterized using

Electrochemical investigations of Mn-doped ZnO/rGO nanoparticles electrode material for supercapacitor application and its enhanced antimicrobial activity

Electrochemical investigations of Mn-doped ZnO/rGO nanoparticles electrode material for supercapacitor application and its enhanced antimicrobial activity

Recent advances in heteroatom doped transition metal sulfides for high-performance supercapacitors

Supercapacitors have been well focused on, due to the advantages of fast charging/discharging, high power density, long service time and safety. Electrode materials determine the performance of supercapacitors. Serving as a kind of battery-type materials, transition metal sulfides have been received more attentions for high redox activity and high specific capacity. Controllable synthesis of metal sulfides determines their microstructure and composition, which is the basis for developing new materials. Therefore, this review firstly introduces existing synthetic methods of transition metal sulfides, including hydrothermal/solvothermal method, template method, electrodeposition method, sol-gel method, co-precipitation method, exfoliation/intercalation method and solid state method. The preparation process, principle, advantages/shortages of each method and related examples are highlighted. Taking controllable synthesis as the main line, recent advances of heteroatom doped metal sulfides and their application in supercapacitors are introduced in the second section. According to the type of dopants, all doped metal sulfides are divided into two parts: nonmetal doped metal sulfides, including B, N, F, O, P and Se, and metal doped sulfides, including alkali metal, precious metal, rare earth metal and transition metal. The research progresses about materials preparation, structure feature and supercapacitance performance are summarized. At last, current issues and future prospects in the field of heteroatom doped metal sulfides are proposed. It is anticipated that the review will provide guiding ideas or strategies for developing high-performance metal sulfides electrode materials.

Fabrication and Electrochemical Insights into Advanced rGO-modified Ternary Cu-doped NiFe2O4/TiO₂ Electrodes for High Performance Supercapacitors

In this study, we employed a comparative approach by evaluating the composites CuFe2O4-rGO-TiO2 (CFRT4), NiFe2O4-rGO-TiO2 (NFRT5) and Cu0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4-rGO-TiO2 (CNFRT6) against single compounds, CuFe2O4 (CF1), NiFe2O4 (NF2) and Cu0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 (CNF3). The electrodes were fabricated using drop-cast technique and investigated using XRD, FESEM, FTIR, XPS, VSM and BET. CNFRT6 showed highest specific surface area of 14.57 m2/g. Using symmetric two electrode system with 3M H2SO4 electrolyte, in CV analysis, specific capacitance of CNFRT6 was determined to be 48.4 F/g at 10 mV/s. GCD analysis revealed that CNFRT6 attained highest specific capacitance value of 213.18 F/g at the current density of 0.25 A/g. The CNFRT6 yielded energy density (Ed) of 18.95 Wh/Kg at current density 0.25 A/g. Further, it achieved power density (Pd) of 1200 W/Kg at 3 A/g. Obtained results suggest that Cu0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4-rGO-TiO2 composite exhibited enhanced electrochemical properties and thus, it can be employed to fabricate electrodes for application in supercapacitors.

Polyaniline@MoS2: An organic and inorganic hybrid framework for asymmetric supercapacitor applications

