Application Of Nanocellulose Research Articles

Facile fabrication of PF-540-Eu@TOCNF films with hydrophobic and photoluminescent properties

Based on the biodegradable natural polymer compound TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils, and using EuCl3·6H2O, 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane and 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyltrimethoxysilane as functional reagents, a novel type of cellulose nanofibril composite films with hydrophobic and photoluminescent properties was fabricated by a simple solvothermal method. The effects of reaction time, reaction temperature, Vol.% C2H5OH, solvents dosage, and n (Eu3+: COOH) on the photoluminescence and hydrophobicity of the films were investigated, while the films were characterized by using UV meter, fluorescence spectrometer, contact angle meter, FT-IR, XPS, SEM, EDS, TEM, XRD and TG. The results demonstrate that the surface of the film is uniformly loaded with Eu3+ and emits bright red light under UV irradiation, which has excellent photoluminescence, hydrophobicity (water contact angle 137.6°) and higher thermal stability. And high-value applications of nanocellulose in the fields of bioimaging, anti-counterfeiting and sensing detection in the low-temperature and high-humidity environment will be expanded.

Current advances of nanocellulose application in biomedical field

Nanocellulose (NC) is a natural fiber that can be extracted in fibrils or crystals form from different natural sources, including plants, bacteria, and algae. In recent years, nanocellulose has emerged as a sustainable biomaterial for various medicinal applications including drug delivery systems, wound healing, tissue engineering, and antimicrobial treatment due to its biocompatibility, low cytotoxicity, and exceptional water holding capacity for cell immobilization. Many antimicrobial products can be produced due to the chemical functionality of nanocellulose, such disposable antibacterial smart masks for healthcare use. This article discusses comprehensively three types of nanocellulose: cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), cellulose nanofibrils (CNF), and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) in view of their structural and functional properties, extraction methods, and the distinctive biomedical applications based on the recently published work. On top of that, the biosafety profile and the future perspectives of nanocellulose-based biomaterials have been further discussed in this review.

Harnessing Nature's Ingenuity: A Comprehensive Exploration of Nanocellulose from Production to Cutting-Edge Applications in Engineering and Sciences.

Primary material supply is the heart of engineering and sciences. The depletion of natural resources and an increase in the human population by a billion in 13 to 15 years pose a critical concern regarding the sustainability of these materials; therefore, functionalizing renewable materials, such as nanocellulose, by possibly exploiting their properties for various practical applications, has been undertaken worldwide. Nanocellulose has emerged as a dominant green natural material with attractive and tailorable physicochemical properties, is renewable and sustainable, and shows biocompatibility and tunable surface properties. Nanocellulose is derived from cellulose, the most abundant polymer in nature with the remarkable properties of nanomaterials. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the methods used for nanocellulose preparation, structure-property and structure-property correlations, and the application of nanocellulose and its nanocomposite materials. This article differentiates the classification of nanocellulose, provides a brief account of the production methods that have been developed for isolating nanocellulose, highlights a range of unique properties of nanocellulose that have been extracted from different kinds of experiments and studies, and elaborates on nanocellulose potential applications in various areas. The present review is anticipated to provide the readers with the progress and knowledge related to nanocellulose. Pushing the boundaries of nanocellulose further into cutting-edge applications will be of particular interest in the future, especially as cost-effective commercial sources of nanocellulose continue to emerge.

Insight into the Latest Medical Applications of Nanocellulose.

Nanocelluloses (NCs) are appealing nanomaterials that have experienced rapid development in recent years, with great potential in the biomedical field. This trend aligns with the increasing demand for sustainable materials, which will contribute both to an improvement in wellbeing and an extension of human life, and with the demand to keep up with advances in medical technology. In recent years, due to the diversity of their physical and biological properties and the possibility of tuning them according to the desired goal, these nanomaterials represent a point of maximum interest in the medical field. Applications such as tissue engineering, drug delivery, wound dressing, medical implants or those in cardiovascular health are some of the applications in which NCs have been successfully used. This review presents insight into the latest medical applications of NCs, in the forms of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), with an emphasis on the domains that have recently experienced remarkable growth, namely wound dressing, tissue engineering and drug delivery. In order to highlight only the most recent achievements, the presented information is focused on studies from the last 3 years. Approaches to the preparation of NCs are discussed either by top-down (chemical or mechanical degradation) or by bottom-up (biosynthesis) techniques, along with their morphological characterization and unique properties, such as mechanical and biological properties. Finally, the main challenges, limitations and future research directions of NCs are identified in a sustained effort to identify their effective use in biomedical fields.

