Application Of Nanotechnology In Medicine Research Articles

Nanotechnology: A promising tool for targeted drug delivery

Nanotechnology has eventually and strongly engaged in the field of drug delivery. It makes use of the specific properties of the substance at the Nano scale. Their primary goal is to increase therapeutic effects while reducing adverse effects. Due to their improved goods, nanotechnology has become more popular across a variety of industries. The term “Nano medicine” is used to denote the application of nanotechnology in medicine. This Nano medicine is essential for drug delivery, antibacterial, vaccine development, wearable technology, diagnostic and imaging tools, implants, high throughput screening platforms, etc. It makes use of biological, biomimetic, no biological, or hybrid materials. To attain logical drug delivery, it is important to understand the interlink age between nanoparticles and the biological environment, drug release, and targeting cell-surface receptors. We can control disease progression by using nanomaterial including peptide-based nanotubes to prey the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor. Also, the use of herbal medicine has been used since ancient times. The supply of active compounds is shown by the effectiveness of various species of herbal medicine. The essential requirements for extending novel nanotechnology-based medication delivery systems are highlighted in this review.

Molecular targets and therapeutic strategies for triple-negative breast cancer.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is known for its heterogeneous complexity and is often difficult to treat. TNBC lacks the expression of major hormonal receptors like estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 and is further subdivided into androgen receptor (AR) positive and AR negative. In contrast, AR negative is also known as quadruple-negative breast cancer (QNBC). Compared to AR-positive TNBC, QNBC has a great scarcity of prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. QNBC shows excessive cellular growth and proliferation of tumor cells due to increased expression of growth factors like EGF and various surface proteins. This study briefly reviews the limited data available as protein biomarkers that can be used as molecular targets in treating TNBC as well as QNBC. Targeted therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors have recently changed cancer treatment. Many studies in medicinal chemistry continue to focus on the synthesis of novel compounds to discover new antiproliferative medicines capable of treating TNBC despite the abundance of treatments currently on the market. Drug repurposing is one of the therapeutic methods for TNBC that has been examined. Moreover, some additional micronutrients, nutraceuticals, and functional foods may be able to lower cancer risk or slow the spread of malignant diseases that have already been diagnosed with cancer. Finally, nanomedicines, or applications of nanotechnology in medicine, introduce nanoparticles with variable chemistry and architecture for the treatment of cancer. This review emphasizes the most recent research on nutraceuticals, medication repositioning, and novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of TNBC.

Nanomedicine: Innovative Strategies and Recent Advances in Targeted Cancer Therapy.

Nanomedicine's application of nanotechnology in medicine holds tremendous potential for diagnosing and treating life-threatening diseases such as cancer. Unlike conventional therapies, nanomedicine offers a promising strategy to enhance clinical outcomes while minimizing severe side effects. The principle of drug targeting enables specific delivery of therapeutic agents to their intended sites, making it a more precise and effective therapy. Combination strategies, such as the co-delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs with nucleic acids or receptor-specific molecules, are being employed to enhance therapeutic outcomes. Nanocarriers and drug delivery systems designed using these approaches offer resourceful co-delivery of therapeutic agents for anticancer therapy. Targeted drug delivery via nanotechnology-based techniques has become an urgent need and has shown significant improvements in therapeutic implications, pharmacokinetics, specificity, reduced toxicity, and biocompatibility. This review discusses the extrapolation of nanomaterials for developing innovative and novel drug delivery systems for effective anticancer therapy. Additionally, we explore the role of nanotechnology-based concepts in drug delivery research.

A Review Article: Nanotechnology

Abstract: Nanotechnology is the exploitation of the unique properties of material at the nano scale. It is the engineering of functional system at the sub atomic level covers a broad range of topic and is focused on controlling and utilizing Nanotechnology is applicable to a large variety of sector like energy, environmental science, homeland security, medicines. Cardiovascular and cancer has been combat through nano medicines. (Application of nanotechnology in medicine) .

A mini-review on the emerging role of nanotechnology in revolutionizing orthopedic surgery: challenges and the road ahead.

