Structural Applications Research Articles

Experimental and numerical investigation of damage in multilayer sandwich panels with square and trapezoidal corrugated cores under quasi-static three-point bending

Multilayer composite sandwich panels with corrugated cores have the potential for structural applications requiring high stiffness and strength-to-weight ratios. This study aims to experimentally and numerically investigate the bending response of sandwich panels with novel square and trapezoidal corrugated core configurations fabricated from E-glass fiber-reinforced epoxy composites, both with and without polyurethane foam filling. Quasi-static three-point bending tests were conducted to evaluate and compare the flexural stiffness and maximum load capacity of the panel designs. The cores were manufactured using vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding. Key results showed that changing the core geometry from square to trapezoidal improved the bending stiffness by up to 26 %. Incorporating polyurethane foam further increased the bending stiffness by up to 41 % and maximum load by up to 47 % compared to solid cores. Failure initiation and progression were governed by matrix cracking in the face sheets and cores, followed by core cell wall buckling and delamination. Finite element modeling using ABAQUS captured the progressive damage behavior, exhibiting good agreement with experimental force-displacement responses. Failure modes included matrix cracks, fiber fractures, core buckling and delamination. This study provides valuable insights into the mechanical performance of innovative corrugated core sandwich panel designs under quasi-static bending loads. The validated FE approach also enables virtual testing and optimization of composite sandwich structures.

On the Astronomical Significance of Stone Number 137 of Zorats Qarer Megalithic Monument

The work is dedicated to discovering a new type of “observational device” in the Zorats Qarer megalithic monument and uncovering a new layer of the continuous function of the monument using the “new device.” The possible use of the “new device” significantly differs from the observation platforms and angular stones in the same monument. Stone No. 137 in question was previously considered a ”periscope” based on some assumptions. By examining the astronomical and structural application of the mentioned stone in more detail and without preconceived assumptions (or with much simpler, obvious suppositions), new functions of its application are revealed. One relates to the observations of circumpolar stars in the direction of the stone hole. The other relies on the puddle and the special structure of the stone. The latter makes it possible to determine the days of the equinoxes and the summer solstice due to the Sun’s positions. By combining these two functions, the probable date of the use of the stone is determined: 15500 BC, when it was possible to observe the appearance of the star γ Cygni (Sadr, Swan constellation) after sunset on the summer solstice in the direction of the hole. Thus, a new layer of the “calendar observations” (15500 BC) is added to the already identified layers (9000, 5800, and 2341 BC), which is in harmony with the logic regarding this and other similar monuments (for example, G¨obekli Tepe) and essentially complements the evolutionary chain of ancient cultural concepts with its content and time.

Experimental and numerical analysis of natural fillers loaded and E-glass reinforced epoxy sandwich composites

Natural fibers play a crucial role in sandwich composites due to their biodegradability, ease of manufacturing, and ability to reduce pollution. The research aims to develop new biodegradable polymer composites using pine tree leaves (PTL) fillers loaded with epoxy through hand layup technique with different wt. % of PTL fillers. The molded composites were characterized to analyze the crystal size and plane orientations, surface morphology, thermal resistance, and presence of elemental compositions in the PTL filler-loaded epoxy composites through X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), Energy dispersive analysis (EDX), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The 40 wt % of PTL epoxy composites showed a maximum tensile strength of 32 ± 0.5 MPa, a compressive strength of 15 ± 0.5 MPa, a flexural strength of 55 ± 0.5 MPa, and a Shore D hardness of 73 ± 0.5 SHN. The mechanical strength of 40 wt% PTL fillers loaded epoxy composite was enhanced by adding a single and double layer of E-glass fiber on the bottom and top of the PTL fillers loaded epoxy composite, achieving a maximum tensile strength of 76 ± 0.5 MPa. The 40 wt% PTL fillers loaded double E-glass fiber on the bottom and top of the PTL fillers loaded epoxy sandwich composite attained the maximum tensile strength of 156 ± 0.5 MPa, compressive strength of 29 ± 0.5 MPa, flexural strength of 220 ± 0.5 MPa, and Shore D hardness of 79 ± 0.5 SHN. The PTL fillers loaded and reinforced double E-glass fiber epoxy sandwich composite would be used in low-strength structural applications.