Nanocellulose/Nanodiamond Hybrids: A Review

Nanocellulose can be obtained from low-cost sources and has been extensively studied in the last decades due to its biodegradability, biocompatibility, low weight, large specific surface area, and good mechanical and optical properties. The nanocellulose properties palette can be greatly expanded by incorporating different metals, metal oxides or carbon nanomaterials, with the formation of multifunctional hybrids. Nanocellulose–nanocarbon hybrids are emerging nanomaterials that can respond to many current challenges in areas such as water purification, energy storage and conversion, or biomedicine for drug delivery, tissue engineering, antitumor and antimicrobial therapies, and many others. Although nanocellulose–nanodiamonds hybrids are still in their infancy, these nanomaterials are extremely promising for applications requiring good thermal conductivity and mechanical strength along with optical transparency. A strong increase in the thermal conductivity of a nanocellulose film of about 150 times was obtained after the addition of 90 wt% single-crystal nanodiamonds and a 70% increase in the Young’s modulus of nanocellulose films was produced by the addition of 5 wt% nanodiamonds. Therefore, in this review, data related to the manufacturing routes, main properties, and applications of nanocellulose–nanodiamonds hybrids are presented and discussed. This review paves the way for new methods and procedures to obtain nanocellulose–nanodiamonds hybrids better adapted to practical needs.

Extraction and characterization of novel cellulose nanocrystals from Artemisia scoparia straw and their application in hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) films

Abstract This research study reports on the extraction of nanocellulose followed by structural and thermal analysis and application of nanocellulose in hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) nanocomposite films. The cellulose nanocrystals were isolated from Artemisia scoparia straw through an alkaline treatment and bleaching process, followed by sulphuric acid hydrolysis. The HPMC nanocomposite films were prepared by a solution casting method and dried at room temperature. Fourier transform infrared-ray (FTIR) spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques were used to analyze the structural and thermal properties of the materials, including the cellulosic material, the nanomaterial, and the nanocomposites. The FTIR spectra indicated that the extraction procedure was adequate, demonstrating the removal of lignin and hemicellulose and the preparation of nanocellulose. The TGA results revealed the thermal degradation pattern of the cellulose and showed that the HPMC films had enhanced thermal stability. This research demonstrates that A. scoparia straw has potential for the extraction of cellulosic nanomaterial and a wide range of applications in nanocomposites.

High internal phase Pickering emulsions stabilized by ε-poly-l-lysine grafted cellulose nanofiber for extrusion 3D printing

An effective method for preparing food-grade three-dimensional (3D) printing materials was the use of highly concentrated oil-in-water emulsions. This research reported 3D printable materials constructed from food-grade high internal phase Pickering emulsions (HIPPEs) that were stabilized by ε-poly-l-lysine grafted cellulose nanofiber (ε-PL-TOCNs). The ε-PL-TOCNs were prepared via ε-poly-l-lysine grafting of 2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (TEMPO)-oxidized cellulose (TOC) and the successive mechanical treatment. Subsequently, the chemical structure, microstructure and surface properties of ε-PL-TOCNs were characterized. The results showed that the prepared ε-PL-TOCNs had excellent dispersion performances, cationic properties brought by amino groups, and hydrophilic/hydrophobic functions of chain structure, which confirmed the feasibility of preparing HIPPEs. The HIPPEs with an internal phase volume fraction of 82 % were obtained at 0.8 wt% ε-PL-TOCNs concentration and pre-emulsification followed by continuous oil feeding. The HIPPEs' storage stability, morphology, and rheological behavior were further discussed. The ultra stable HIPPEs with apparent shear-thinning behavior and high solid viscoelasticity were successful produced, which was suitable for 3D printing. This work expanded the application of nanocellulose in emulsions field and provided a new thinking to prepare food-grade 3D printable materials and porous foam.

