Application Of Magnetic Nanoparticles Research Articles

Magnetic solid-phase extraction and pre-concentration of 17β-estradiol and 17α-ethinylestradiol in tap water using maghemite-graphene oxide nanoparticles and determination via HPLC with a fluorescence detector

This work presents the synthesis and application of magnetic nanoparticles of graphene oxide (GO)/γ-Fe2O3 as a sorbent for solid-phase extraction and pre-concentration of estrogens in tap water samples followed by the determination using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detector. The GO/γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles were synthesized via co-precipitation and characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, N2 adsorption-desorption and scanning electron microscopy. The adsorption of estrogens was performed after the optimization of the domain for the factors time, pH, and nanoparticle/analyte ratio using a central composite design consisting of eight factorial points (23), six axial points, and five replicates of the central point. The optimal adsorption conditions were obtained at 40 min, pH 6, and 9 mg of magnetic nanoparticles (nanoparticle/analyte concentration ratio = 45000). The analytes were eluted using 500 µL of a solution composed of ethanol/water/acetic acid (80:20:1, v/v/v). The enrichment factor achieved were 91 ± 6 for 17β-estradiol and 119 ± 7 for 17α-ethinylestradiol, whereas the limits of detection achieved for 17β-estradiol and 17α-ethinylestradiol were 2.7 and 0.8 ng L−1, respectively. Recovery tests ranged from 83 to 98%, and the short-term precision was % RSD ≤ 7 (n = 10).

Fast and Robust Proteome Screening Platform Identifies Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation in the Lung in Response to Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles

Despite broad application of magnetic nanoparticles in biomedicine and electronics, only a few in vivo studies on biocompatibility are available. In this study, toxicity of magnetic metal oxide nanoparticles on the respiratory system was examined in vivo by single intratracheal instillation in mice. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples were collected for proteome analyses by LC–MS/MS, testing Fe3O4 nanoparticles doped with increasing amounts of cobalt (Fe3O4, CoFe2O4 with an iron to cobalt ratio 5:1, 3:1, 1:3, Co3O4) at two doses (54 μg, 162 μg per animal) and two time points (day 1 and 3 days postinstillation). In discovery phase, in-depth proteome profiling of a few representative samples allowed for comprehensive pathway analyses. Clustering of the 681 differentially expressed proteins (FDR < 0.05) revealed general as well as metal oxide specific responses with an overall strong induction of innate immunity and activation of the complement system. The highest expression increase could be found for a cluster of 39 proteins, which displayed strong dose-dependency to iron oxide and can be attributed to neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. In-depth proteome analysis expanded the knowledge of in vivo NET formation. During screening, all BALF samples of the study (n = 166) were measured label-free as single-injections after a short gradient (21 min) LC separation using the Evosep One system, validating the findings from the discovery and defining protein signatures which enable discrimination of lung inflammation. We demonstrate a proteomics-based toxicity screening with high sample throughput easily transferrable to other nanoparticle types. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD016148.

Quantum-chemical simulation and experimental study of some magnetic nanoparticles stabilized in fluid suspensions by using organic coating

The biomedical applications of magnetic nanoparticles require the surface modification with organic, hydrophilic molecules, able to ensure the stability of the resulted colloidal suspensions. We present the quantum mechanical approach of two molecules developing stable interfaces with magnetic Co0.5Fe2.5O4 nanoparticles. Sodium oleate, and citric acid, ensuring steric and respectively electrostatic stabilization are comparatively analyzed. The roles of dipole moment and frontier orbitals energies were emphasized to better understanding of some interface phenomena for the optimization of magnetic nanoparticle suspension preparation. Further, practical yielding of colloidal Co0.5Fe2.5O4 nanoparticles by coating with sodium oleate and respectively with citric acid is discussed.

Inductive Magnetic Nanoparticle Sensor based on Microfluidic Chip Oil Detection Technology.

