Application Of System Research Articles

Investigation the binding and partition properties of azithromycin drug using drug-surfactant mixed micelles in the presence of trisodium citrate electrolyte

The significance of mixed micelle in pharmaceutical industries is improving the binding and solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs. This work highlighted the effect of organic counterion (NAC) for improving the micellization association of zwitterionic (CAPB) and cationic drug (DPC) by surface tension measurements. The Corrin–Harkins (CH) approach assessed the CAPB, DPC and CAPB-DPC counterion binding values for DPC in the aqueous and NAC media at 25 °C. The counterion binding B for CAPB-DPC from αDPC 1.0–0.0 was found 0.536, 0.3801, 0.368, 0.355, 0.310 and 0.272 in the presence of NAC which indicated that DPC improved the counterion binding in the mixed micellar system. The Gibb’s free energy of micellization (ΔGmic°) were increased and became more negative, suggesting that the CAPB–DPC interaction was controlled by electrostatic interaction. Furthermore, the application of mixed micelle was utilized to enhance the binding constant (LogKb) and partition coefficient (LogKx) of the poorly water-soluble drug (AZI) in aqueous and NAC media at 25 °C using a UV spectrophotometer. From UV spectra, The LogKb and LogKx of AZI were lower in single micellar systems and higher in mixed micellar systems of CAPB-DPC. The maximum LogKb values at αDPC 0.4 were found 3.091, 3.233, 3.417, and 3.368 and LogKx values were found 4.749, 4.919, 5.087 and 5.049 in the presence of 0.0, 0.5, 3.0 and 20 mmol L−1 of NAC. AZI molecules are found in the palisade layer of mixed micelle when the DPC mole fraction is less than αDPC 0.6, while more than αDPC 0.6 causes steric hindrance, increasing hydrophobicity in the system. Furthermore, surfactant-drug mixed micelles could serve as poorly drug-solubilizing agents, as well as a multidrug delivery system in pharmaceutical applications.

Accelerating large-scale multi-scalar multiplication in Zk-SNARK through exploiting its multilevel parallelism

In the context of zk-SNARK, MSM emerges as a major computational bottleneck, particularly due to its high computational and memory overhead. In this work, we exploit multiple levels of parallelism to effectively accelerate largescale MSM in zk-SNARKs. Firstly, a distributed parameter generation method is proposed in this paper to replace that of centralized method. Based on this methodology, the paper realizes a system with extraordinary scalability, capable of computing large-scale MSMs. Subsequently, the approach presented in this paper elevates the computation of Bellperson, the most prominent zero-knowledge proof system in real-world applications, from a single-node computation to a clustering mode, significantly enhancing its computational performance – a crucial advancement for practical applications. Finally, we implement a multi-level, fully parallelised MSM computing system by leveraging hierarchical sub-task partitioning and cross-node communication optimization, thereby thoroughly exploiting parallelism at diverse granularities. Experimental results show that in the cluster scenario, the proposed approach achieves acceleration ratios of approximately 3.60 and 6.50 times compared to the cutting-edge heterogeneous version Bellperson in dual-node and quad-node settings, respectively. On a single node, the proposed optimization approach achieves an acceleration ratio of 1.38 times compared to the current State-of-the-Art MSM calculation module of cuZK, outperforms the industry-popular Bellman by 186 times and the Bellperson by 1.96 times.

Development and Characterization of Olaparib-Loaded Solid Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (S-SNEDDS) for Pharmaceutical Applications.

This study aims to enhance the solubility of Olaparib, classified as biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) class IV due to its low solubility and bioavailability using a solid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (S-SNEDDS). For this purpose, SNEDDS formulations were created using Capmul MCM as the oil, Tween 80 as the surfactant, and PEG 400 as the co-surfactant. The SNEDDS formulation containing olaparib (OLS-352), selected as the optimal formulation, showed a mean droplet size of 87.0 ± 0.4 nm and drug content of 5.53 ± 0.09%. OLS-352 also demonstrated anticancer activity against commonly studied ovarian (SK-OV-3) and breast (MCF-7) cancer cell lines. Aerosil® 200 and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) K30 were selected as solid carriers, and S-SNEDDS formulations were prepared using the spray drying method. The drug concentration in S-SNEDDS showed no significant changes (98.4 ± 0.30%, 25℃) with temperature fluctuations during the 4-week period, demonstrating improved storage stability compared to liquid SNEDDS (L-SNEDDS). Dissolution tests under simulated gastric and intestinal conditions revealed enhanced drug release profiles compared to those of the raw drug. Additionally, the S-SNEDDS formulation showed a fourfold greater absorption in the Caco-2 assay than the raw drug, suggesting that S-SNEDDS could improve the oral bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs like olaparib, thus enhancing therapeutic outcomes. Furthermore, this study holds significance in crafting a potent and cost-effective pharmaceutical formulation tailored for the oral delivery of poorly soluble drugs.