Recent Advancements in the Valorization of Agro-Industrial Food Waste for the Production of Nanocellulose

The rising climate change concerns over the excessive exploitation of non-renewable sources have necessitated the need for alternative renewable and eco-friendly resources for the production of innovative materials, achieving the targets of bioeconomy. Lignocellulosic biomass (LB) constituted by polymeric sugars and lignin is an abundantly available plant-based renewable material in the form of agro-industrial food waste and crop residues that can be exploited for the production of an array of value-added chemicals and bioproducts. Cellulose is the most abundant natural and biodegradable organic polymer on earth derived from LB, with wide scale applications in the lignocellulosic biorefineries and food industries. The negative effects of food waste from agro-industrial activities could be reduced through the recovery of cellulose from these wastes and converting it into valuable forms. However, the extraction of cellulose from LB is a difficult task owing to the recalcitrant nature of biomass that restricts the easy accessibility of cellulose for value addition. Therefore, a suitable cellulose extraction method through the fractionation of LB is necessary for a better cellulose yield. Furthermore, owing to the enormous potential of nanocellulose (NC), researchers are keenly interested in developing ecologically acceptable cellulose extraction methods. Cellulose nanofibrils and nanocrystals confer excellent mechanical properties, non-toxic characteristics and biodegradability, due to which they possess wide-scale applications in diverse industrial sectors. The current review emphasizes the potential role of cellulose extraction and NC production from agro-food waste. The different pretreatment methods for their extraction from LB are outlined. The applications of nanocellulose in different areas are also discussed. The review also highlights the recent trends, challenges and future directions in the development of cellulose and NC-based commercial products.

Overexpression of a gibberellin 20-oxidase gene in poplar xylem led to an increase in the size of nanocellulose fibrils and improved paper properties

Cellulose, the major component of secondary cell walls, is the most abundant renewable long-chain polymer on earth. Nanocellulose has become a prominent nano-reinforcement agent for polymer matrices in various industries. We report the generation of transgenic hybrid poplar overexpressing the Arabidopsis gibberellin 20-oxidase1 gene driven by a xylem-specific promoter to increase gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis in wood. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and sum frequency generation spectroscopic (SFG) analyses showed that cellulose in transgenic trees was less crystalline, but the crystal size was larger. The nanocellulose fibrils prepared from transgenic wood had an increased size compared to those from wild type. When such fibrils were used as a reinforcing agent in sheet paper preparation, the mechanical strength of the paper was significantly enhanced. Engineering the GA pathway can therefore affect nanocellulose properties, providing a new strategy for expanding nanocellulose applications.

Nanotechnology Applied to Cellulosic Materials.

In recent years, nanocellulosic materials have attracted special attention because of their performance in different advanced applications, biodegradability, availability, and biocompatibility. Nanocellulosic materials can assume three distinct morphologies, including cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), cellulose nanofibers (CNF), and bacterial cellulose (BC). This review consists of two main parts related to obtaining and applying nanocelluloses in advanced materials. In the first part, the mechanical, chemical, and enzymatic treatments necessary for the production of nanocelluloses are discussed. Among chemical pretreatments, the most common approaches are described, such as acid- and alkali-catalyzed organosolvation, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO)-mediated oxidation, ammonium persulfate (APS) and sodium persulfate (SPS) oxidative treatments, ozone, extraction with ionic liquids, and acid hydrolysis. As for mechanical/physical treatments, methods reviewed include refining, high-pressure homogenization, microfluidization, grinding, cryogenic crushing, steam blasting, ultrasound, extrusion, aqueous counter collision, and electrospinning. The application of nanocellulose focused, in particular, on triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) with CNC, CNF, and BC. With the development of TENGs, an unparalleled revolution is expected; there will be self-powered sensors, wearable and implantable electronic components, and a series of other innovative applications. In the future new era of TENGs, nanocellulose will certainly be a promising material in their constitution.

Understanding Nanocellulose-Water Interactions: Turning a Detriment into an Asset.

Modern technology has enabled the isolation of nanocellulose from plant-based fibers, and the current trend focuses on utilizing nanocellulose in a broad range of sustainable materials applications. Water is generally seen as a detrimental component when in contact with nanocellulose-based materials, just like it is harmful for traditional cellulosic materials such as paper or cardboard. However, water is an integral component in plants, and many applications of nanocellulose already accept the presence of water or make use of it. This review gives a comprehensive account of nanocellulose-water interactions and their repercussions in all key areas of contemporary research: fundamental physical chemistry, chemical modification of nanocellulose, materials applications, and analytical methods to map the water interactions and the effect of water on a nanocellulose matrix.

