Application Of Pendimethalin Research Articles

Effect of herbicide and varying rates of straw mulching on weed dynamics, productivity and profitability of rice

In kharif 2022 and 2023 a field study was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications for evaluating eleven treatments comprised of sole application of pendimethalin (750 g/ha) and bispyribac- Na (25 g/ha), rice straw mulch (RSM) (4, 6 and 8 t/ha), combination of pendimethalin along with variable rates of RSM, sequential application of pendimethalin fb bispyribac-Na and compared with weed free and weedy check. The study revealed that among the herbicidal and straw mulching treatments, the application of pendimethalin fb RSM 8 t/ha registered significantly the minimum density and biomass of total and all categories of weeds, except broad leaved weeds (BLWs) at 45 DAS. However, it was followed by the application of pendimethalin fb RSW 6 t/ha and pendimethalin fb bispyribac-Na application. The weed-free treatment registered the maximum weed control efficiency (WCE) and the minimum density and biomass of broad-leaved weeds, which was at par with pendimethalin fb bispyribac-Na treatment. Weed-free plot produced the maximum grain yield of 3.98 t/ha, which was at par with the application of pendimethalin fb straw mulching at 8t/ha (3.86 t/ha), pendimethalin fb bispyribac-Na (3.77 t/ha) and pendimethalin fb straw mulching at 6 t/ha (3.74 t/ha) treatments. Further, economic analysis revealed that the sequential application pendimethalin 750 g/ha (Pre) fb bispyribac-Na 25 g/ha (Post) fetch maximum net return (Rs.45,282/ha), which was followed by the integration of pendimethalin 750 g/ha fb RSM 6 t/ha (Rs.31,056/ha) in DSR. These treatments could manage the diverse weed flora and obtain higher grain yield and more significant profit in direct-seeded rice.

Productivity of summer greengram (Vigna radiata) under different nitrogen levels and weed management practices

A field investigation was carried out during summer season, 2022 at ARS, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, SOADU, Bhubaneswar to study the effect of nitrogen levels and weed management practices on Weed growth and productivity of summer greengram (Vigna radiata L.). The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications comprising fifteen treatment combinations. Treatments consisted of three nitogen levels in main plot and five weed management practices in subplot. The predominant weeds in the experimental plots were Poa annua, Digitaria sanguinalis, Echinochloa colona, Cleome viscose, Ageratum conyzoides, Portulaca oleracea, and Melochia corchorifolia. Results revealed that among the different levels of nitrogen, the lowest density and dry weight of grasses, broadleaved and total weeds was recorded with application of 75% N. Among the weed management practices, two hand weeding at 15 and 30 DAS, registered significantly lowest density and biomass of all categories of weeds as well as total weeds and it was closely followed by pre-emergence application of ready-mix pendimethalin + imazethapyr 0.75 kg/ ha at 45 DAS. Application of 125% N registered highest seed (832.30 kg/ ha) and stover yield (2189.64 kg/ ha) and along with high yield attributing characters like number of pods/ plant (25.54) and seeds/ pod (6.39) as compared to others and it was at par with application of 100% N. Among the weed management practices, two hand weeding at 15 and 30 DAS recorded highest seed yield (930.56 kg/ ha) and stover yield (2397.11 kg/ ha) of greengram along with higher yield attributing characters like number of pods/ plant (27.73), seeds/ pod (7.29) and number of branches/ plant (8.94) and it was closely followed by pre-emergence application of ready-mix pendimethalin + imazethapyr at 0.75 kg/ ha.