3D Biomass‐Based Interfacial Solar Steam Generation: Component, Optimization, and Application

The seawater desalination and wastewater treatment by the interfacial solar steam generation (ISSG) technique is considered as a green, economical, sustainable, low‐energy‐consumption, and potential fresh water production strategy to solve the water shortage and energy crisis. Recently, efficient biomass‐based ISSGs (BISSGs) have been widely reported due to its efficient photothermal conversion efficiency and good hydrophilic performance. The BISSGs with efficient solar absorption and water transmission performance by design and optimization their various forms and structures and related photothermal properties is also significantly great for its scale application. This review highlights recent advancements in 3D BISSG systems, with a focus on the design and optimization of photothermal conversion materials and substrate materials. Then, the review also discusses the potential of biomass materials in BISSG applications, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for developing cost‐effective, efficient, and sustainable water purification technologies. Finally, the challenges and development prospects of the BISSG system in basic research and practical application will provide theoretical guidance for the further development of this technology.

Evaluation of hydrogen evolution activity by bubbles growth rates as descriptor

Evaluation of the electrocatalytic behavior in the high current density region is critical toward the applications in the industrial water electrolysis system. Here, we utilized the bubble growth rate as descriptor for evaluation of hydrogen evolution reaction. Ag electrode was selected as a model electrode. Pressure-controlled cell was used for the evaluation of the bubble behavior under the wider range in the overpotential. Hydrogen bubble evolution behavior was evaluated by video observation under electrochemical potential control. Even in the presence of the complex processes such as nucleation, growth and detachment of the bubbles, the hydrogen evolution behavior is evaluated with respect to the classical Tafel analyses even in high overpotential region. These analyses provide the methods for the rapid screening toward the material discovery of the green hydrogen production in high current density region.

Biological self-protection inspired engineering of nanomaterials to construct a robust bio-nano system for environmental applications.

Nanomaterials can empower microbial-based chemical production or pollutant removal, e.g., nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) as an electron source to enhance microbial reducing pollutants. Constructing bio-nano interfaces is critical for bio-nano system operation, but low interfacial compatibility due to nanotoxicity challenges the system performance. Inspired by microorganisms' resistance to nanotoxicity by secreting extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), which can act as electron shuttling media, we design a highly compatible bio-nano interface by modifying nZVI with EPS, markedly improving the performance of a bio-nano system consisting of nZVI and bacteria. EPS modification reduced membrane damage and oxidative stress induced by nZVI. Moreover, EPS alleviated nZVI agglomeration and probably reduced bacterial rejection of nZVI by wrapping camouflage, contributing to the bio-nano interface formation, thereby facilitating nZVI to provide electrons for bacterial reducing pollutant via membrane-anchoring cytochrome c. This work provides a strategy for designing a highly biocompatible interface to construct robust and efficient bio-nano systems for environmental implication.

Accurate Low Complexity Quadrature Angular Diversity Aperture Receiver for Visible Light Positioning.

Despite the many potential applications of an accurate indoor positioning system (IPS), no universal, readily available system exists. Much of the IPS research to date has been based on the use of radio transmitters as positioning beacons. Visible light positioning (VLP) instead uses LED lights as beacons. Either cameras or photodiodes (PDs) can be used as VLP receivers, and position estimates are usually based on either the angle of arrival (AOA) or the strength of the received signal. Research on the use of AOA with photodiode receivers has so far been limited by the lack of a suitable compact receiver. The quadrature angular diversity aperture receiver (QADA) can fill this gap. In this paper, we describe a new QADA design that uses only three readily available parts: a quadrant photodiode, a 3D-printed aperture, and a programmable system on a chip (PSoC). Extensive experimental results demonstrate that this design provides accurate AOA estimates within a room-sized test chamber. The flexibility and programmability of the PSoC mean that other sensors can be supported by the same PSoC. This has the potential to allow the AOA estimates from the QADA to be combined with information from other sensors to form future powerful sensor-fusion systems requiring only one beacon.