The polyaniline and MoS2-based organic and inorganic hybrid composite have been synthesized by varying MoS2 concentrations ranging from 1 to 10 wt% and their charge storage performances were analyzed in a three-electrode and in asymmetric cell configuration to understand their electrochemical characteristics. The electrochemical characteristics of the as-prepared electrodes such as cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were studied in 1 M H2SO4 electrolyte. Among the prepared compositions PANI@MoS2 (5 wt%) electrode showed a high specific capacity of 148.6 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 among the prepared compositions. Further, the asymmetric hybrid pouch cell was fabricated where PANI@MoS2 and activated carbon were used as a positive and negative electrode, respectively. The 2 × 2 cm2 asymmetric cell (AC||PANI@MoS2(5 wt%) delivered a specific energy of 32 Wh kg−1 at a specific power of 3.2 kW kg−1 in the PVA-H2SO4 hydrogel electrolyte. This specific energy is two-fold higher than the AC||PANI asymmetric cell where the specific energy and specific power are about 18.66 Wh kg−1 and 3.2 kW kg−1, respectively. The cycle stability of the AC||PANI@MoS2 (5 wt%) was also performed at 2 A g−1 and the cell showed capacitance retention of about 99.27% after 13,000 cycles. The cell performances at different bending angles were analyzed to ensure the flexible nature of the pouch cell. Thus, the proposed organic and inorganic hybrid composite electrode is believed to be a potential electrode material for supercapacitor application in an acidic electrolyte medium.

Probing the synergistic effect of metal–organic framework derived Co-Nx rich interwoven hierarchical porous carbon tube encapsulated dual redox active nanoalloy for high-performance Zn-air battery and supercapacitor applications

Probing the synergistic effect of metal–organic framework derived Co-Nx rich interwoven hierarchical porous carbon tube encapsulated dual redox active nanoalloy for high-performance Zn-air battery and supercapacitor applications

Charge injection dynamics in oxygen-functionalized and heteroatom-doped reduced graphene oxide and their impact on supercapacitor performance: An experimental and DFT investigation

To elucidate the synergistic effects of oxygen functional groups (OFGs) and heteroatoms (HAs) on charge injection dynamics and the electrochemical performance of reduced graphene oxide (rGO), a combination of experimental techniques and density functional theory (DFT) analyses were employed. GO was synthesized using a modified Hummers method and the sample reduced hydrothermally at 150 °C demonstrated the highest areal capacitance of 817 mF/cm2. To understand the diffusion and charge transfer characteristics, the diffusion coefficient and distribution of relaxation time studied using the Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy data. Further the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the incorporation of OFGs and HAs in the rGO. A partially oxygen-functionalized, nitrogen, and sulfur-doped graphene (NS-POG) model was constructed based on the XPS data and analyzed using DFT. The projected density of states analysis revealed a Fermi level shift, indicating the introduction of excess electrons due to incorporating OFGs and HAs in graphene, thereby improving the charge carrier concentration in the partially reduced or oxidized systems. The NS-POG system exhibited a quantum capacitance of 85.92 μF/cm2. Additionally, potassium ion (K+) adsorption studies indicated that the adsorption energy was highest near sulfur atoms, suggesting that electrolyte ions exhibit enhanced electrochemical activity in proximity to sulfur. These findings provide insight into the mechanisms by which OFGs and HAs enhance the performance of rGO and highlighting the potential of NS-rGO in supercapacitor applications.

Flexible and binder-free nickel-cobalt layered double hydroxides for high specific capacity supercapacitor applications

The development of advanced energy storage materials is crucial for the evolution of high-performance supercapacitors. Recently, nickel-cobalt layered double hydroxides (NiCo LDHs) stand out due to their synergistic effects and abundant redox-active sites, which contribute to superior electrochemical performance. Herein, we design simple cyclic voltammetry-assisted electrochemical synthesis of thin-film NiCo LDHs on stainless steel mesh as a binder-free electrode, which demonstrates enhanced redox-type charge storage and excellent durability. Specifically, the synthesized NiCo LDHs exhibits a porous, sheet-like architecture, confirmed through various structural characterization techniques. Electrochemical measurements in 1M KOH electrolyte showed significant diffusion-contributed capacity in the NiCo LDHs thin films, demonstrating high specific capacitance of 1406.7 F/g (633 C/g) and excellent cycling stability 83%. Moreover, the NiCo LDHs exhibited high energy density of 97.6 Wh/g at a power density of 1666.7 W/kg, respectively. Our work provides the facile cyclic voltammetry method for direct, scalable deposition, providing a straightforward route to optimize redox-active LDHs for efficient supercapacitor applications, highlighting the potential for advanced energy storage solutions.