ANALYSIS OF EFFECTIVENESS AND PROFITABILITY OF SELECTED WEED CONTROL METHODS FOR COWPEA [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] PRODUCTION IN THE SUDAN SAVANNA ECOLOGY OF NIGERIA

Weed management is crucial and expensive step towards cowpea production. Field experiments were conducted during the wet season of 2019 and 2020 at the Research and Teaching farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Bayero University Kano to evaluate the effectiveness and profitability of selected weed management using weedy check (control), hoe weeding at 3 and 6 weeks after sowing (WAS), metolachlor at 2.0 kg a.i.ha-1, imazethapyr at 3.0 kg a.i.ha-1, pendimethalin at 2.0 kg a.i. ha-1, pendimethalin at 3.0 kg a.i ha-1, pendimethalin 1.0 + imazethapyr 1.0 kg a.i.ha-1, metolachlor 1.5 + pendimethalin 1.5 kg a.i.ha-1, imazethapyr 1.0 + pendimethalin 1.0 kg a.i.ha-1 + SHW at 6 WAS, metolachlor 1.5 + pendimethalin 1.5 kg a.i.ha-1 + SHW at 6 WAS, metolachlor at 2.0 + SHW at 6 WAS, pendimethalin at 2.0 + Supplementary hoe weeding (SHW) at 6 WAS. Weedy check plots yielded significantly (P < 0.01) higher weed density and dry weight than hoe weeded plots at 3 and 6 WAS, Pendimethalin and Metolachlor each at 2.0 + SHW at 6 WAS, which produced lower density and biomass, albeit comparable to other herbicidal-treated plots across the two seasons. Similarly, the application of two hoe weeding’s at 3 and 6 WAS and Metolachlor and Pendimethalin at 2.0 + SHW at 6 WAS significantly resulted in producing higher branches, pods plant-1, pod yield and fodder yield than weedy check. The result of the profitability analysis shows that the highest and lowest gross margin was obtained under pendimethalin at 2.0 kg a.i.h-1 + SHW at 6 WAS (₦164,385/ha) and weedy check (₦28,020/ha), respectively. The average gross income (2019/2020) season was highest under hoe weeding at 3 and 6 WAS, which could be connected to high yield, however, its gross margin ratio (53%) decreased lower than treatments under pendimethalin and metolachlor each at 2.0 kg a.i.h-1 + SHW at 6 WAS (56% and 55% respectively) which is associated with labour cost. For efficient management of cowpea weeds in Nigerian Sudan savanna ecology, application of pendimethalin and metolachlor at 2.0 kg a.i.h-1 + SHW at 6 WAS could be recommended due to their financial and economic advantages.

Efficacy of Pre and Post Emergence Herbicides against Complex Weed Flora, Yield and Economics of Blackgram under High Hills Wet Temperate Zone of Himachal Pradesh

Background: Implementing integrated strategies for weed management is essential in maximizing blackgram yield. Unchecked weed proliferation leads to substantial decrease in crop productivity. Methods: The current field experiment was conducted at Salooni, Himachal Pradesh, to evaluate the efficacy of different integrated weed management practices during Kharif 2022 and 2023. Eleven treatments targeting weed control were evaluated both at pre and post - emergence stages. Result: The predominant weeds were Echinochloa colona, Galinsoga parviflora, Cyperus species and other broad leaf weeds were Plantago lanceolata, Trifolium repens, Trianthema species, Ageratum conyzoides. Data on weed dynamics revealed that; after weed-free treatment, the application of Imazethapyr 75 g/ha as PE fb HW at 30 DAS; Pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha as PE fb HW at 30 DAS and Pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha + imazethapyr 75 g/ha (PE) recorded a significantly lower total weed count as compared to other treatments. Parameters related to blackgram growth and yield, including plant height, number of branches per plant, pods per plant, grain yield and haulm yield were significantly higher with weed-free treatment followed by application of imazethapyr 75 g/ha as PE fb HW at 30 DAS, remaining at par with application of pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha + imazethapyr 75 g/ha (PE) and pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha as PE fb HW at 30 DAS. The most economically efficient weed control method was the combination of pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha + imazethapyr 75 g/ha (PE), as it resulted in the highest net returns and marginal benefit-cost ratio.