Terahertz metamaterials for spectrum modulation: structural design, materials and applications

Metamaterials, an artificial electromagnetic (EM) material, have exhibited unique characteristics, enabling innovations in terahertz (THz) wavefront shaping, polarization modulation, surface wave manipulation, and spectrum modulation. In this review, we focus on the advancements in THz metamaterials for spectrum modulation, emphasizing their structural design, special materials, and applications. The review discusses various structural designs, including metal-dielectric composite structures, all-metal structures, and all-dielectric structures, each offering distinct advantages for THz applications. Key special materials such as graphene, vanadium dioxide (VO2), molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), and flexible materials are highlighted for their significant contributions to enhancing the performance and functionality of THz metamaterials. The applications of THz metamaterials in EM stealth and sensing are thoroughly introduced, with a particular focus on biosensing, pesticide detection, and other sensing applications. The review emphasizes the potential of THz metamaterials in developing highly sensitive and selective sensors, as well as efficient THz absorbers and filters. Future perspectives include the continuous development of novel materials, advanced fabrication technologies, and the integration of multifunctional capabilities to further expand the applications and efficiency of THz metamaterials. These advancements are expected to drive significant progress in THz technology, impacting fields such as medical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, food safety, wireless communication, and security.

Application of Surface-Based Smoothing Methods for Topology Optimization Results

Topology optimization (TO) is becoming an essential part of designing new or modifying current parts to improve their properties. A typical problem of TO in structural applications is minimizing compliance with volume (mass) constraints. TO is often complemented by additive manufacturing which allows the printing of complex geometries. Resulting geometries are dependent on the used method, most of the time it is the finite element method. The exported geometry from the optimization procedure, however, tends to have a lot of sharp edges, which causes problems with stress distribution, aesthetics and manufacturing (even if it is additive manufactured). The aim of this paper is to review, apply smoothing techniques on the surface of bodies, Laplacian and Taubin smoothing, and compare the results of smoothing. To fulfill this aim, we developed a smoothing procedure and evaluated the criteria of smoothed-out polymer geometries.

Data-driven prediction of strain fields in auxetic structures and non-contact validation with mechanoluminescence for structural health monitoring

Recent advancements in 3D printing technology have significantly enhanced the potential of auxetic structures, which are notable for their negative Poisson’s ratio, particularly in applications such as sensor technology and structural health monitoring. Central to the performance of these structures is the accurate estimation of the effective strain parameter, a critical metric for assessing structural integrity. However, as structural complexity increases, estimating this parameter becomes increasingly challenging. The fabrication and real-world validation of these structures are equally important challenges. This paper introduces two key innovations for the practical application of auxetic structures. First, we present a multi-kernel hierarchical deep neural network that leverages finite element simulation data to accurately predict effective strain fields in complex auxetic configurations. This model architecture not only reduces the number of parameters requiring training but also enhances feature learning and generalization capabilities, achieving over 90% accuracy in predicting strain fields. Second, we validate these predictions using a 3D-printed specimen embedded with mechanoluminescent (ML) particles. This approach enables direct, non-contact visualization of strain in real-time, offering high spatial and temporal resolution. The alignment observed between predicted and observed strain concentration areas demonstrates the efficacy of integrating ML technology into auxetic designs. This integration significantly improves the reliability and diagnostic capabilities of advanced structural systems.