Integrated fiber paper-based composites enabling photo-Fenton synergistic degradation and switchable adsorption for efficient and multitasking pollutants removal

Single catalytic systems have received wide attention for eradicating pervasive contaminants in water but lack multifunctional integrated biobased capturing and purifying system (bio-CPs). In this work, a universal design of integrated bio-CPs with layered structure driven from fiber filtering paper (FP) was demonstrated for multitasking environmental remediation. Fe-rich composite catalysts (Fe-BiOBr/TiO2) and polyphenol-modified lignin system (PLPR) were herein first developed for the full decoration of FP substrates, achieving the facile construction of layered structure with highly active surface and photocatalytic layer. Profiting from this, a photo-Fenton synergetic degradation system on composites was designed, facilitating a remarkable degradation capability (99.24 % for MEB) and full-time operation ability. Driven by highly enhanced interfacial interactions mediated by polyphenol, this material was capable of efficient capture pollutants (165.29 mg·g-1 for Cr (VI)). And assisted with well-maintained high water flux feature, this bio-CPs that efficient remove pollutants by flowthrough capture were realized, showing the switchable application. Significantly, the convenience of surface deposition and self-assembly supported the potential applications in real system based on extended preparation of such bio-CPs. This work provided a novel and universal strategy to develop the universal and multifunctional integrated bio-CPs to support for large-scale, cost-effective, and sustainable wastewater remediation engineering.

Evaluating the effectiveness of a blended learning system for developing technological andragogical content knowledge (tack) in community educators

Objective: The relevance of content knowledge, as well as andragogical knowledge and technological knowledge, is rapidly coming into focus as a challenge to turn into Technological Andragogical Content Knowledge (TACK). This study aimed to understand better the substantial variations in learning outcomes attributed to each of the seven sub-indicators of comprehension of technological andragogical content knowledge. Method: This study part of quantitative study. The data were gathered twice in this research, once before and once after the TACK intervention program began, to examine the impact of the TACK training paradigm. The TACK Training Model Development program was offered to 97 instructors from 28 Community Learning Activity Centers in the West Sumatra Province, Indonesia. These instructors engaged in the program on a voluntary basis. Result: The results of this study show that there was a statistically significant difference in TACK among currently practicing educators. This study suggests that a blended learning system for educational applications as an intelligence tutor may provide an alternate means of guiding educators. The findings of this research align with other research suggesting that the blended learning strategy has great potential for future TACK-based professional learning enabled by data analytics. This study's findings add to the expanding body of literature on blended learning in teacher education and teacher professional development, which seeks to enhance how adult instructors get specialized professional training to significantly impact their students' achievements. Conclusions: According to the findings, the TACK of the participants showed substantial signs of improvement. These findings contribute to the relatively small body of research that has been done on TACK, which helps adult educators further their professional development through the support of a blended learning system. This allows them to acquire the knowledge necessary to andragogically incorporate digital technology into students' educational experiences in Community Learning Activity Centers. This investigation has the potential to serve as a case study of the integration of blended learning with adult learning theory.

Multitemporal analysis of cliffs evolution along an Atlantic African coast (Safi Region, Morocco)

Unstable coastal cliffs represent a major threat to coastal infrastructure, housing, and economic activities, which depend on coastal stability. Understanding recession rates and the factors influencing them is therefore essential for enhancing risk prediction and management. Here, we investigated the evolution of coastal cliffs in a crucial sector of the Atlantic African coast in Morocco, stretching from Cap Beddouza in the north to Jorf Lihoudi in the south, covering an area of around 48 km and including the large city of Safi. The instability of these cliffs constitutes the main coastal geological hazard of the area, which has its geomorphological expression in different types of landslides punctuating the coastal cliff. We employed multidecadal aerial imagery along with GIS technique to calculate the rate of change of the cliff over 66 years. Our results indicate that most of the Safi Region coastal zone has undergone recession with rates of change generally variable from 0.04 to 0.08 m/yr ± 0.01 m. The central part of the study area, conversely, experienced the highest retreat rate, exceeding 0.10 m/yr. The spatial variability of recession rates is explained through geological and morphological factors such as the nature of low-strength clay rock formations, favoring large-scale gravity movements. These data are crucial to better define the current level of coastal hazard in this densely populated portion of the Moroccan coast, given that cliff recession have considerable effects on the economic, social and environmental risk of the area. Moreover, this study represents one of the first applications of the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) method to an African coastline segment, specifically from Cape Beddouza to the Lihoudi cliffs. More generally, it is among the few studies focused on cliff recession rates in Africa. While a similar application has been conducted for the cliff base in the northern part of the same study area (Raja et al., 2023), that study primarily addresses coastal cliff failure hazards along the Safi coastline in Morocco. In contrast, the present study is focused on determining long-term cliff recession rates and understanding the distribution of these rates and modes of retreat in relation to the physical processes affecting the study area.