Selectivity of pre-emergent herbicides in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and its relationship with the stem cutting planting system

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz, Euphorbiaceae), an important source of food for millions of people in the world, is distributed mainly in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean. Weeds are important biotic constraints on cassava production, and herbicide application can provide effective weed control in this crop. However, the different possibilities of herbicide selectivity (factors associated and not associated with the plants) must be studied before implementation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the combination of different pre-emergence herbicides and two stem cutting planting systems (vertical and horizontal) on phytotoxicity and several agronomic traits of the cassava crop. The experiment was conducted through a factorial arrangement in a completely random design in Corrientes, Argentina. The factors studied were planting systems (horizontal and vertical position), weed control methods (hoeing or application of diuron, S-metolachlor, pendimethalin or clomazone, 625; 1920; 900 and 1000 g a.i. ha−1, respectively), and cropping seasons (2018–2019 and 2019–2020). The following variables were measured: phytotoxicity, plant height, relative plant stand, total weight of tuberous roots per plant, starch concentration of tuberous roots, and starch production per ha. The highest precipitations occurred in the 2018–2019 cropping season. The vertical planting system in combination with herbicides showed lower phytotoxicity values and higher values of plant height, starch concentration, and starch production per ha than the horizontal planting system. The highest phytotoxicity values were recorded with the application of diuron combined with the horizontal planting system and in the 2018–2019 season, with a 33.33% decrease in relative plant stand compared to the use of hoeing. Starch concentration remained unchanged with the use of clomazone and pendimethalin, whereas the effect of these herbicides on starch production varied with the cropping season, decreasing only in 2019–2020. Starch production was significantly lower with the use of S-metolachlor (up to 55.29% in 2018–2019) and of diuron (up to 60.57% in 2019–2020) than with the use of hoeing. In conclusion, phytotoxicity values were higher for the horizontal planting system than for the vertical system. The herbicide with the highest phytotoxic effect on the cassava crop was diuron; the effect increased when combined with the horizontal planting system in the cropping season with higher rainfall. This work provides the basis for integrated weed management concerning the use of herbicides and their selectivity according to planting systems for cassava crops.

Sustainable integrated weed control strategies to reduce herbicide use in sunflower production

This research aims to develop integrated weed control strategies that can effectively reduce the quantity of herbicides used in cultivation of sunflower. To address the challenge of weed management in mechanized crop fields and mitigate the adverse effects on the ecosystem, an experiment with 10 treatments was arranged in randomized block designs and replicated 3 times. The treatments included combinations of herbicide application, band application of herbicide and power weeder weeding. The higher weed control efficiency (WCE) was achieved in a weed-free environment. Additionally, higher WCE was observed in the treatment where weeds were managed through band application of pendimethalin (38.7 capsule suspension (CS)) in the seed row as a pre-emergence method and weeding was done with a power weeder twice. These 2 treatments registered more than 90 % WCE due to lesser weed occurrence. The present investigation also registered higher grain yield under weed-free control (2212 kg/ha). It was tailed by Pre-emergence (PE) herbicide (1 kg/ha of Pendimethalin (38.7 CS)) in seed row after irrigation followed by (fb) power weeder twice (on 15-20 and 30-35 DAS), PE herbicide (1 kg/ha of Pendimethalin (38.7 CS)) in seed row before irrigation fb power weeder twice (on 15-20 and 30-35 DAS) and PE herbicide (1 kg/ha of Pendimethalin (30 EC)) in seed row after irrigation fb power weeder twice (on 15-20 and 30-35 days after sowing (DAS)). Based on the results, pendimethalin (38.7 CS) can also be applied either before or after irrigation, as it will not significantly lose its efficacy in controlling weeds. These findings have practical implications for sunflower cultivation, offering effective strategies for integrated weed control.

Herbicidal weed management options for pigeon pea(Cajanus cajan) grown in southeastern Rajasthan

A field experiment was carried out during the kharif seasons of 2020–21, 2021–22 and 2022–23 at Kota, Rajasthan, to study the effect of post-emergence herbicides on productivity of pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp]. The results indicated that the minimum weed density and dry weight, and the highest yield attributes, yields, and net return of pigeonpea were obtained under weed free plot. All the herbicidal treatments significantly reduced the weed density and biomass compared to the weedy check. However, application of pendimethalin 30 EC @ 0.75 kg /ha (PE) fb Imazethapyr 10 SL @ 100 g/ha at 20–25 DAS + one inter-cultivation at 50 DAS recorded significantly higher plant height (1.82 m), pods/branch (22.96), pods/plant (206.3), weed control efficiency (84.39% at 60 DAS), grain yield (1,868 kg/ha), net return (` 87.66 x 103 /ha) and B: C ratio (3.35) over weedy check. This leads to the 61.73% higher pigeonpea grain yield over the weedy check plot. Hence it can be inferred that the ap- plication of pendimethalin 30 EC @ 0.75 kg /ha (PE) fb Imazethapyr 10 SL @ 100 g/ha at 20–25 DAS + one inter- cultivation at 50 DAS is an efficient weed control method for profitable cultivation of pigeonpea in south eastern Rajasthan.