An emerging application of nanotechnology in medicine currently being developed involves employing nanoparticles to deliver drugs, heat, light, or other substances to specific types of cells (such as cancer cells). As most biological molecules exist and function at the nanoscale, engineering and manipulating matter at the molecular level has many advantages in the field of medicine (nanomedicine). Although encouraging, it remains unclear how much of this will ultimately result in improved patient care. In surgical specialties, clinically relevant nanotechnology applications include the creation of surgical instruments, suture materials, imaging, targeted drug therapy, visualization methods, and wound healing techniques. Burn lesion and scar management is an essential nanotechnology application. Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of numerous orthopedic conditions are crucial technological aspects for patients' functional recovery. Orthopedic surgery is a specialty that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders. In recent years, the field of orthopedics has been revolutionized by the advent of nanotechnology. Using biomaterials comprised of nanoparticles and structures, it is possible to substantially enhance the efficacy of such interactions through nanoscale material modifications. This serves as the foundation for the majority of orthopedic nanotechnology applications. In orthopedic surgery, nanotechnology has been applied to improve surgical outcomes, enhance bone healing, and reduce complications associated with orthopedic procedures. This mini-review summarizes the present state of nanotechnology in orthopedic surgery, including its applications as well as possible future directions.

Nanotechnology

Abstract: Nanotechnology is the exploitation of the unique properties of materials at the nanoscale. Nanotechnology has gained popularity in several industries, as it offers better-built and smarter products. The application of nanotechnology in medicine and healthcare is referred to as nanomedicine, and it has been used to combat some of the most common diseases, including cardiovascular diseases and cancer. The present review provides an overview of the recent advances of nanotechnology in the aspects of imaging and drug delivery.

Nano-particles carried by multiple dynein motors self-regulate their number of actively participating motors.

The application of nanotechnology in medicine is expected to spread rapidly. Many substances are now being researched for drug delivery and, more especially, cancer therapy and dealing with various viruses such as HIV, Herpes simplex virus, and adenoviruses. Since it is the center of gene maintenance and expression regulation, the cell nucleus is a valuable target for viruses of the type outlined above as well as drug delivery systems. The microtubule-associated motor protein dynein is primarily responsible for spontaneously occurring intracellular transport to the nucleus. In this case, we are inspired by viruses (for example, HIV) that recruit dyneins to actively move towards the nucleus. This type of transport is known as “active transport,” and it is distinguished by its directionality and persistence motion toward the nucleus, making it more effective... In this project we aim to mimic the highly efficient transportation properties of native cargoes by rationally designing universally decorated nano-particles (NPs) that could be used for drug delivery applications. We investigate the motion of artificial NPs which grafted with flexible polymers, each ending with a nuclear localization signal (NLS) peptide, thereby allowing recruitment of mammalian cytoplasmic dynein. This unique NP can self-regulate the number of participating dynein motor proteins to optimize their motility properties - engendering persistent motion towards the cell nucleus while being able to go around obstacles that are abundant in the cytoplasm or on the microtubules. Based on these benefits, the use of active transport rather than passive transport has a promising future for therapeutic reasons, both in terms of treatment efficiency and reduced side effects, as the amounts of drug/DNA necessary for therapy are reduced.

Antibacterial and Anti-Biofilm Activities of Silver Nano Particles Conjugated to Chitosan Against Multi-Drug Resistant Bacteria.

Nowadays, most of the traditional and conventional antibiotics are not effective against drug resistant bacterial strains. The emergence and spread of drug resistant bacterial cells calls for new therapeutic agents and strategies to control and treat the infections caused by these bacteria. In this regard, the application of nano-technology in medicine is an interesting approach. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities of Ag Np conjugated to chitosan against multidrug resistant isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter baumannii. Synthesis of the Ag Np and chitosan Np were performed according to the Turkevich and Ionic gelation methods, respectively. Then conjugation of nanoparticles was carried out by standard method. FTR analysis and transmission electron microscopy were used for validation of nanoparticle conjugation. Twenty clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and 20 clinical isolates of carbapenem resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) were obtained from the microbial bank of Imam Khomeini hospital of Tehran, Iran. MIC values of the nanoparticles alone and in conjugation were determined using the microbroth dilution method. Then, fractional inhibitory concentration of agents was concluded by standard method. Finally, anti-biofilm activities of the conjugated Ag Np-chitosan at sub-MIC concentrations was tested against bacterial isolates. Synthesis of Ag Np resulted in the formation of nanoparticles with 10 nm dimensions. MIC90 of the chitosan, Ag Np and their conjugated form were respectively 64, 16, and 8 μg/mL against CRAB isolates. Also, MIC90 of the tested agents, in the same order as mentioned above, were 32, 16, and 4 μg/mL against MRSA. Combination of the agents had additive (0.625) and synergistic (0.375) effects against CRAB and MRSA. Ability of biofilm formation was dramatically reduced by ¼ MIC concentration (2 μg/mL) against the CRAB and ½ MIC concentration (2 μg/mL) in the case of the MRSA isolates. Ag Np-chitosan conjugation, an ideal alternative for ineffective antibiotics, exhibits great antibacterial and anti-biofilm effects against CRAB and MRSA isolates.