The wear debris in hydraulic oil or lubricating oil has a wealth of equipment operating information, which is an important basis for large mechanical equipment detection and fault diagnosis. Based on traditional inductive oil detection technology, magnetic nanoparticles are exploited in this paper. A new inductive oil detection sensor is designed based on the characteristics of magnetic nanoparticles. The sensor improves detection sensitivity based on distinguishing between ferromagnetic and non-ferromagnetic wear debris. Magnetic nanoparticles increase the internal magnetic field strength of the solenoid coil and the stability of the internal magnetic field of the solenoid coil. During the experiment, the optimal position of the sensor microchannel was first determined, then the effect of the magnetic nanoparticles on the sensor’s detection was confirmed, and finally the concentration ratio of the mixture was determined. The experimental results show that the inductive oil detection sensor made of magnetic nanoparticle material had a higher detection effect, and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 20–70 μm ferromagnetic particles was increased by 20%–25%. The detection signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 80–130 μm non-ferromagnetic particles was increased by 16%–20%. The application of magnetic nanoparticles is a new method in the field of oil detection, which is of great significance for fault diagnosis and the life prediction of hydraulic systems.

Magnetite Nanoparticles Coated with PEG 3350-Tween 80: In Vitro Characterization Using Primary Cell Cultures.

Some medical applications of magnetic nanoparticles require direct contact with healthy tissues and blood. If nanoparticles are not designed properly, they can cause several problems, such as cytotoxicity or hemolysis. A strategy for improvement the biological proprieties of magnetic nanoparticles is their functionalization with biocompatible polymers and nonionic surfactants. In this study we compared bare magnetite nanoparticles against magnetite nanoparticles coated with a combination of polyethylene glycol 3350 (PEG 3350) and polysorbate 80 (Tween 80). Physical characteristics of nanoparticles were evaluated. A primary culture of sheep adipose mesenchymal stem cells was developed to measure nanoparticle cytotoxicity. A sample of erythrocytes from a healthy donor was used for the hemolysis assay. Results showed the successful obtention of magnetite nanoparticles coated with PEG 3350-Tween 80, with a spherical shape, average size of 119.2 nm and a zeta potential of +5.61 mV. Interaction with mesenchymal stem cells showed a non-cytotoxic propriety at doses lower than 1000 µg/mL. Interaction with erythrocytes showed a non-hemolytic propriety at doses lower than 100 µg/mL. In vitro information obtained from this work concludes that the use of magnetite nanoparticles coated with PEG 3350-Tween 80 is safe for a biological system at low doses.

AC biosusceptometry and magnetic nanoparticles to assess doxorubicin-induced kidney injury in rats.

Aim: This paper aims to investigate a doxorubicin (DOX) chronic kidney disease rat model using magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) associated with the alternate current biosusceptometry (ACB) to analyze its different perfusion profiles in both healthy and DOX-injured kidneys. Materials & methods: We used the ACB to detect the MNP kidney perfusion in vivo. Furthermore, we performed biochemical and histological analyses, which sustained results obtained from the ACB system. We also studied the MNP biodistribution. Results: We found that DOX kidney injury alters the MNPs' kidney perfusion. These changes became more intense as the disease progressed. Moreover, DOX has an important effect on MNP biodistribution as the disease evolved. Conclusion: This study provides new applications of MNPs in nephrology, instrumentation, pharmacology, physiology and nanomedicine.

Magnetic nanoparticles for amalgamation of magnetic hyperthermia and chemotherapy: An approach towards enhanced attenuation of tumor.