Intercomparison of Different Agrochemicals (Herbicides) and Manual Methods of Weed Control on Weed Population and Weed Control Efficiency in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Crop in Himachal Pradesh Dist

Aims: A research study entitled Intercomparison of different Agrochemicals (Herbicides) and manual methods of weed control on weed population and weed control efficiency in wheat crop (Triticum aestivum L.) in Himachal Pradesh district Mandi. Study Design: The experiment was designed using a Randomized Block design method. Place and Duration of Study: Department of agronomy, School of Agriculture, Abhilashi university, Chail Chowk, Mandi, (H.P.) during the Rabi season of 2022-23. Methodology: The field trail was conducted with eight treatments and replicated thrice. The investigation included eight different weed control techniques i.e. T1 -weedy check, T2 - weed free, T3 - hand weeding at 30 DAS, T4 - 2, 4-D @ 0.5 kg a.i. ha-1 + Sulfosulfuron @ 0.02 kg a.i. ha-1 at 30 DAS,T5 - Pendimethalin @ 1.5 kg a.i. ha-1(P.E) + Quizalofop-ethyl @ 50 gm a.i ha-1 (PoE at 25 DAS) + one hand weeding, T6 - 2, 4-D @ 0.5 kg a.i. ha-1, T7 - 2, 4-D @ 0.5 kg a.i. ha-1 + one hand weeding at 30 DAS, T8 - 2, 4-D @ 0.5 kg a.i. ha-1 + two hand weeding at 30 and 45 DAS. Results: The investigation found that the most effective ways to control weeds are by keeping the area completely weed free by using pendimethalin @ 1.5 kg a.i. ha-1(P.E) + Quizalofop-ethyl @ 50 gm a.i ha-1(PoE at 25 DAS) + one Hand weeding (Treatment T2) was found the most successful in terms of achieving the lowest weed density and highest weed control efficiency. Application of pendimethalin @ 1.5 kg a.i. ha-1(P.E) + Quizalofop-ethyl @ 50 gm a.i ha-1 (PoE at 25 DAS) + one hand weeding was found to be better than using herbicides to reduce weed infestation in wheat crops. Conclusion: Based on the results, it can be concluded that integrated weed management practices weed-free treatment was the most effective option for managing weeds in wheat.

Exploring Chemical and Cultural Weed Management for Industrial Hemp Production in Georgia, USA

Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa) production is complex, with strict regulatory constraints and challenges associated with a lack of labeled pesticides due to its status as a novel crop in the US. Four experiments were conducted in 2020 and 2021 to establish herbicide tolerances for hemp production in the coastal plain of Georgia, USA. Objectives included evaluating hemp response to pretransplant or posttransplant herbicides, determining if planting method influenced herbicide injury from residual preplant applied herbicides, and understanding how plastic mulch may influence hemp flower yields. When applied one day prior to transplanting, maximum hemp crop visual injury was less than 12% compared to the untreated control, with acetochlor, flumioxazin, fomesafen, pendimethalin, and norflurazon while dithiopyr, halosulfuron, isoxaben, and isoxaflutole resulted in greater than 50% injury. Posttransplant applications of S-metolachlor, acetochlor, pendimethalin, and clethodim resulted in less than 15% injury while halosulfuron, metribuzin, trifloxysulfuron, imazethapyr, and prometryn applications resulted in greater than 50% injury to plants. Preplant and posttransplant applied herbicides were found to have little effect on total tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), or total cannabinoids in the dry flower after harvest. In a separate experiment, injury from halosulfuron and metribuzin was 52% to 56% less when planted with a mechanical transplanter as compared to the practice of using a transplant wheel to depress a hole in the soil followed by hand transplanting. In the final experiment, hemp dry flower yield in a non-plastic mulched (bareground) system was similar to that in a plastic mulched system. However, early season plant above-ground biomass was less in the plastic mulched system, which may have been due to elevated soil temperatures inhibiting early season growth.