Multidimensional woodchips-like Mn-metal-organic framework for asymmetric supercapacitor devices

Multidimensional manganese-metal organic frameworks (Mn-MOF) are synthesized using 1,2,4,5-Benzene tetracarboxylic acid (BTTC) at various temperatures (100–160°C). The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques successfully confirm the formation of Mn-MOF. Among the various temperatures, the Mn-MOF synthesized at 140°C (Mn-MOF@BTTC-140) is remarkable because it has excellent crystallinity and a unique morphology, i.e., woodchips-like structure. The synthesized Mn-MOF@BTTC materials are used in supercapacitor applications. In comparison to all materials, Mn-MOF@BTTC-140 revealed the maximum specific capacitance (Cs) of 627 F g-1 @ 1 A g-1, and it displayed 91% capacitance retention even after the 6000 cycles at a current density of 10 A g-1. Furthermore, the supercapacitor device (SD) constructed using carbon nanofibers (CNF) as the negative electrode and Mn-MOF@BTTC-140 as the positive electrode delivered an energy density of 25 W h kg-1 at a power density of 532 W kg-1. Ultimately, LED lighting demonstrates that our fabricated materials suit practical applications.

Enhanced photocatalytic and supercapacitor performance of CeO2 nano foam integrated MWCNT and rGO nanocomposites

In this study, Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) with foam like morphology were prepared using the Moringa Oleifera seed extract-assisted green synthesis method. The prepared CeO2 NPs were integrated respectively with reduced graphene oxide (CeO2/rGO) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CeO2/MWCNT) via a simple one-pot reflex method. The structural and morphological features and elemental characteristics, including the physico-chemical and thermal characteristics of the samples, were assessed. The photocatalytic degradation ability of the catalyst was tested against Alizarin Red (AR) and Safranin (SF) dyes. Under sunlight, degradation efficiencies of 92.62%, 95.46%, and 99.62% were achieved against Safranin dye by CeO2, CeO2/MWCNT, and CeO2/rGO, respectively. The XRD analysis shows the structural phase stability of the nanocatalyst even after five cycles. The supercapacitor characteristics of all anode electrode samples were assessed. Moreover, the specific capacitance values of 370, 413, and 554 Fg-1 were measured using cyclic voltammetry at a scan rate of 5 mV/s for CeO2, CeO2/MWCNT, and CeO2/rGO, respectively. After undergoing 3000 charge-discharge cycles, the hybrid CeO2/rGO nanocomposite revealed admirable cycling stability with an 8.6% decrease in its specific capacitance. According to the results, the green-mediated CeO2/rGO heterojunction nano semiconducting materials are promising candidates for twin applications in photocatalysis and supercapacitors.

High performance and stable rGO/MoS2/NiMgS composite electrode for hybrid supercapacitor and electrochemical sensor applications

High performance and stable rGO/MoS2/NiMgS composite electrode for hybrid supercapacitor and electrochemical sensor applications

Enhanced efficiency of the electrode by doping of neodymium on SmFeO3 for the application of supercapacitor

In response to growing demand for the renewable energy generating and storage systems, scientists are trying to synthesized electrode material with exceptional performance. Their primary objective was to develop portable intelligent technology gadgets that could guarantee global energy security. In the reported article, the SmFeO3 with Nd-doped material was manufactured by cost-effective hydrothermal method for the application of a supercapacitor. The results demonstrate that the existence of larger surface area improves electrical conduction and improves the electrons and ions pathway, resulting in a rapid charge storage device and greatly enhancing the electrical performance. The pristine SmFeO3 electrode achieved capacitance of 746.3 F g−1, and the Nd-doped SmFeO3 electrode achieved a heightened capacitance of 1455.9 F g−1 at 1 A g−1. Further, the pristine SmFeO3 electrode demonstrated low cyclic retention after the 5000th charging/discharging cycles, while the Nd-doped SmFeO3 electrode demonstrated significant cyclic retention. In addition, the material fabricated attained a significant capacitance of 923.9 F g−1 at 10 mV s−1 during cyclic voltammetry measurements. The exceptional performance of dopant materials suggests their promising conductivity and quick electron/ion transport factors in its exceptional performance made it an excellent electrode for energy storage devices as well as suitability for future-generation energy conversion by surpassing the reliance on perovskite-type structural materials.

