Application Of Analysis Techniques Research Articles

Research and Application of Analytical Technique on δ18Op of Inorganic Phosphate in Soil

Abstract Analytical technique on oxygen isotope composition of phosphate in soil plays an important role in biogeochemical research. As the composition of the soil is complex with multiple oxygen sources, a liable phosphate enrichment and purification technology is important for phosphate oxygen isotope research. Here we present a protocol on the analysis of the δ 18 O p of inorganic phosphate in soil, wherein phosphate was purified with multiple mineral precipitations and finally precipitated as Ag 3 PO 4 . The efficiency of NH 4 OH purification method was examined and the purity of the product was verified through XRD and element analysis. The result showed that the treatment of Ag 3 PO 4 sample by recrystallizing with ammonia could remove the impurity efficiently without significantly modify oxygen isotope compositions. The validity of sample processing and the reliability of isotope analyses were confirmed by processing a KH 2 PO 4 stand in parallel with soil samples containing phosphate. The analysis result of three types of soil samples indicated that this method provided good precision of 0.2‰. There were significant differences of δ 18 O p among three types of soil (from 15.2‰ to 19.5‰), and δ 18 O p could be used to trace P sources.

Application of experimental design in examination of the dissolution rate of carbamazepine from formulations: Characterization of the optimal formulation by DSC, TGA, FT-IR and PXRD analysis

Poor solubility is one of the key reasons for the poor bioavailability of these drugs. This paper displays a formulation of a solid surfactant system with carbamazepine, in order to increase its dissolution rate. Solid state surfactant systems are formed by application of fractal experimental design. Poloxamer 237 and Poloxamer 338 were used as surfactants and Brij? 35 was used as the co-surfactant. The ratios of the excipients and carbamazepine were varied and their effects on the dissolution rate of carbamazepine were examined. Moreover, the effects of the addition of natural (diatomite) and a synthetic adsorbent carrier (Neusiline UFL2) on the dissolution rate of carbamazepine were also tested. The prepared surfactant systems were characterized and the influence of the excipients on possible changes of the polymorphous form of carbamazepine examined by application of analytical techniques (DSC, TGA, FT-IR, PXRD). It was determined that an appropriate selection of the excipient type and ratio could provide a significant increase in the carbamazepine dissolution rate. By application of analytical techniques, it was found that that the employed excipients induce a transition of carbamazepine into the amorphous form and that the selected sample was stable for three months, when kept under ambient conditions.

Quality Insights: Measurement and quality rationing: an analytical approach

Measurement is as important in quality management as it is in many aspects of human endeavours. Take, for example, a business that is attempting to formulate a yearly budget. This business cannot create a budget out of thin air; it must use qualitative and quantitative assessments based on interpretations and equations. The exact methods businesses use to formulate their budgets may vary, but they should all include statistical analysis in order to achieve accuracy and precision. Budget management and quality management are analogous with respect to the application of analytical techniques to make decisions. This paper capitalises on that relationship to apply budget allocation and rationing techniques to quality. This paper presents an analytical approach to measurement and quality rationing in order to meet quality goals. Quality on a scale of measurement is the premise of this paper.

Application of analytical techniques to monitoring of kidney viability before transplantation during storage in ViaSpan® and Biolasol® Plus preservation solutions

In a porcine kidney transplant model, the effects of ViaSpan® and Biolasol® Plus solutions, as cellular preservation solutions, on graft function were compared. The retrieved porcine kidneys were flushed with either ViaSpan® or Biolasol® Plus solution and cold-stored for 72 h. In the analyzed tissue samples, the ADP/ATP ratio, Caspase-3 activity and DNA fragmentation were evaluated. The changes in the individual morphological finding were observed in pig kidneys preserved in both fluids. All the obtained data suggest that for short-term cold storage of kidney grafts (0 to 24 hours) Biolasol® Plus and ViaSpan® are equally effective, and indicate that porcine kidneys were best preserved in Biolasol® Plus solution for long-term storage (48 to 72 hours). Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the modes of cell death after storage in both of the preservation solutions.