Productivity and Profitability of Indian Mustard as affected by Integrated Weed Management

Background: Weed infestation is a primary cause of reduced yields, with estimated losses ranging from 10-70% due to crop-weed competition in Indian mustard. Therefore, it is essential to implement effective weed control measures to optimize the crop's yield potential. A combination of herbicides with manual, culturaland mechanical approaches is desirable to achieve optimal weed control. Therefore, a field experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of integrated weed management on the productivity and profitability of Indian mustard. Methods: The experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Main Research Farm, College of Agriculture, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology (OUAT), Bhubaneswar during rabi season of 2021-22 and 2022-23. It consisted of eight treatments in a randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. Result: Pendimethalin 0.75 kg ha-1 fb straw mulch 5 t ha-1 controlled the mixed flora of weeds which resulted in the lowest weed density, weed dry weight, weed index and highest weed control efficiency which resulted in the highest grain yield and stover yield of mustard. Pre-emergence application of pendimethalin 0.75 kg ha-1 fb straw mulch 5 t ha-1 registered the highest benefit-cost ratio.

Efficacy of Sequential Applications of Pendimethalin 500 EC (Pendimight®) and Oxyfluofen 240 EC (Harris®) for Weed Control in Direct Seeded Onion (Allium cepa L.) in Sudan

A field study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of pendimethalin 500 EC (trade name: Pendimight®) and oxyfluorfen 240 EC (trade name: Harris®) to control weeds in direct-seeded onion (Allium cepa L.). Pendimethalin and oxyfluorfen were applied solely at reduced rates (1.35 and 0.17 kg a.i. ha-1), and at the recommended rates (1.8 and 0.25 kg a.i. ha-1) as pre-and post-emergence herbicides, respectively. Both herbicides were also applied sequentially at the same doses. Ten weeks after sowing (WAS), the application of pendimethalin alone provided better weed control (62% - 65%) than oxyfluorfen alone (33% - 43%) when they were applied at the lower and recommended rates, respectively. Sequential applications of the two herbicides as pre-and post-emergence herbicides, outperformed applications of the two herbicides alone, and resulted in the best weed control (79% to 85%), lowest weed dry weight (18.35 to 35.60 g.m-2), significantly increased plant height and the number of leaves per plant, and resulted in a ten-fold higher onion yield (24.64 to 26.37 t. ha-1) compared with the Un-weeded control (2.27 t. ha-1). There were no significant differences observed between the treatments on the emergence (%) of onion seeds and the survival of onion seedlings. Sequential applications of pendimethalin and oxyfluorfen is a promising techniques for weed control in direct-seeded onions in Sudan.

Investigating the Effectiveness of Various Weed Control Methods to Reduce Narrow and Broad Leaf Populations in the Oat (Avena sativa L.) Crop

Aims: It is aim to investigating the effectiveness of various weed control methods to reduce narrow and broad leaf populations in oat (Avena sativa L.) crop. Study Design: The experiment was designed using a Randomized Block design method. Place and Duration of Study: Department of agronomy, School of Agriculture, Abhilashi university, Chail Chowk, Mandi, India (H.P.) during the Rabi season of 2022. Methodology: The field trail was conducted with seven treatments and replicated thrice. The investigation included seven different weed control techniques i.e. T1 - weedy check (control), T2 - weed free, T3 - one hand weeding at 25 DAS, T4 - two hand weeding at 25 DAS and 45 DAS,T5 - pre-emergence application of Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i. ha-1 + one hand weeding at 25 DAS, T6 - post emergence application of atrazine @ 0.75 kg a.i. ha -1 at 35 DAS + one hand weeding at 25 DAS, T7 - post emergence metsulfuron methyl @ 0.004 kg a.i. ha -1 at 35 DAS + one hand weeding at 25 DAS. Results: The investigation found that the most effective ways to control weeds are by keeping the area completely weed-free or by using two-hand weeding at 25 DAS and 45 DAS. T2 (weed-free), which involved keeping the area weed-free, was found to be the most successful in terms of achieving the lowest weed density and highest weed control efficiency. Two-hand weeding at 25 DAS and 45 DAS was found to be better than using herbicides to reduce weed infestation in oat crops. Conclusion: Based on the results, it can be concluded that integrated weed management practices weed-free treatment is the most effective option for managing weeds in oats.