Development and optimization of microfluidic assisted manufacturing process to produce PLGA nanoparticles

Nanomedicine consists in the application of nanotechnology in medicine to revolutionize the healthcare sector through transformative new diagnostic and therapeutic tools. In this field, nanostructures or nanocarriers (i.e., nanoparticles) are extensively used as a drug delivery system. Despite the well-defined profits offered by nanomedicines based on poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), the major barriers hampering the launch of a nanoparticles-based product on the market are batch-to-batch variations and its lack of reproducibility from the benchtop to an industrial scale production. Currently, microfluidics technology has emerged as potential tool to achieve a continuous manufacturing with a precise control over fluids mixing and particles quality attributes. This work aims at defining a tailored strategy to produce PLGA NPs, exploiting a new microfluidic device. Moreover, Design of Experiments (DoE) and computational fluid dynamics approaches were exploited to understand the main process parameters and material attributes affecting the quality of the final product as well as the NPs manufacturing process. Finally, the ability to incorporate a drug into the PLGA nanoparticles was investigated by using Curcumin as model payload reaching encapsulation efficiency in the rank 28–44%. This paper is proposed as useful guide for the preparation of PLGA NPs by microfluidic technique.

Anchoring of Nanocomposites Based on Novel Metal Nanocomplexes/Nanocarbonaceous Surfaces and Assessing Their In Vivo Anticancer Effects on Ehrlich Ascites Tumor.

Nanotechnology is the study of materials' unique properties at the nanoscale. Nanomedicine is the application of nanotechnology in medicine, which has been utilized to treat some common diseases, such as cancer. The aim of the present work is to synthesize the cadmium (Cd) nanocomplex using paracetamol as a ligand with a molar ratio of 1:2 M/L that was characterized by different physicochemical methods and to explore the effect of the synthesized Cd nanocomplex on the immune system and the redox status of the body and their anticancer effects on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) induced in mice. Eighty female albino mice were separated into Group I: control; Group II: EAC; Group III: EAC treated with a low-dose Cd nanocomplex; and Group IV: EAC treated with a high-dose Cd nanocomplex. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), and 8-hydroxy 2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Peroxynitrite level and glutathione peroxidase activity were assessed by spectrophotometry. NRF2 mRNA expression, cadmium content, and liver and renal toxicity were estimated. Results: There was a significant increase in IL-6, NLRP3, 8-OHdG, peroxynitrite, and NRF2 mRNA expressions and in the glutathione peroxidase activity in EAC treated with low- and high-dose Cd nanocomplexes. However, the EAC treated with high-dose Cd nanocomplex group showed significant liver and renal toxicity. Conclusion: Cadmium nanocomplex has anticancer effects on EAC induced in mice via its effects on the immune system and redox status as well as pyroptosis and epigenetic instability of the body, while high doses of Cd nanocomplex can cause liver and renal toxicity.

Progressive application of marine biomaterials in targeted Cancer Nanotherapeutics.

The marine microenvironment harbors a number of unique species of organisms that produce a plethora of compounds that help mankind to cure a wide range of diseases. The diversity of products from the ocean bed serve as potentially healing materials and inert vehicles carrying the drug of interest to the target site. Several composites still lay undiscovered under the blue canopy, which can provide treatment for untreated diseases that keep haunting the earth periodically. Cancer is one such disease that has been of interest to several eminent scientists worldwide over the decades due to the heterogenic complexity involved in the disease pathophysiology. Due to extensive globalization and environmental changes, cancer has become a lifestyle disease that is continuously increasing exponentially in the current decade. This ailment requires a definite remedy that treats by causing minimal damage to the normal cells of the body. The application of nanotechnology in medicine has opened up new avenues of research in targeted therapeutics due to their highly malleable characteristics. Marine waters contain an immense ionic environment that succours the production of distinct nanomaterials with exceptional character, which yield molecules highly flexible to modifications, thus facilitating the engineering of targeted biomolecules. This review provides a short insight into an array of marine biomolecules that can be probed into cancer nano-therapeutics sparing healthy cells.

Nanomedicine as an Emerging Technology to Foster Application of Essential Oils to Fight Cancer.