Structural Damage Model of Steel Structure Connections with Initial Defects: A Review

As the application of steel structures in construction continues to grow, research into their seismic performance is becoming increasingly important. This paper focuses on steel structure connections, specifically those between components with varying profiles such as H-profiles, box-profiles, and L-profiles. Additionally, it encompasses three core areas: seismic performance (bearing capacity, ductility, stiffness), initial defects (initial cracks, residual stresses, manufacturing imperfections), and damage models (weld fractures, bolt failures, plate buckling). In addition, this paper employs experimental testing and finite element, with a focus on conducting parametric analyses for the connections. Based on the primary findings, the presence of initial defects such as cracks, residual stresses, and manufacturing imperfections can lead to premature failure, concentrating damage near welds and exacerbating stress concentrations. This adversely affects factors like fatigue strength, fracture toughness, and buckling strength, ultimately reducing the seismic performance of the connections. Moreover, factors like bolt over-tensioning, geometric deviations in plate components, and corrosion can further impact bearing capacity, fatigue performance, and ductility. Crucially, these initial defects not only compromise the seismic resistance of structures but also increase the risk of structural failure. However, majority of existing research has focused on monotonic and cyclic loading studies, with limited exploration of connections under seismic conditions. Acknowledging this gap, this paper outlines a future research agenda aimed at refining the design of steel structure connections. This initiative seeks to mitigate potential adverse consequences stemming from formidable seismic events, thereby enhancing the overall resilience of these crucial connections.

Investigating the low velocity impact response of additively manufactured tri-material composite structure with application on helmet

Additively manufactured composite structures can be utilized in the production of engineering materials with enhanced mechanical properties. In this work, mono-, bi-, and tri-material structures (MMS, BMS, and TMS, respectively) were fabricated using additively manufactured PLA (poly-lactic acid) lattice frames embedded with Polyurethane (PU) foam and milled glass fibers (MGFs). TMS samples were reinforced with MGFs at 1.25, 2.5, 3.75, and 5.0 vol%, indicated as TMS-1, TMS-2, TMS-3, and TMS-4, respectively. The mechanical response of these composite structures was tested by applying a low-velocity impact load. The effects of MGF content and variations in applied impact energy, and variation in microstructure on the composite samples were investigated. Results revealed an enhanced mechanical response of TMS samples compared to MMS and BMS. Additionally, with increasing applied impact energy, the TMS samples showed an improved corresponding response, with a peak absorbed energy of 96.03% of the applied 60 J energy. Furthermore, to study the applicability of the composite structures in real-life applications, helmet prototypes made of MMS, BMS, and TMS were designed and tested under the applied low-velocity load, showing an improved response of TMS helmet samples compared to the other composite structures.

Oligosaccharides from Stellaria dichotoma L. var. lanceolate bind to galectin-3 and ameliorate effects of colitis

Even though Stellaria dichotoma L. var. lanceolate (S. dichotoma) is a well-known medicinal plant in the family Caryophyllaceae, its oligosaccharides remain unexplored in terms of their potential as bioactive agents. Here, we isolated a mixture of oligosaccharides from S. dichotoma (Yield: 12 % w/w), that are primarily non-classical raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs). Nine major oligosaccharides were purified and identified from the mixture, including sucrose, raffinose, 1-planteose, lychnose, stellariose, along with four new non-classical RFOs. Two of the four new oligosaccharides are linear hexose pentamers with α-galactosyl extensions on their lychnose moieties, and the other two are branched hexose hexamers with α-galactosyl extensions on their stellariose groups. Their interactions with galectin-3 (Gal-3) revealed significant binding, with the terminal galactose providing enhanced affinity for the lectin. Notably, Gal-3 residues Arg144, His158, Asn160, Arg162, Asn174, Trp181, Glu184 and Arg186 coordinate with the lychnose. In vivo studies using the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) mouse model for colitis demonstrated the ability of these carbohydrates in mitigating ulcerative colitis (UC). Overall, our study has provided structural information and potential applications of S. dichotoma oligosaccharides, also offers new approaches for the development of medicinal oligosaccharides.