Bio-Efficacy of Pre-and Post-Emergence Herbicides on Growth, Productivity, Nodulation of Black Gram (Vigna mungo L.) under Coastal Plain of Odisha

Background: Weeds compete with plants for resources during cultivation and the control of weeds during the critical period of crop-weed competition is crucial to avoid yield loss ranging from 50%-90% in black gram. The first 4-5 weeks are critical for black gram crop-weed competition. The composition of weed flora, the duration of crop-weed competition and its intensity significantly impact yield losses in black gram cultivation. Therefore, the current study aims to evaluate weed management practices in rabi black gram, with a focus on identifying herbicides that enhance weed control, increase productivity and profitability. Methods: A field experiment was conducted during the rabi season of 2021-2022 and 2022-2023 consecutively at Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar. The field experiment comprised of eight treatments on different herbicide applications as T1- Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl @ 65 g a.i. ha-1, T2- Quizalofop-p-ethyl @ 50 g a.i. ha-1, T3-Cyhalofop-butyl @ 75 g a.i. ha-1, T4-Pendimethalin @ 750 g a.i. ha-1, T5- Oxyflourfen @ 50 g a.i. ha-1, T6- Tembotrione @ 120 g a.i. ha-1, T7- Weed check (control) and T8- Weed free, which was laid under randomised block design. Collected samples were analyzed in the field and laboratory for crop-weed competition, herbicide phytotoxicity and yield attributes. Result: The results revealed that weed-free treatment recorded the lowest weed population (5.27-5.45), weed dry weight (1.35g-2.20 g) and lowest weed index (0.00%) at all growth stages followed by pendimethalin (PE) application. Among yield attributes, weed-free treatment recorded the highest plant height (cm) which was at par with pendimethalin (PE) followed by cyhalofop-butyl (PoE) application. The magnitude of seed yield was increased under weed-free (1035.46 kg ha-1) and pendimethalin (PE) and cyhalofop-butyl (PoE) applications by 53.62% and 48.40%, respectively over the weedy check. Application of tembotrione recorded the highest herbicide phytotoxicity (5.3-7.6) over the rest of the treatments. It can be concluded that the application of pendimethalin 30 EC 750 g ha-1 as PE at 2 DAS followed by cyhalofop-butyl 10 EC 75 g ha-1 can be advisable for better weed control, lower herbicide phytotoxicity and higher yield.

Quantitative Variables Analysis, Growth and Yield of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) under Different Weed Management Practices

Background: The Groundnut or Goober peas (Arachis hypogaea L.) hold a prominent position as one of India’s most crucial food and cash crops. One of the serious bottlenecks that limit the productivity of groundnut is the weed menace. Methods: A field experiment was conducted at Perunthalaivar Kamaraj Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Puducherry during 2021 to 2023 to investigate the effects of integrated weed management practices on groundnut cultivation. The experimental setup followed a randomized block design with nine treatments, each replicated three times. The treatments comprised a range of weed management practices, including the pre-emergence herbicide pendimethalin and post-emergence herbicides like imazethapyr and quizalofop-ethyl. These herbicides were administered either individually or in conjunction with hand weeding once. In addition, hand weedings twice at 20 and 40 DAS were tested with unweeded check. Result: The experiment results of the two years study revealed that the application of Pendimethalin 30% EC + Imazethapyr 2% EC with quizalofop - p- ethyl at 15-20 DAS has gave the maximum plant height (74.7 cm), dry matter production (57.9 g /plant), higher pod yield (3922 kg/ha), haulm yield (5919 kg/ha), highest net return (Rs. 91763 ha-1) and B: C ratio (2.75). The strong positive correlations are plant height (0.96 and 0.97), shelling % (0.98 and 0.99), no. of pods plant-1 (0.98 and 0.99), dry matter production (0.98 and 0.99) and weed control efficiency (0.85 and 0.88). These variables had a positive impact on groundnut yield.