Targeted cancer therapy facilitates localizing the action of chemotherapeutic drugs at the tumor site enhancing the therapeutic efficacy and reducing the side effects to the healthy cells. The homing property of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), towards the tumor tissues makes them a potential cell-based delivery system for targeted cancer therapy. Along with chemotherapy, hyperthermia has gained interest as a treatment modality of cancer due to the higher sensitivity of the cancer cells towards heat and also due to its action on tumor cells to enhance sensitization towards chemotherapy or radiotherapy. In the current study, we have shown the multifaceted application of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) as a drug delivery vehicle to deliver anti-cancer drug paclitaxel and also as an inducer for magnetic hyperthermia under alternating magnetic field. The combined approach of paclitaxel loaded MNPs and hyperthermia demonstrated enhanced therapeutic efficacy as compared to any single therapy. Further, we have employed MSCs as carrier for these drugs loaded MNPs to achieve targeted and uniform distribution of the MNPs at the tumor site. We have evaluated the efficacy of the system in in vitro and in vivo prostate tumor model. The in vivo tumor study shows uniform distribution of drug loaded MNPs with use of mesenchymal stem cells as a delivery vehicle and combination of hyperthermia and MNP mediated drug delivery results in better tumor remission.

Preparation and Applications of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Novel Drug Delivery Systems: An Overview.

Nanocarriers, as drug delivery frameworks, have been intended to enhance the pharmacological and restorative properties of traditional medications. The consolidation of medical atoms as nanocarriers can function as the drug that is required against corruption, as well as offer the desired potential outcomes in regards to targeting and controlled discharge. In the present overview article, applications of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in medication conveyance are outlined. The MNPs have increased the excitement due to their biocompatibility - low poisonous quality, and their capacity to be handled in a magnetic field, which enables their applications as drug-bearing vehicles. The simplicity of surface modification of these particles can provide opportunities for targeting the moieties that are linked to the particle surface. We trust that the intriguing particles will gain further attention alongside achievements in the current ones in the near future.

Magnetic Nanoparticles for Nanomedicine

The field of nanomedicine has recently emerged as a product of the expansion of a range of nanotechnologies into biomedical science, pharmacology and clinical practice. Due to the unique properties of nanoparticles and the related nanostructures, their applications to medical diagnostics, imaging, controlled drug and gene delivery, monitoring of therapeutic outcomes, and aiding in medical interventions, provide a new perspective for challenging problems in such demanding issues as those involved in the treatment of cancer or debilitating neurological diseases. In this review, we evaluate the role and contributions that the applications of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have made to various aspects of nanomedicine, including the newest magnetic particle imaging (MPI) technology allowing for outstanding spatial and temporal resolution that enables targeted contrast enhancement and real-time assistance during medical interventions. We also evaluate the applications of MNPs to the development of targeted drug delivery systems with magnetic field guidance/focusing and controlled drug release that mitigate chemotherapeutic drugs’ side effects and damage to healthy cells. These systems enable tackling of multiple drug resistance which develops in cancer cells during chemotherapeutic treatment. Furthermore, the progress in development of ROS- and heat-generating magnetic nanocarriers and magneto-mechanical cancer cell destruction, induced by an external magnetic field, is also discussed. The crucial roles of MNPs in the development of biosensors and microfluidic paper array devices (µPADs) for the detection of cancer biomarkers and circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are also assessed. Future challenges concerning the role and contributions of MNPs to the progress in nanomedicine have been outlined.

Development and functionalization of magnetic nanoparticles as stable and reusable catalysts for triacetin synthesis

Applications of magnetic nanoparticles as catalyst support has recently received great attention due to their unique properties, such as high surface area, ease of anchoring, high stability and ease of separation under an external field.

Magnetic field induced uniaxial alignment of the lyotropic liquid-crystalline PMMA-grafted Fe3O4 nanoplates with controllable interparticle interaction.

Magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoplates with a hexagonal platelet shape were synthesized by two steps: hydrothermal synthesis of iron(iii) oxide (α-Fe2O3) nanoplates followed by wet chemical reduction of the α-Fe2O3 nanoplates. Then, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) chains were grafted onto the surface of the hexagonal Fe3O4 nanoplates (F) via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP), which ensures dispersion stability in organic solvents and ionic liquids. After mixing with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([Emim+][NTf2−]), a representative ionic liquid, the resulting PMMA-modified F were found to show good lyotropic liquid-crystalline (LC) behaviour in [Emim+][NTf2−] and to exhibit a fast response to the application of an external magnetic field. Ultrasmall-angle synchrotron X-ray scattering (USAXS) measurements verified that the PMMA chain length, the weight ratio of the ionic liquid and the external magnetic field could significantly influence the interparticle distance (ID) of the PMMA-modified F in [Emim+][NTf2−]. In particular, the lyotropic LC phase could be assigned as a nematic phase with a columnar alignment. In addition, the PMMA-modified F maintained a uniaxially aligned nematic columnar structure along the magnetic field direction. Our study also determined the mechanism for the special alignment of the PMMA-modified F under an external magnetic field by analysing the growth axis, the easy magnetic axes, and the interparticle distance of F. The results suggested that the special alignment of the PMMA-modified F was affected by the interparticle interaction caused by the PMMA long chains on F under the magnetic field. Furthermore, the present study revealed that PMMA-modified F exhibited a new magnetic field responsive behaviour that led not only to the formation of a uniaxial alignment structure but also to control of ID with the help of the PMMA soft corona under the application of a magnetic field. These features could prove to be a promising advance towards novel applications of magnetic nanoparticles (NPs), such as functional magnetic fluids, rewritable magnetic switching devices, and smart magneto-electrochemical nanosensors.

Synthesis, characterization and application of magnetic nanoparticles modified with Fe-Mn binary oxide for enhanced removal of As(III) and As(V)

ABSTRACT Arsenic contamination of drinking water sources is a widespread global problem. Of the As species commonly found in groundwater, As(III) is generally more mobile and toxic than As(V). In this work, magnetic nanoparticles (MNp) modified with Fe-Mn binary oxide (MNp-FeMn) were synthesized in order to develop a low cost adsorbent with high removal efficiency for both arsenic species which can be readily separated from water using a magnetic field. MNp-FeMn were characterized using different techniques including SEM/EDS, XRD and BET analysis. Adsorption of As(III) and As(V) on MNp-FeMn was studied as a function of initial arsenic concentration, contact time, pH, and coexisting anions. The BET specific surface area of MNp-FeMn was 109 m2/g and maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) was the dominant precipitated phase. The adsorption rate of As(III) and As(V) on MNp-FeMn was controlled by surface diffusion. FTIR analysis confirms that surface complexation through ligand exchange was the main mechanism for As(III) and As(V) removal on MNp-FeMn, with As(III) conversion to As(V) occurring on the adsorbent surface. The maximal adsorption capacity q max of MNp for As(III) (26 mg/g) was significantly improved after modification with Fe-Mn binary oxide (56 mg/g), while q max for As(V) was 51 and 54 mg/g, respectively. , and reduced As(III) and As(V) uptake at higher concentrations. MNp-FeMn can be easily regenerated and reused with only a slight reduction in adsorption capacity. The high oxidation and sorption capacity of MNp-FeMn, magnetic properties and reusability, suggest this material is a highly promising adsorbent for treatment of arsenic contaminated groundwater.

Design of magnetic nanoparticles with high magnetic separation efficiencies and durability for Cu2+ adsorption

Fe3O4@SiO2 core–shell structured nanoparticles are promising candidates for adsorption of heavy metal ions from waste water due to their high adsorption capacities and feasible recycling process. However, their practical applications have been hindered by the trade-off between the magnetic separation efficiency and durability. In this study, we demonstrate the preparation of amino-functionalized Fe3O4@SiO2 absorbents with both high magnetic separation efficiencies and durability in strong acidic environment. Our key strategy was to use a thin but highly protective silica layer by manipulating the sol–gel chemistry. With the protection of a thin but poorly permeable silica shell, the durability of the Fe3O4 in strong acid solution was significantly enhanced while its magnetic separation efficiency was maintained. We also demonstrated the adsorption of Cu2+ from aqueous solution corresponded well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The adsorption capacity can be further improved by coating an additional layer of mesoporous SiO2 outside Fe3O4@SiO2. The design of highly durable magnetic absorbents without sacrificing the magnetic separation efficiency greatly facilitates the practical applications of magnetic nanoparticles in adsorption of heavy metal ions.