Natural prodrugs extracted from plants are increasingly used in many sectors, including the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. Among these prodrugs, essential oils (EOs) are of particular importance. These biologically active volatile oily liquids are produced by medicinal and aromatic plants and characterized by a distinctive odor. EOs possess high anticancer, antibacterial, antiviral, and antioxidant potential but often are associated with low stability; high volatility; and a high risk of deterioration with exposure to heat, humidity, light, or oxygen. Furthermore, their bioavailability is limited because they are not soluble in water, and enhancements are needed to increase their potential to target specific cells or tissues, as well as for controlled release. Nanomedicine, the application of nanotechnology in medicine, may offer efficient solutions to these problems. The technology is based on creating nanostructures in which the natural prodrug is connected to or encapsulated in nanoparticles or submicron-sized capsules that ensure their solubility in water and their targeting properties, as well as controlled delivery. The potential of EOs as anticancer prodrugs is considerable but not fully exploited. This review focusses on the recent progress towards the practical application of EOs in cancer therapy based on nanotechnology applications.

Nanotechnology in Kidney and Islet Transplantation: An Ongoing, Promising Field.

Organ transplantation has evolved rapidly in recent years as a reliable option for patients with end-stage organ failure. However, organ shortage, surgical risks, acute and chronic rejection reactions and long-term immunosuppressive drug applications and their inevitable side effects remain extremely challenging problems. The application of nanotechnology in medicine has proven highly successful and has unique advantages for diagnosing and treating diseases compared to conventional methods. The combination of nanotechnology and transplantation brings a new direction of thinking to transplantation medicine. In this article, we provide an overview of the application and progress of nanotechnology in kidney and islet transplantation, including nanotechnology for renal pre-transplantation preservation, artificial biological islets, organ imaging and drug delivery.

Synthesis and Investigation of Antibacterial Activity of Thin Films Based on TiO2-Ag and SiO2-Ag with Potential Applications in Medical Environment.

Multiple antibiotic resistance has now become a major obstacle to the treatment of infectious diseases. In this context, the application of nanotechnology in medicine is a promising alternative for the prevention of infections with multidrug-resistant germs. The use of silver as a powerful antibacterial agent has attracted much interest. TiO2 and SiO2 thin films enhanced with Ag particles have been developed with the aim of maintaining the transparency of the polymer films. Antibacterial activity was evaluated for a Gram-negative species-Escherichia coli-in concentrations of 105 and 104 CFU/mL in different conditions-activation by UV irradiation, single layer and double layer. Increased antibacterial efficacy of TiO2-deposited foil was found for the tests that had been exposed to UV activation. In the case of bilayer tests, the efficiency was higher compared to those in a single layer, as the contact surface between the films and the bacterial suspension increased. Films can be used as a potential method to limit bacterial growth on hospital surfaces, such as telephone screens and medical equipment, given their optimized characteristics and proven antibacterial efficacy.

Patentability of Nanotechnology Inventions: A Study Based on Decisions by the Examination Division of the European Patent Organisation, the Opposition Division and the Technical Board of Appeal

Abstract The World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) has identified nanotechnology as one of the prominent technologies of recent times (WIPO Magazine ‒ August 2011). Nanotechnology has a wide variety of applications in the field of medicine which are leading to the evolution of a new branch of medical science – nanomedicine. This involves using particles or materials within the size range of one nanometre and a thousand nanometres to diagnose, treat, and prevent various diseases. Biomedical nanotechnology, bionanotechnology, and nanomedicines are applications of nanotechnology in medicine and this article covers these three areas under the umbrella-term ‘nanomedicines.’ The European Union is a significant player in the wider nanotechnology market (including nanomedicines). At the European Patent Office (EPO), the number of nanotechnology patent applications (including nanomedicines) is increasing every year. The European Patent Convention (EPC) – the unified European patent system – came into existence in 1973. It provided patent protection for valid technologies according to the patentability criteria provided by EPC, and Art. 27(1) of TRIPS directs its signatories to offer patent protection for every technology equally. However, nanotechnology’s unique nature poses a threat to the existing patent law. This paper critically analyses certain decisions by the EPO and its Boards of Appeal considering the technological speciality of nanotechnology inventions with reference to nanomedicines.