Development of asphalt cements for road pavement using sustainable nanomaterials: A review

AbstractIn today's world, transportation infrastructure plays a vital role in global competitiveness and quality of life in societies. The pavement industry deals with tremendous amounts of construction materials. Thus, even a small improvement in the technology can lead to significant environmental benefits and a reduction in the life‐cycle cost of road networks. Asphalt cement is an integral part of road pavement construction, and despite favorable properties at the processing temperature, some challenges need to be addressed to reduce cost and improve performance. This review discusses the nanocellulose modification of asphalt cement for pavement application. Three primary cellulose‐based nanoparticles were studied, including bacterial cellulose, cellulose nanofibers, and cellulose nanocrystals, and their applications in asphalt cement modification. Various research results show significant improvement in pavement's rheological and performance properties with the help of cellulose‐based nanoparticles. However, this review provides the reader with an objective evaluation of the benefits and practical challenges ahead of the industrial‐scale application of nanocellulose in the pavement industry.

Acetylated tunicate nanocellulose-based high-efficient air filter media with antibacterial property

Nanocellulose has great potential for application in highly efficient filter media. However, its application is hindered significantly by the structure collapse of nanofiber networks due to capillary adhesion and hydrogen bonds formed during the wet-laid process. Here, the tunicate nanocelluloses (TNCs) are modified with acetic anhydride and (3-Aminopropyl) triethoxysilane, respectively, to alleviate such collapse of the nanofiber networks. The obtained acetylated tunicate nanocelluloses (ANCs) and silylated tunicate nanocelluloses (SNCs) are applied to fabricate composite filter media together with a glass fiber (GF) substrate layer. The filtration efficiency of TNC/GF, ANC/GF, and SNC/GF filter media increase to 99.983%, 99.991%, and 99.994%, respectively, compared with pure glass fibers filter media (99.916%). The smaller air resistance of ANC/GF filter media (314.3 Pa) compared to that of TNC/GF (323.9 Pa) and SNC/GF (346.7 Pa) filter media contributes to a larger quality factor (0.03 Pa-1). The ANC/GF filter media shows antibacterial capability. The survival rate of escherichia coli (E. coli) and staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria with an original concentration of 2✕107 cell/mL decreased to 44.2% and 5.8%, respectively, after exposure to ANC/GF filter media for 6 h. Their survival rate decreased to less than 0.5% after exposure to the ANC/GF filter media loaded with silver nanoparticles for 1 h. This work will promote the application of nanocellulose in highly efficient air filter media.

A Comprehensive Review on Important Preparation and Application of Nanocellulose

A Comprehensive Review on Important Preparation and Application of Nanocellulose

Cellulose nanocrystals vs. cellulose nanospheres: A comparative study of cytotoxicity and macrophage polarization potential

Nanocellulose application has been increasing owing to its appealing physicochemical properties. Monitoring of the crystallinity, surface topography, and reactivity of this high-aspect-ratio nanomaterial is crucial for efficient tissue engineering. Controlling macrophage polarization phenotype remains a challenge in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Herein, we monitored the effects of shape-regulated (rod and spherical) nanocellulose on the macrophage modulatory potential of RAW 246.7 cells in vitro. Spherical nanocellulose (s-NC) exhibited higher thermal stability and biocompatibility than rod nanocellulose. Macrophage polarization was profoundly affected by nanocellulose topography and incubation period. M2 polarization was observed in vitro after 1 day of treatment with s-NC, followed by M1 polarization after treatment for longer periods. Transcriptome analysis similarly revealed that M1 polarization was dominant after 1 day h of incubation with both nanocellulose types. These findings demonstrate that macrophage polarization can be controlled by selecting suitable nanocellulose shape and incubation time for desired applications.

A Review of Applications of Nanocellulose to Preserve and Protect Cultural Heritage Wood, Paintings, and Historical Papers

Due to several of their characteristics, such as their renewability, sustainability, and eco-friendliness, nanocellulose-based materials are arousing growing interest from researchers in various fields of study and applications. The purpose of this review article is to provide an overall view of the most recent applications of these innovative bio-nanomaterials in the field of cultural heritage. First, an introduction of the different classes of cellulose nanomaterials and their synthesis and characterization methods is presented. After that, many consolidation treatments based on nanocellulose structures for the recovery of degraded and archeological wood, the stabilization of damaged painting canvases, and the deacidification of historical papers are shown in order to underline the advanced potential of nanocellulose for the conservation of artistic heritage and the respect for the environment.