Synthesis and application of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in siRNA delivery to the retina

AbstractIntroductionSmall interfering RNA (siRNA) is an important RNA interference tool that has found significant application in ocular therapy. For this reason, there is a considerable demand of siRNA delivery platforms able to effectively transfect cells within the retina. Up to now several strategies have been investigated for this application such as lipids, nanoparticles and polymers but in all the cases invasive injections are the only administration routes explored. Moreover, a major limitation shared by all these delivery systems is the lack of active targeting toward the posterior segment of the eye that hampers high transfection efficiencies.PurposeWe aim to synthesize and formulate a new magnetic nanoparticles‐mediated delivery technology that shall allow safe and efficient siRNA delivery to the retina assisted by magnetic targeting.Methods(1) Cationic MNPs have been synthesized, characterized, and their ability to form complexes with siRNA has been demonstrated by Zeta Potential. (2) The in vitro MNPs mediated gene silencing have been tested on green fluorescent protein (GFP)‐stably transfected cells (661W &amp; RPE). Also, gene silencing of the endogenous glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene has been monitored. (3) Finally, the in vitro toxicity of the formulations has been determined in term of apoptosis, cell proliferation and protein production.ResultsMNPs were able to efficiently complex siRNA while maintain their size and charge. MNPs complexed with siRNA achieved high transfection efficiency and gene silencing of GFP as shown by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. The knock‐down efficiency has been confirmed by targeting GAPDH by immunohistochemistry. Finally, proliferation, apoptosis and total protein content assays demonstrate the full biocompatibility of these gene delivery platforms.ConclusionsMagnetic nanoparticles are a promising platform for gene therapy in the context of ocular therapy and allow to achieve high transfection efficiencies in retinal cell lines.This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska‐Curie grant agreement No 722717.

Synthesis and application of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in drug delivery to the retina

AbstractIntroductionThe development of an innovative drug delivery system to target, after topical administration, the retina with bioactive agents against retinal pathologies is a major challenge. Currently, the sole approach to target these tissues is through intravitreous injection, but this is not free from problematics such as severe side effects and rapid clearance of small molecules from the vitreous.PurposeWe aim to synthesize, develop and formulate a new magnetic nanoparticle‐mediated delivery technology that shall allow achieving needle‐free, anesthesia‐free delivery of active drugs to the retina after topical administration assisted by magnetic targeting.Methods MNPs have been synthesized, physico‐chemically characterized and loaded with small organic drugs (valproic acid/Guanabenz). The MNPs biocompatibility have been studied in vitro on retinal pigmented epithelium and photoreceptor cell lines and in vivo after topical administration. The MNPs have been applied on mice under the influence of an external magnetic field to guide them towards the retina. The in vivo histological and functional assays have been monitored to determine the biological effect of the treatment. ResultsThe iron oxide‐based MNPs have spherical shape, a hydrodynamic size less than 150nm and they were not affected by the drug‐loading process. HPLC measurements demonstrate the high loading capacity of the MNPs and reproducibility of the method. Cell proliferation assays showed that MNPs are fully biocompatible.ConclusionsMNPs combined with magnetic targeting is a promising technology for the delivery of bioactive agents to the retina after topical, needle‐free administration.