Antibacterial Effect of Silver Nanoparticles Dispersed over Graphene Silicate on Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria

Due to the widespread prescription of antibiotics has caused the surge of antibiotic resistant bacterial strains and reduced the effectiveness of treatment methods. The application of nanotechnology in medicine has introduced new pathways for medical treatments and therapy. For example, many researchers has shown the potential of nanoparticles in medical imaging, drug delivery, and treatment of life-threatening diseases. Among the nanotechnology, nanoparticles are increasingly used to target bacteria. Among the nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles have been applied in antimicrobial technologies due to their high surface area. However, some studies showed that bacteria can develop resistance to silver nanoparticles after repeated exposure. In order to improve the stability of nanoparticles, it is necessary to support nanoparticles with capping agents or templates. In our research, the silver nanoparticles was supported over graphene silicate (Ag-Gsi). Many carbon materials such as activated carbon and graphene material are well-known for their antibacterial effect and stability. The use of silicate template is for further enhancing the adhesion and dispersion of silver nanoparticle on the surface of graphene material. The structure of nanocomposite was determine by using Powder X-Ray Diffraction (P-XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). The antimicrobial test and zone inhibition test were applied to examine the effect of the composite against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. The research showed that the antibacterial ability of Ag-Gsi was higher than that of graphene silicate.

Immunomodulatory Nanomedicine for the Treatment of Atherosclerosis.

Atherosclerosis is the main underlying cause of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), which remain the number one contributor to mortality worldwide. Although current therapies can slow down disease progression, no treatment is available that can fully cure or reverse atherosclerosis. Nanomedicine, which is the application of nanotechnology in medicine, is an emerging field in the treatment of many pathologies, including CVDs. It enables the production of drugs that interact with cellular receptors, and allows for controlling cellular processes after entering these cells. Nanomedicine aims to repair, control and monitor biological and physiological systems via nanoparticles (NPs), which have been shown to be efficient drug carriers. In this review we will, after a general introduction, highlight the advantages and limitations of the use of such nano-based medicine, the potential applications and targeting strategies via NPs. For example, we will provide a detailed discussion on NPs that can target relevant cellular receptors, such as integrins, or cellular processes related to atherogenesis, such as vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. Furthermore, we will underline the (ongoing) clinical trials focusing on NPs in CVDs, which might bring new insights into this research field.

Nanotechnology and its use in imaging and drug delivery (Review).

Nanotechnology is the exploitation of the unique properties of materials at the nanoscale. Nanotechnology has gained popularity in several industries, as it offers better built and smarter products. The application of nanotechnology in medicine and healthcare is referred to as nanomedicine, and it has been used to combat some of the most common diseases, including cardiovascular diseases and cancer. The present review provides an overview of the recent advances of nanotechnology in the aspects of imaging and drug delivery.

Advanced Technologies in DNA-based Nanomedicine

: The application of nanotechnology in medicine and pharmaceutical purpose suggested a novel procedure in the nanotechnology terminology as nanomedicine. There is a wide range of applications for nanotechnology in medicine, such as the use of nanocarriers in drug delivery systems. Recently a remarkable attention to DNA has been made through its amazing functionality and its nature as a nanomaterial in biological systems. Since DNA is a biocompatible, the use of DNA as a nanomaterial in medicine has shown a great perspective of rational engineering of DNA nanostructures. According to new approaches in treatment of diseases in gene levels, gene therapy, using DNA as a nanomedicine possesses an important role in the medical sciences as the researchers published enormous papers and patents in the fields, for instance, the applications of DNA and DNA-based nanostructures as drug or gene nanocarriers, DNA-based diagnostics and DNA nanovasccines. Here, some examples of DNA-based nanomedicine in the patent frame were reviewed.

Nanotechnology in neurosurgery: a systematic review

BACKGROUND The application of nanotechnology in medicine encompasses an interdisciplinary field of sciences for the diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of medical conditions. This study aims to systematically review and summarize the advances of nanotechnology applicable to neurosurgery. METHODS We performed a PubMed advanced search of reports exploring the advances of nanotechnology and nanomedicine relating to diagnosis, treatment, or both, in neurosurgery, for the last decade. The search was performed according to PRISMA guidelines, and the following data were extracted from each paper: title; authors; article type; PMID; DOI; year of publication; in vitro, in vivo model; nanomedical, nanotechnological material; nanofield; neurosurgical field; the application of the system; and main conclusions of the study. RESULTS A total of 78 original studies were included in this review. The results were organized into the following categories: functional neurosurgery, head trauma, neurodegenerative diseases, neuro-oncology, spinal surgery and peripheral nerves, vascular neurosurgery, and studies that apply to more than one field. A further categorization applied in terms of nanomedical field such as neuroimaging, neuro-nanotechnology, neuroregeneration, theranostics, and neuro-nanotherapy. CONCLUSION In reviewing the literature, significant advances in imaging and treatment of central nervous system diseases are underway and are expected to reach clinical practice in the next decade by the application of the rapidly evolving nanotechnology techniques.