Interface engineering of laminated redox-copolymers for electrochemical remediation of perfluoroalkyl substances

Redox polymers now show promise for selective removal of perfluoroalkyl substances from a complex aqueous matrix at high energy efficiency and no secondary pollution. However, self-agglomeration of redox polymers is a dominating barrier to constructing a low-cost, stable system in practical applications. Herein, we introduce polymer interface engineering strategy to enhance the activity of amine functionalities and nitrous oxide radicals in copolymers composed of 4-methacryloyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl and 4-methacryloyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine. The grafted laminated redox polymer on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (termed MWCNT-g-P(TMPMA-co-TMA)) via free-radical polymerization demonstrated a 19.1–59.9 % increase in the electrosorption capacity with a maximum value (Qm) of 725.09 mg g−1 and a pseudo-first-order rate constant k1 = 1.46 min−1 and sustainable regeneration efficiency at ∼80 %. The core–shell structure of MWCNT-g-P(TMPMA-co-TMA) with a laminated redox polymer layer of ∼5 nm processed a low charge transfer resistance, which is expected to contribute to the enhanced capture performance and stability. An integrated system consisting of a MWCNT-g-P(TMPMA-co-TMA) electrode and a boron-doped diamond electrode can efficiently separate and degrade trace-concentration PFOA from industrial wastewater at high mineralization efficiency. This work provides insight into the design and optimization of redox active materials for water purification and beyond.

Gas leakage detection system for domestic and industrial applications

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is a highly inflammable gas used as sources of energy in automobiles, industries and for domestic cooking. Disaster occurs when LPG leaks and is in contact with the source of fire which may claim lives and destroy properties. Hence, its early detection is essential for preventing disaster. This paper presented smart detection of LPG leakage in domestic homes and industries. The system consisted of MQ-2 gas sensor which sensed the presence of the gas in the air and sent signal to the Arduino micro controller. The micro-controller informed the embedded Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) module to send message in form of Short Message Service (SMS) to the users to swing into action in a bid to prevent outbreak of fire. Performance tests carried out to evaluate the system showed the capability of the system to concurrently send SMS to different subscribers and produce audible alarm. It was also observed that SMS was sent to users in a timely and efficient manner. The system could be useful in residential homes and industrial premises for preventing fire hazards.

Mixed former effect in barium borophosphate glasses on the red (Eu3+)-blue (Eu2+) emission for LEDs

The synergistic mixing of P2O5 and B2O3 glass formers at a constant concentration of BaO as a glass modifier plays a vital role in generating a single-phase phosphor doped with Eu2O3 for white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs). Herein, a glass system of nominal composition xP2O5∙(50-x)B2O3∙49.5BaO∙0.5Eu2O3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 50 mol%) was prepared using a melt-quenching technique under normal atmospheric conditions. While the XRD patterns demonstrated the amorphous nature, the SEM micrographs proved the formation of cluster structures. Structural characterization using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy revealed the presence of main vibrational structural units associated with borate and phosphate glass formers, including BO3, BO4−, P=O, PO2−, and PO32−. The IR spectra at x = 0 and 50 mol% exhibit characteristic metaborate and metaphosphate absorption peaks, respectively. In contrast, the mixing of both B2O3 and P2O5 at equal concentrations (x = 25 mol%) has resulted in the absence of absorption peaks assigned to the BO3 and P=O units, thus indicating the mixed structural effect. This is assigned to the formation of B-O-P bonds, with the BO4−, PO2−, and PO32− as the main structural units. These structural changes affect the reduction process of Eu3+ to Eu2+, as demonstrated by the corresponding photoluminescence spectra and observed by the cathodoluminescence micrographs. Photoluminescence studies showed tunable emission from red (Eu3+) to white light (Eu2+ and Eu3+) under UV excitation, with the P2O5 content rising from 0 to 50 mol% due to the growing Eu2+ population formed by the reduction of Eu3+. The optical basicity was observed to decrease with the P2O5 content, favouring the reduction process. The demonstrated tunable single-host white phosphor makes this an attractive system for energy-efficient WLED applications.