Impact of Weed Control Efficiency of Herbicides on Yield and Economic Returns of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

The field experiment was carried out to investigate the impact of pre- and post-emergence herbicides on chickpea growth and yield. Three replications were set up in RCBD with eleven treatments including: Intercultivation at 20 and 40 DAS, weed free check and weedy check along with two pre-emergence herbicides (Pendimethalin, Pendimethalin + Imazethapyr) and five post-emergence herbicides (Imazethapyr + Imazamox, Propaquizafop + Imazethapyr, Imazethapyr, Quizalofop ethyl and Aciflor + Clodinafop]. Among the herbicidal treatments, application of Pendimethalin 38.7 % CS @ 800 g a.i./ha as PE fb Propaquizafop 2.5 % + Imazethapyr 3.75% W/W ME (RM) @ 125 g a.i./ha as PoE at 25 DAS recorded significantly higher weed control efficiency (84.98%). In terms of yield economics the same treatment recorded higher yield attributes viz., higher number of pods per plant (49.09), higher weight of 100 seeds (24.86 g), higher seed yield per plant (21.37 g) and also recorded higher grain yield (2197 kg/ha), haulm yield (2766 kg/ha), net returns (₹ 80621/ha) and B:C ratio (3.01) compared to the other herbicidal treatments and was on par with the weed free check which was recorded higher results in all the above parameters but encountered with higher cost of cultivation. However, weedy check recorded lowest number of pods per plant (38.18), lower weight of 100 seeds (22.36 g) and lower Seed yield per plant (16.96 g) due to higher weed competition and resulted in lower yield and less returns.

Crop safety and control of acetolactate synthase inhibitor-resistant Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) with very long-chain fatty acid-inhibiting herbicides in dry edible bean

Palmer amaranth is a relatively recent arrival in Western Nebraska, where acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibitor-resistant biotypes are common in the region. With limited effective postemergence (POST) herbicides for controlling ALS-inhibitor-resistant Palmer amaranth in dry edible bean, a sequential preemergence (PRE) followed by (fb) POST program of very long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA)-inhibiting herbicides shows promise. Currently, dimethenamid-P is the only VLCFA-inhibiting herbicide registered for POST use in dry edible bean in Nebraska. The objective of this study was to assess the crop safety and effectiveness in weed control of sequential PRE fb POST programs, including pendimethalin + dimethenamid-P applied PRE fb dimethenamid-P POST, pendimethalin + S-metolachlor PRE fb S-metolachlor POST, and pendimethalin + pyroxasulfone PRE fb POST, in comparison with pendimethalin + dimethenamid-P applied PRE fb imazamox + bentazon + fomesafen applied POST in dry edible bean. Results showed that sequential PRE fb POST programs were more effective in reducing both the density and biomass of Palmer amaranth compared to PRE-alone programs. Pendimethalin + dimethenamid-P applied PRE fb dimethenamid-P POST, along with pendimethalin + S-metolachlor PRE fb S-metolachlor POST, resulted in over 85% control of Palmer amaranth, similar to the effectiveness of pendimethalin + dimethenamid-P PRE fb fomesafen + imazamox + bentazon applied POST. Pendimethalin + pyroxasulfone applied PRE-alone and the application of pendimethalin + pyroxasulfone PRE fb pyroxasulfone POST showed inconsistent control of Palmer amaranth, causing high crop injury, stand loss, and delayed maturity, ultimately leading to yield loss. Dimethenamid-P and S-metolachlor demonstrated excellent crop safety when applied either PRE-only or sequentially. Pendimethalin + S-metolachlor PRE fb S-metolachlor POST provided control of Palmer amaranth comparable to that achieved with POST applications of dimethenamid-P and imazamox + bentazon + fomesafen.