ESR as a monitoring method of the interactions between TEMPO-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles and yeast cells

Potential application of magnetic nanoparticles as drug carriers in medical treatment requires prior determination of their effects on cells. In this work different spin labels and magnetic nanoparticles functionalized with spin labels as well as their interaction with yeast cells were investigated using electron spin resonance (ESR) method. ESR was demonstrated to be a suitable method for monitoring of magnetic core and attached spin labels. Particular emphasis was placed on characterization of endocytosis and redox processes running inside the cell, resulting in recombination of spin labels. Such data could only be obtained at reduced temperature of ESR measurements.

Magnetic Particles-Based Analytical Platforms for Food Safety Monitoring

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have attracted growing interest as versatile materials for the development of analytical detection and separation platforms for food safety monitoring. This review discusses recent advances in the synthesis, functionalization and applications of MNPs in bioanalysis. A special emphasis is given to the use of MNPs as an immobilization support for biomolecules and as a target capture and pre-concentration to increase selectivity and sensitivity of analytical platforms for the monitoring of food contaminants. General principles and examples of MNP-based platforms for separation, amplification and detection of analytes of interest in food, including organic and inorganic constituents are discussed.

Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles and Nanowires—A Brief Introduction

Magnetic nanoparticles and magnetic nano-species of complex topology (e.g., nanorods, nanowires, nanotubes, etc.) are overviewed briefly in the paper, mostly giving attention to the synthetic details and particle composition (e.g., core-shell structures made of different materials). Some aspects related to applications of magnetic nano-species are briefly discussed. While not being a comprehensive review, the paper offers a large collection of references, particularly useful for newcomers in the research area.

Magnetic bead-based semi-automated phage display panning strategy for the directed evolution of antibodies.

Directed evolution is a proven approach to fine tune or modify biomolecules for various applications ranging from research to industry. The process of evolution requires methods that are capable of not only generating genetic diversity but also to distinguish the variants of desired characteristics. One method that is synonymous with directed evolution of proteins is phage display. Here, we present a protocol describing the application of magnetic nanoparticles coupled with a processor to carry out the identification of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from a diverse antibody library via phage display. Target antigens are coupled to magnetic nanoparticles as the solid phase for the isolation of the binding mAbs via affinity. A gradual enrichment in clones would result in increasing ELISA readouts with increasing rounds of panning. During monoclonal level analysis, positivity can be deduced with comparison to background and controls. The biopanning process can also be adopted for the directed evolution of enzymes, scaffold proteins or even peptides.

Superparamagnetic magnesium ferrite/silica core-shell nanospheres: A controllable SiO2 coating process for potential magnetic hyperthermia application

The control of coating shell becoming important to improve the applicability of magnetic nanoparticles. Herein, we present the scalable technique for preparing MgFe2O4/SiO2 core-shell nanospheres with finely tuned shell thickness and their efficiency in magnetic hyperthermia heating agent. At first, MgFe2O4 dense nanosphere derived from one-step ultrasonic spray pyrolysis (USP) technique. Silica shells were then coated on the as prepared nanospheres with tunable thickness from 10 to 30 nm. We show that the thickness of this coating is finely controlled at allowing our proposed level by using the required amount of SiO2 precursor (SiC8H20O4)/acidic catalyst (HCl) ratio where the surface area of core nanospheres are significantly considered. X-ray diffraction reveals the cubic spinel ferrite structure of core particles with crystallite size 9.6 ± 1.8 nm and Fourier transform infrared spectrum analysis confirmed the formation of SiO2. The morphological observation clarified the uniform and smooth SiO2 shell where core-shell nanostructure is highly monodispersed in a liquid medium. M-H loops confirmed the superparamagnetic nature of all samples at room temperature. Significantly reduced ion release concentration in an aqueous solvent of the coated nanospheres compared with uncoated sample demonstrates the hermetically coating feature of dense SiO2. This MgFe2O4/SiO2 core-shell nanospheres with thine SiO2 shell (10 nm) shows effective heating rate in the operative region (<46 °C) which makes them promising candidates for application as magnetic hyperthermia heating agent.