Statistical analysis on ancient mortars: A case study of the Balivi Tower in Aosta (Italy)

This study proposes a first approach to the characterization of the composition and degradation products of historical mortars and their classification through chemometric analysis. This work also aimed at comparing the usefulness and applicability of analytical techniques that are commonly used for mortar examination. Calcimetry, Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA), Ionic Chromatography (IC) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) were used to analyse a number of samples collected from the quadrangular Tower of the Balivi Complex in Aosta (Italy). Cluster Analysis and Principal Components Analysis (PCA) were carried out on the analytical results, and the accordance and the relevance of the results were evaluated. The role of the variables on the samples description and their correlation were evaluated. The results showed the division of the samples into groups that were probably due to the presence of different mortar types manufactured in different periods. Furthermore, an irregular degradation pattern on the four facades and at different heights of the tower was highlighted.

Simulation Approach to State Estimation of Complex Systems

Various uncertainties jeopardize predictability of complex systems arising in different application domains which stimulates the efforts to improve the accuracy of numerical forecast by integrating observations and simulations. This paper addresses a simulation driven approach to the design of feedback controlled observer for complex nonlinear systems where application of analytical techniques become cumbersome or impractical. The quality of state estimations of this approach is tested in applications to some time-dependent and stiff nonlinear systems under significant parameter and initial data uncertainty arising in atmospheric chemistry modeling. We demonstrate that this approach yields robust and rapid state estimation for these systems and simultaneously provides denoising if the corresponding measurements are corrupted by noise.

Investigación y restauración en el Alcázar de Sevilla

The interventions that have been accomplished in the last years at the Alcazar of Seville, coordinated by the School of Arabic Studies (CSIC), are an interesting case that shows the relations among restoration, historic research, application of analytic techniques and diffusion of the results. Interdisciplinary actions carried out with the constant reference to historical values of the monument by a large and varied group of researchers and professionals have allowed not only important results regarding its physical conservation but also significant advances in the knowledge of its history and meaning. Using always rigorous photogrammetric plans as a basis, important original remains have been recuperated, some significative parts have been consolidated and restored and virtual reconstruction have been produced as the result of the historic research.

Theoretical investigation of malaria prevalence in two Indian cities using the response surface method

BackgroundElucidation of the relationships between malaria incidence and climatic and non-climatic factors in a region is of utmost importance in understanding the causative factors of disease spread and design of control strategies. Very often malaria prevalence data is restricted to short time scales (months to few years). This demands application of rigorous statistical modelling techniques for analysis and prediction. The monthly malaria prevalence data for three to five years from two cities in southern India, situated in two different climatic zones, are studied to capture their dependence on climatic factors.MethodsThe statistical technique of response surface method (RSM) is applied for the first time to study any epidemiological data. A new step-by-step model reduction technique is proposed to refine the initial model obtained from RSM. This provides a simpler structure and gives better fit. This combined approach is applied to two types of epidemiological data (Slide Positivity Rates values and Total Malaria cases), for two cities in India with varying strengths of disease prevalence and environmental conditions.ResultsThe study on these data sets reveals that RSM can be used successfully to elucidate the important environmental factors influencing the transmission of the disease by analysing short epidemiological time series. The proposed approach has high predictive ability over relatively long time horizons.ConclusionsThis method promises to provide reliable forecast of malaria incidence across varying environmental conditions, which may help in designing useful control programmes for malaria.