Influence of herbicide-based integrated weed management strategies on growth and yield of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) it Indogangetic plains

In the present study, a field experiment was conducted over two years to evaluate the efficacy and economic performance of imidazolinones. The combined application of imidazolinones with pendimethalin exhibited enhanced effectiveness in controlling the weed populations compared to their individual application. PRE application of pendimethalin + imazethapyr (Ready mix) at 1500 g ha-1, followed by one hoeing at 3-4 leaf stage, proved highly effective in suppressing the dominant weed flora and recorded higher growth parameters and significantly increased the seed yield of fenugreek. Moreover, it emerged as a profitable alternative to the current recommendation of weed control in fenugreek, which involves two hoeing sessions at 25 and 45 days after sowing (DAS).

Bio-efficacy of Herbicides on Weed Density, Weed Control Efficiency, Productivity and Groundnut Quality in Coastal Zone of Karnataka under Rice-Groundnut System

A field experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Station, Kumta, Uttara Kannada district during the rabi-summer season of 2016-17 to investigate the Bio-efficacy of herbicides on weed density, weed control efficiency, productivity and groundnut quality in coastal zone of Karnataka under rice-groundnut system. The experiment followed a RBD with nine treatments out of which six treatments involved the pre-emergence application of herbicides followed by either hand weeding or early post-emergence application, along with control treatments. The results indicated that the pre-emergence application of pendimethalin 30% E.C. (1.5 kg ha-1), followed by one hand weeding at 25 days after sowing (DAS), resulted in significantly reduced total weed density and weed dry matter. This treatment also demonstrated higher weed control efficiency and lower weed index. Moreover, it led to increased pod yield, kernel yield and improved quality of groundnut compared to other treatments.

Chemical Weed Control in Field Pea [Pisum sativum(L.) var arvense

Field pea [Pisum sativum (L.) var arvense] is an important pulse crop mainly grown as a winter vegetable in the plains of north India. The effect of ready-mix application along with various pre- and post- emergence herbicides were evaluated for effective and season long weed control in pea. Pre-emergence application of pendimethalin +imazethapyr (ready-mix) at 1250 g ha-1 provided excellent control of Coronopus didymus, Anagallis arvensis and Chenopodium album similar to weed free conditions and resulted in highest yield (1795 kg ha-1) among the herbicidal treatments. Post-emergence (2-4 leaf stage) application of imazethapyr alone and its different ready-mix combinations with imazamox at 60-80 g ha-1 provided 86.0-94.0% control of weeds at 60 DAS and resulted the grain yield ranging 1503-1620 kg ha-1.The maximum weed control index at 30 DAS (91.5%) was recorded with pre-emergence application of pendimethalin + imazethapyr at 1250 g ha-1 followed by pendimethalin + imazethapyr (PRE) at 1000 g ha-1 (87.80%). Pre-emergence application of pendimethalin + imazethapyr (RM) at 1250 g/ha gave the highest net return along with the highest Benefit Cost Ratio (2.36) followed by the same combination at 1000 and 800 g ha-1.

Drone based herbicide application in greengram (Vigna radiata)

An experiment was conducted during winter (rabi) season of 2023 at Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute, (Tamil Nadu Agricultural University), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu to assess the effect of drone based herbicide application in greengram. Results showed that drones could be effectively used for spraying of pre-emergence herbicide to control weeds and increase the yield of greengram. Further, application of pendimethalin 0.75 kg/ha with spray fluid of 60 litre/ha precisely through drones controlled the weeds effectively (WCE of 81.8%), increased grain yield, saved herbicide dose and spray fluid to the tune of 6.9%, 25% and 88% respectively than manual spray of pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha with spray fluid of 500 litre/ ha. Thus, application of pendimethalin 0.75 kg/ha with spray fluid of 60 litre/ha was considered as the optimum dosage and spray fluid for drone spray to control weeds, increase grain yield and profit in greengram, considering the reduced dose of herbicide as well as the labour scarce situation.