Applications of nanocellulose and its composites in bio packaging-based starch

This mini-review discusses existing technology and future issues in applying nanocellulose as a starch-based packaging of food material. Biopolymers, mainly starch as packaging materials, are increasingly replacing petroleum plastics. This mini-review encompasses applying the commonly used nanocellulose starch-based bio packaging material, focusing on production processes, properties, and analysis of potential uses in starch-based bio packaging. The use of nanocellulose as an alternative material for starch-based bio packaging substitutes conventional polymers for food packaging and its entirely new properties and characterization. Microorganisms can produce cellulose biopolymers through the fermentation process of various biological resources (e.g., bacterial cellulose). Biomass can be produced directly from various plants (pineapple, water hyacinth, and others). Researchers are currently focused on reducing the problem of pollution due to conventional plastics produced from fossil fuels.

Nanocellulose: A Fundamental Material for Science and Technology Applications.

Recently, considerable interest has been focused on developing greener and biodegradable materials due to growing environmental concerns. Owing to their low cost, biodegradability, and good mechanical properties, plant fibers have substituted synthetic fibers in the preparation of composites. However, the poor interfacial adhesion due to the hydrophilic nature and high-water absorption limits the use of plant fibers as a reinforcing agent in polymer matrices. The hydrophilic nature of the plant fibers can be overcome by chemical treatments. Cellulose the most abundant natural polymer obtained from sources such as plants, wood, and bacteria has gained wider attention these days. Different methods, such as mechanical, chemical, and chemical treatments in combination with mechanical treatments, have been adopted by researchers for the extraction of cellulose from plants, bacteria, algae, etc. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), cellulose nanofibrils (CNF), and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) have been extracted and used for different applications such as food packaging, water purification, drug delivery, and in composites. In this review, updated information on the methods of isolation of nanocellulose, classification, characterization, and application of nanocellulose has been highlighted. The characteristics and the current status of cellulose-based fiber-reinforced polymer composites in the industry have also been discussed in detail.

A novel one-pot strategy to construct 3D-printable cellulose nanofiber/poly(deep eutectic solvent) conductive elastomers

A novel one-pot strategy is developed to construct the 3D-printable cellulose nanofiber/poly (deep eutectic solvent) (CNF/PDES) conductive elastomers. Specifically, the nanofibrillation and chemical modification of cellulose was achieved in the lactic acid/choline chloride (LA/ChCl) or maleic acid/choline chloride (MA/ChCl) deep eutectic solvent (DES) systems, whereby, the initial non-polymerizable DES (LA or MA/ChCl) system have the ability of in-situ polymerization is realized through the epoxide ring-opening reaction of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) with LA (or MA). All the processes were completed in a one-pot DES system, and the preparation of CNF/PDES conductive elastomers were successfully realized. Both CNF/PDES conductive elastomers with chemical and physical cross-linking networks can be fabricated by this one-pot strategy. The self-aggregation of CNF and formation of double bonds effectively improved the mechanical properties of CNF/PDES conductive elastomer. The stress and strain of CNF/PDES composites increased from 59 to 330 KPa and 135 to about 300 %, respectively, when the content of CNF reached 5 wt%. The feasibility of 3D-printable direct ink writing (DIW) of the CNF/PDES by UV light and their application in flexible sensors and human body monitoring were also discovered. The elaborate shape customized by DIW and UV curing realized complex signal detection and transmissions and showed excellent stability and sensitivity, thus promoted the application of nanocellulose in the field of flexible sensing.

Sources, Chemical Functionalization, and Commercial Applications of Nanocellulose and Nanocellulose-Based Composites: A Review.

Nanocellulose is the most abundant material extracted from plants, animals, and bacteria. Nanocellulose is a cellulosic material with nano-scale dimensions and exists in the form of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), and nano-fibrillated cellulose (NFC). Owing to its high surface area, non-toxic nature, good mechanical properties, low thermal expansion, and high biodegradability, it is obtaining high attraction in the fields of electronics, paper making, packaging, and filtration, as well as the biomedical industry. To obtain the full potential of nanocellulose, it is chemically modified to alter the surface, resulting in improved properties. This review covers the nanocellulose background, their extraction methods, and possible chemical treatments that can enhance the properties of nanocellulose and its composites, as well as their applications in various fields.