Application of Cluster Sampling Techniques for Analyzing the Effect of Dhatri Lauha – An Ayurvedic Formulation in Iron Deficiency Anaemia

The present work consists of the data of multicentric clinical study conducted on Iron Deficiency Anaemia (Pandu Roga) with an Ayurvedic formulation, Dhatri Lauha. The objective of current study was to assess the clinical safety and efficacy of Dhatri Lauha in the patients of Iron Deficiency Anaemia through measurable objective parameters. This multicentric study was conducted in 12 peripheral research institutes of Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, Department of AYUSH, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi to evaluate the safety and efficacy of Dhatri Lauha with 45 days of treatment. Total 458 Patients were enrolled in this study out of which 400 patients had successfully completed it. Cluster Sampling techniques were used for the analysis of the data on the objective parameters such as weakness, fatigue, palpitation, breathlessness and swollen feet. There has been little work done on methods for cluster analysis of the data where the outcome measure is an event rate (per person time). This work contributes to the application of the statistical techniques for analysis of the Bio-medical studies data.

With Respect to the Analytic Frame: Commentary on Paper by Steven Stern

In this discussion of Steven Stern's paper, support is expressed for the position that analysis should not be defined simply by external criteria such as four-times-a-week frequency, but should get its definition from intrinsic criteria. This raises the question, however, of what the intrinsic criteria are understood to be, and what status to accord the fact that certain extrinsic or objective aspects of the clinical framework (a fixed setting, ground rules, prohibitions, and social and legal sanctions) seem non-negotiable, indispensable, and even constitutive of the therapeutic process, as is the analyst's unilateral application of analytic techniques. Note is made of how the paper lacks a rigorous approach to the actual phenomenology of the frame, thus forfeiting a conceptual appreciation of its distinctive structuring role and its complex functionality. In lieu of an adequate exploration of how the frame works in its own right, the paper superimposes a theory-driven and highly partisan position regarding the necessary malleability of the frame, deriving from the belief that everything in the clinical encounter is co-created and negotiated. A critique of this approach is offered, centering on what is seen as an inadequate distinction between structure and process in this model of the clinical encounter.

A fast and efficient integrity computation for non-precision approach performance assessment

The level of safety to be expected from global positioning system (GPS) must be known in order to use it to support safety critical operations such as air navigation. This is captured by the navigation performance parameter of integrity which includes the ability of the navigation system to deliver a warning to the user in the event of a significant failure and within a specified time-to-alert. Given the high percentile requirement associated with integrity, assessment of expected system performance both in the nominal case and during failure events, requires the application of analytical techniques. This paper identifies the weaknesses of the current methods for assessing the level of performance to be expected of GPS for non-precision approaches and proposes ways to address them including a novel application of a mathematical integration technique that greatly reduces the computational load associated with integrity performance calculations. Results based on computation times show that the new method reduces computational load by a factor of 500+ with a high accuracy and associated high level of confidence. It is shown that in some cases, the technique presented is able to improve GPS RAIM availability beyond the gains achieved by measurement weighting.

Serum biomarker profiling in cancer studies: a question of standardisation?

Companion animals are exposed to similar environmental conditions and carcinogens as humans. In some animal cancers, there also appears to be the same genetic changes associated as in humans. However, little work has been carried out in cancer biomarker identification in animals. The recent dramatic advances in molecular medicine, genomics, proteomics and translational research will allow biomarker identification, which may provide the best strategies for veterinarians and clinicians to combat disease by early diagnosis and administration of effective treatments. Proteomics may have important applications in cancer diagnosis, prognosis and predictive clinical outcome that could directly change clinical practice by affecting critical elemen-ts of care and management. This review summarizes the advances in proteomics that has propelled us to this exciting age of clinical proteomics, and highlights the future work that is required for this to become a reality. In this review, we will discuss the available proteomic technologies and their limitations, and highlight the key areas of research and how they have been used to discover cancer biomarkers. The principles described here are equally applicable to human and animal disease, but implementation of 'omic' technologies requires stringent guidelines for collection of clinical material, the application of analytical techniques and interpretation of the data.