Design of a 240 elements antenna system for 5G massive MIMO applications with an inclined beam and two operating modes

A massive MIMO (multiple-input-multiple-output) antenna system for 5G base stations is developed, featuring 240 elements and 60 ports. The system supports two modes: individual port operation and network operation. It has a rectangular shape with dimensions of 28×16.8×0.32 cm³ and consists of three layers per side, with 15 ports per layer. Each port contains a 2×2 patch sub-array operating at 3.5 GHz, with beam tilting to generate uncorrelated radiation patterns. The system provides a measured bandwidth of 252 MHz, covering the 3.39–3.64 GHz band. Gain and envelope correlation coefficients are evaluated according to mMIMO parameters. A prototype is fabricated, and the results obtained through CST simulations are validated by experimental measurements.

Subject-Independent Wearable P300 Brain-Computer Interface Based on Convolutional Neural Network and Metric Learning.

The calibration procedure for a wearable P300 brain-computer interface (BCI) greatly impact the user experience of the system. Each user needs to spend additional time establishing a decoder adapted to their own brainwaves. Therefore, achieving subject independent is an urgent issue for wearable P300 BCI needs to be addressed. A dataset of electroencephalogram (EEG) signals was constructed from 100 individuals by conducting a P300 speller task with a wearable EEG amplifier. A framework is proposed that initially improves cross-subject consistency of EEG features through a common feature extractor. Subsequently, a simple and compact convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture is employed to learn an embedding sub-space, where the mapped EEG features are maximally separated, while pursuing the minimum distance within the same class and the maximum distance between different classes. Finally, the model's generalization capability was further optimized through fine-tuning. The proposed method significantly boosts the average accuracy of wearable P300 BCI to 73.23 ±7.62% without calibration and 78.75±6.37% with fine-tuning. The results demonstrate the feasibility and excellent performance of our dataset and framework. A calibration-free wearable P300 BCI system is feasible, suggesting significant potential for practical applications of the wearable P300 BCI system.

Highly efficient Dy3+ activated Sr9Al6O18 nanophosphors for W-LEDs, optical thermometry and deep learning-based intelligent system for personal identification applications

A novel single-phase Dy3+ activated Sr9Al6O18 nanophosphors (NPs) was synthesized using a solution combustion method with urea as the fuel. When phosphors are excited at 350 nm, their photoluminescence (PL) spectra exhibit strong emissions at 484 and 574 nm, which are associated with the 4F9/2→6H15/2 and 4F9/2→6H13/2 transitions. These emissions are attributed to magnetic and electric dipole allowed transitions, correspondingly. It is found that dipole–dipole interactions are the main source of concentration quenching and energy transfer among the activator ions. The prepared NPs show thermal stability up to 480 K having an activation energy (Ea) of 0.2437 eV, as determined by temperature-dependent photoluminescence (TDPL). With a remarkable internal quantum efficiency (IQE) of 66.14 %, the optimized phosphor achieves notable relative sensitivity (Sr) and absolute sensitivity (Sa), estimated to be 2.65 % K−1 and 1.38×10−3 K−1 at 300 K, respectively. Thus, Sr9Al6O18:Dy3+ is a promising material for non-contact optical thermometry applications. Latent fingerprints (LFPs) and latent lip prints (LLPs) can be efficiently produced on a variety of surfaces by using the optimized NPs with the simple powder dusting technique. The prints are made visible under UV light with a 365 nm wavelength. The You Only Look Once version 8 (YOLOv8x) approach analyzes the overall morphological correlations of different minutiae to identify essential minutiae that indicate the identities of people from FPs. Splitting and matching multi-scale fingerprints (FPs) features improves the validity of the authenticating findings. The results show that the recommended method, which improves the entire FP authentication process, offers exceptional accuracy, resilience and speed. The findings provide strong support for the implementation of the optimized NPs in photonic devices, optical thermometers, and advanced forensic applications.