Enhanced super capacitance performance of V₂O₅·nH₂O/g-C₃N₄ nanocomposites: Synthesis, characterizations, and electrochemical properties

The primary problem addressed in this study is to enhance the performance of supercapacitor electrode materials by developing a cost-effective, and efficient synthesis method for nanocomposites with high capacitance. Hence, in this study, we report the synthesis of V2O5·nH2O/g-C3N4 nanocomposites using a cost-effective hydrothermal method, resulting in four distinct samples: pristine V2O5·nH2O nanoribbons (VO) and three composites with varying amounts of g-C3N4 (10, 20, and 30 mg), labelled as VCN1, VCN2, and VCN3. Structural, morphological, optical, and electrochemical characterizations were conducted to assess their potential as supercapacitor electrode materials. Electrochemical analysis, including cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD), confirmed pseudocapacitance behavior in all samples. VCN1, containing 10 mg of g-C3N4 in V2O5·nH2O matrix, exhibited the highest specific capacitance of 230 F/g at a scan rate of 10 mV/s in a 3M KOH electrolyte. This enhancement in capacitance is attributed to the added g-C3N4, which increases active sites, as confirmed by Electrochemically Active Surface Area (EASA) measurements. Additionally, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) supported VCN1's superior performance, identifying it as a promising, cost-effective electrode material for super capacitor applications.

Synergistic effects of gadolinium oxide into the matrix of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) for supercapacitor applications

In this study, we synthesized ZIF-8, ZIF-67, Gd₀.₀₁/ZIF-8, & Gd₀.₀₁/ZIF-67 electrodes using the direct combination technique. Both electrodes are being used for energy storage devices. We extensively evaluated these nanocomposites using a variety of electrochemical methods, including retention analysis, galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). ZIF-8 exhibits a wide band gap of approximately 2.58 eV, suggesting its main absorption is of UV light. The peaks in the absorbance spectrum vary slightly in wavelength due to the presence of different metal centers. Peaks between 1400-1600 cm⁻1 indicate C–N stretching vibrations from the imidazolate linkers. Peaks between 1600-1700 cm⁻1 are associated with C=C stretching vibrations. ZIF-8 exhibits well-defined peaks in its XRD pattern, indicating a high level of crystallinity. Peaks can be observed at specific 2θ values, typically at 22.09°, 26.62°, 38.49°, and 47.27°, which correspond to the (110), (200), (211), and (220) planes. The calculated specific capacitances for ZIF-8 and ZIF-67 are 223.95 and 255.20 F/g. For Gd0.01/ZIF-8, & Gd0.01/ZIF-67 specific capacitances are 575.00 and 587.50 F/g. The ZIF-8, ZIF-67, Gd0.01/ZIF-8, & Gd0.01/ZIF-67 electrodes exhibited specific capacitances of (78.30, 192.59, 342.57, and 1164) F/g at current densities of 1 A/g from the GCD calculation. The retention plot of ZIF-8, ZIF-67, Gd0.01/ZIF-8, & Gd0.01/ZIF-67 electrode shows efficiency of 71%, 71%, 105% and 75%, respectively, indicating their suitability for supercapacitor applications.

Effect of Nd doping on the Physical and electrocisemical properties of MnTiO, nanoparticles for supercapacitor applications

Effect of Nd doping on the Physical and electrocisemical properties of MnTiO, nanoparticles for supercapacitor applications