Combination of capillary electrophoresis, PCR and physiological assays in differentiation of clinical strains ofStaphylococcus aureus

Fast, sensitive and cheap determination of pathogenic bacteria is extremely important in many branches, for example biotechnology, quality control, analysis of samples and antimicrobial therapy. The development and application of analytical techniques in practice could provide new possibilities in this regard. The bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for a significant amount of human morbidity and mortality. Rapid and sensitive determination is therefore very important. In the present study, novel methods, based on capillary zone electrophoresis and (as confirmation of these results) molecular analysis of a part of the coag gene, were developed for identification and differentiation of three S. aureus strains. The electrophoretic measurements rely on the differential mobility of bacteria in the fused silica capillary under the direct current electric field. To perform coagulase gene typing, the repeated units encoding hypervariable regions of the S. aureus gene were amplified using the PCR technique followed by restriction enzyme digestion and analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns as well as sequencing. Finally, the results of electrophoretic measurements with molecular analysis were compared.

10th Anniversary Review: Applications of analytical techniques in laboratory studies of the chemical and climatic impacts of mineral dust aerosol in the Earth's atmosphere

It is clear that mineral dust particles can impact a number of global processes including the Earth's climate through direct and indirect climate forcing, the chemical composition of the atmosphere through heterogeneous reactions, and the biogeochemistry of the oceans through dust deposition. Thus, mineral dust aerosol links land, air, and oceans in unique ways unlike any other type of atmospheric aerosol. Quantitative knowledge of how mineral dust aerosol impacts the Earth's climate, the chemical balance of the atmosphere, and the biogeochemistry of the oceans will provide a better understanding of these links and connections and the overall impact on the Earth system. Advances in the applications of analytical laboratory techniques have been critical for providing valuable information regarding these global processes. In this mini review article, we discuss examples of current and emerging techniques used in laboratory studies of mineral dust chemistry and climate and potential future directions.

Study of fibrinogen adsorption on hydroxyapatite and TiO 2 surfaces by electrochemical piezoelectric quartz crystal impedance and FTIR–ATR spectroscopy

The electrochemical piezoelectric quartz crystal impedance (EQCI), a combined technique of piezoelectric quartz crystal impedance (PQCI), electrochemical impedance (EI), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy–attenuated total internal reflectance spectroscopy (FTIR–ATR) were used to in situ study the adsorption process of fibrinogen onto the surface of biomaterials—TiO 2 and hydroxyapatite (Ca 5(PO 4) 3OH, HAP). The equivalent circuit parameters, the resonance frequencies and the half peak width of the conductance spectrum of the two biomaterial-modified piezoelectric quartz crystal (PQC) resonances as well as the FTIR–ATR spectra of fibrinogen during fibrinogen adsorption on TiO 2 and HAP particles modified electrode surface were obtained. The adsorption kinetics and mechanism of fibrinogen were investigated and discussed as well. The results suggested that two consecutive steps occurred during the adsorption of fibrinogen onto TiO 2 and hydroxyapatite (HAP) surface. The fibrinogen molecules were firstly adsorbed onto the surface, and then the rearrangement of adsorbed fibrinogen or multi-layered adsorption occurred. The FTIR–ATR spectroscopy investigations showed that the secondary structure of fibrinogen molecules was altered during the adsorption and the adsorption kinetics of fibrinogen related with the variety of biomaterials. These experimental results suggest a way for enriching biological analytical science and developing new applications of analytical techniques, such as PQCI, EI, and FTIR–ATR.