Quality by Design Perspectives for Designing Delivery System for Flavour and Fragrance: Current State‐of‐the‐Art and for Future Exploration

ABSTRACTQuality by design (QbD) is a systematic method for the development of product and process design to ensure quality and efficacy. In the fragrance and flavour industry, the design of delivery systems plays a crucial role in the overall product quality and consumer acceptance. This article analyses the current state‐of‐the‐art and future explorations from QbD perspective for designing appropriate delivery systems for flavour and fragrance applications. The QbD approach for delivery system design involves classifying critical quality attributes of the product and process, defining the critical process parameters and developing a design space to ensure product quality within the specified range. In addition, risk assessment and mitigation strategies are also a component of the QbD techniques, which ensure the robustness of the delivery system. Various delivery systems such as microencapsulation, nanoencapsulation, solid lipid nanoparticles and liposomes have been explored in the flavour and fragrance industry. These delivery systems provide controlled release, protection, and enhanced stability of the active ingredients. However, challenges such as scale‐up, reproducibility, and cost‐effectiveness need to be addressed to ensure their commercial viability. In conclusion, the QbD outlook provides a comprehensive framework for the design of carrier system for fragrance and flavour applications. The incorporation of risk assessment and mitigation strategies ensures the robustness of the delivery system, and the future exploration of advanced technologies may further enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of the QbD approach.

Deciphering domain structures of Aspergillus and Streptomyces GH3-β-Glucosidases: a screening system for enzyme engineering and biotechnological applications

The glycoside hydrolase family 3 (GH3) β-glucosidases from filamentous fungi are crucial industrial enzymes facilitating the complete degradation of lignocellulose, by converting cello-oligosaccharides and cellobiose into glucose. Understanding the diverse domain organization is essential for elucidating their biological roles and potential biotechnological applications. This research delves into the variability of domain organization within GH3 β-glucosidases. Two distinct configurations were identified in fungal GH3 β-glucosidases, one comprising solely the GH3 catalytic domain, and another incorporating the GH3 domain with a C-terminal fibronectin type III (Fn3) domain. Notably, Streptomyces filamentous bacteria showcased a separate clade of GH3 proteins linking the GH3 domain to a carbohydrate binding module from family 2 (CBM2). As a first step to be able to explore the role of accessory domains in β-glucosidase activity, a screening system utilizing the well-characterised Aspergillus niger β-glucosidase gene (bglA) in bglA deletion mutant host was developed. Based on this screening system, reintroducing the native GH3-Fn3 gene successfully expressed the gene allowing detection of the protein using different enzymatic assays. Further investigation into the role of the accessory domains in GH3 family proteins, including those from Streptomyces, will be required to design improved chimeric β-glucosidases enzymes for industrial application.

Enhance hydrogen storage in lightweight solid-state systems based on Poly(vinylnaphthalene)

This article highlights the potential of poly(2-vinylnaphthalene) (PVN) as a novel light-weight solid-state hydrogen storage system for various applications. With an impressive theoretical gravimetric hydrogen capacity of 5.2 wt.-%, PVN stands out for its attractiveness as a hydrogen carrier. The material possesses advantageous characteristics, including moldability, low toxicity, and ease of storage, making it a promising candidate for both stationary and mobile hydrogen storage applications. Experimental findings demonstrate that PVN can be hydrogenated by up to 76 % utilizing an Ru/Al2O3 catalyst at 250 °C for 24 h. Confirmation of the hydrogenation reaction, which results in poly(2-vinyldecalin), was achieved through characterization techniques such as FTIR, 1H NMR, and spectroscopic ellipsometry. The study of the effects of hydrogen pressure and reaction time identified moderate conditions as favorable, though a further exploration of different catalysts is suggested for optimal conversion. A palladium-based catalyst was employed to release hydrogen from the hydrogenated polymer, demonstrating almost complete reversibility of the hydrogenation of poly(2-vinylnaphthalene) with a dehydrogenation yield of 90 %.

Application of Physically Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel in the Treatment of Radiation‐Induced Skin Injury

AbstractWounds caused by radiation exposure are often hard to heal. The functional hydrogel can be used as a wound treatment material of multiple dimensions according to patients' needs. Hyaluronic acid hydrogel can be used to create a moist environment conducive to wound healing. In this study, new complex hydrogels based on physically crosslinked hyaluronic acid are investigated, which adopt the freeze‐thaw technique, loaded with small molecule drugs deferoxamine and retinoic acid, and effectively promote the healing of radiation‐induced skin ulcers. The combined application of deferoxamine and retinoic acid can improve skin injury after radiation, promoting angiogenesis, reducing inflammation, and protecting skin appendages. In vitro and in vivo results show enhanced cell viability and biological function, significantly accelerate healing of the irradiated wounds, and improve collagen deposition in the skin of the irradiated rats. Also, the skin appendages, such as hair follicles, are protected to a certain extent, implying functionally repairing the skin. Considering the ease of use of the hydrogel system in clinical applications, complex hydrogels can be considered a suitable candidate for treating radiation‐induced skin injury.