Requirements for bioanalytical procedures in postmortem toxicology

The application of analytical techniques in postmortem toxicology is often more difficult than in other forms of forensic toxicology owing to the variable and often degraded nature of the specimens and the diverse range of specimens available for analysis. Consequently, analysts must ensure that all methods are fully validated for the particular postmortem specimen(s) used. Collection of specimens must be standardized to minimize site-to-site variability and should if available include a peripheral blood sample and at least one other specimen. Urine and vitreous humor are good specimens to complement blood. In some circumstances solid tissues such as liver are recommended as well as gastric contents. Substance-screening techniques are the most important element since they will determine the range of substances that were targeted in the investigation and provide initial indication of the possible role of substances in the death. While immunoassay techniques are still commonly used for the most common drugs-of-abuse, chromatographic screening methods are required for general unknown testing. These are still predominately gas chromatography (GC) based using nitrogen/phosphorous detection and/or mass spectrometry (MS) detection, although some laboratories are now using time-of-flight MS or liquid chromatography (LC)-MS(MS) to cover a sometimes more limited range of substances. It is recommended that laboratories include a second chromatographic method to provide coverage of acidic and other substances not readily covered by a GC-based screen when extracts do not include all physiochemical types. This may include a gradient high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) photodiode array method, or better LC-MS(MS). Substance-specific techniques (e.g., benzodiazepines, opiates) providing a second form of identification (confirmation) are now divided between GC-MS(MS) and LC-MS(MS) procedures. LC-MS(MS) has taken over from many methods for the more polar compounds previously used in HPLC or in GC methods requiring derivatization. Analysts using LC-MS will need to obtain clean extracts to avoid poor and variable sensitivity caused by background suppression of the signal. Isolation techniques in postmortem toxicology tend to favor liquid extraction; however solid-phase extraction and solid-phase microextraction methods are available for many analytes.

Integrating Analytical Techniques with Business Strategic Decision-Making

The paper offers a discussion about the impact of strategic position on strategic decision-making. Many transitional countries are solving the problem of criteria, their selection and evaluation for a successful competition in the global environment. The theoretical aspects of the application of analytical techniques in strategic decision-making and the ways how strategic decisions, based on these techniques, should be made by Lithuanian dairy product producers are discussed. The analysis shows that adaptability is the essential characteristic of decision making for the future of an enterprise, and up-ta-date techniques should be included into strategic thinking.

Combined application of analytical techniques for the characterization of polymer supported species

The combined application of a diverse range of analytical techniques is described for the complete analysis of polymer supported molecules. These techniques permit complete description of the FTIR, (1)H NMR, and (13)C NMR spectra. The comparison of supported bicyclo[2.2.2]octane derivatives with analogous species prepared using polymer supported reagents is made.

Negotiation Support for Multi-Party Resource Allocation: Developing Recommendation for Decreasing Transportation-Related Air Pollution in Budapest

Decisions about how to allocate scarce resources among potential programs are common sources of conflict in both public and private life. This paper describes a case in which negotiation support was provided for a five-member task force trying to reach agreement about how to allocate limited resources among programs designed to improve the air quality in Budapest, Hungary. The intervention consisted of a series of facilitated decision conferences, plus individual interviews. The task force eventually reached agreement about a recommended package of 15 air quality management programs costing 1,500 million Hungarian forints. The research makes four significant contributions. First, it demonstrated that resource allocation models provide a useful framework for understanding and facilitating multi-party negotiation processes. Second, because resource allocation models were elicited individually for each group member before building a single group model, it was possible to analyze the five-dimensional feasible settlement space (i.e., the joint distribution of benefits for each task member for all possible resource allocation packages). Third, several innovative applications of analytical techniques (i.e., Pareto-efficiency analyses, numerical and graphical analyses of feasible settlement spaces and efficient frontiers, and analyses of task force members' investment progressions) served to improve understanding of disagreements within the group and to evaluate the quality of potential resource allocation packages. Fourth, changes in individual preferences and group agreement were assessed over time. Group members appeared to change substantially and their level of agreement to increase markedly over time.

DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUE FOR DAMAGE INVESTIGATION OF FOUNDATION PILES BY NONDESTRUCTIVE TEST

DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUE FOR DAMAGE INVESTIGATION OF FOUNDATION PILES BY NONDESTRUCTIVE TEST