Full-scale testing and multiphysics modeling of a reinforced shot-earth concrete vault with self-sensing properties

Abstract Civil constructions significantly contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and entail extensive energy and resource consumption, leading to a substantial ecological footprint. Research into eco-friendly engineering solutions is therefore currently imperative, particularly to mitigate the impact of concrete technology. Among potential alternatives, shot-earth-concrete, which combines cement and earth as a binder matrix and is applied via spraying, emerges as a promising option. Furthermore, this composite material allows for the incorporation of nano and micro-fillers, thereby providing room for enhancing mechanical properties and providing multifunctional capabilities. This paper investigates the damage detection capabilities of a novel smart shot-earth concrete with carbon microfibers, by investigating the strain sensing performance of a full-scale vault with a span of 4 m, mechanically tested until failure. The material’s strain and damage sensing capabilities involve its capacity to produce an electrical response (manifested as a relative change in resistance) corresponding to the applied strain in its uncracked state, as well as to exhibit a significant alteration in electrical resistance upon cracking. A detailed multiphysics numerical (i.e. mechanical and electrical) model is also developed to aid the interpretation of the experimental results. The experimental test was conducted by the application of an increasing vertical load at a quarter of the span, while modelling of the element was carried out by considering a piezoresistive material, with coupled mechanical and electrical constitutive properties, including a new law to reproduce the degradation of the electrical conductivity with tensile cracking. Another notable aspect of the simulation was the consideration of the effects of the electrical conduction through the rebars, which was found critical to accurately reproduce the full-scale electromechanical response of the vault. By correlating the outcomes from external displacement transducers with the self-monitoring features inherent in the proposed material, significant insights were gleaned. The findings indicated that the proposed smart-earth composite, besides being well suited for structural applications, also exhibits a distinctive electromechanical behavior that enables the early detection of damage initiation. The results of the paper represent an important step toward the real application of smart earth-concrete in the construction field, demonstrating the effectiveness and feasibility of full-scale strain and damage monitoring even in the presence of steel reinforcement.

What has scripting ever done for us? The CSD Python application programming interface (API)

Since its first release in 2016, the Cambridge Structural Database Python application programming interface (CSD Python API) has seen steady uptake within the community that the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre serves. This article reviews the history of scripting interfaces, demonstrating the need, and then briefly outlines the technical structure of the API. It describes the reach of the CSD Python API, provides a selected review of its impact and gives some illustrative examples of what scientists can do with it. The article concludes with speculation as to how such endeavours will evolve over the next decade.

Impact of Silica Sand on Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Resin Composites and Their Application in CFRP–Concrete Bonding

Premature debonding between carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) and concrete is a critical issue in structural reinforcement applications, often leading to a significant reduction in the load-carrying capacity of the system. This failure mode is typically initiated by inadequate adhesion at the interface, compromising the effectiveness of CFRP in enhancing the structural performance of concrete elements. To address these issues, this study explores the impact of silica sand on the mechanical and adhesion properties of epoxy resin composites. Initially, this paper investigates the physical and mechanical properties of epoxy resin composites by varying the ratios of silica sand from 0% to 15% by volume. Subsequently, it examines the effectiveness of these composites as sealing materials to enhance the bond strength between CFRP and concrete. Incorporating a 10% silica content improves the mechanical properties of the epoxy resin, with the tensile strength increasing from 29.47 MPa to 35.52 MPa and an elastic modulus from 4.38 GPa to 5.83 GPa. Furthermore, silica sand enhances the adhesion strength between CFRP and concrete, as confirmed by the increase in the pull-out force from 14.21 kN to 18.79 kN. Silica particles improve surface roughness and interlocking, contributing to a better load distribution and stress transfer at the interface. Therefore, silica-filled epoxy resin is an efficient material for CFRP–concrete bonding applications.

Study on the mechanical and thermal properties of aramid fibre reinforced with sawdust particulates in an epoxy matrix composite: a novel material for structural applications

AbstractThis study investigates the development and characterization of a novel composite material for structural applications, aiming to address the growing demand for lightweight, durable and versatile materials. The composite integrates aramid fibre reinforced with sawdust particulates within an epoxy matrix. Methodologically, the composite was fabricated using a hand layup process, ensuring even distribution and strong adhesion between components. Mechanical testing revealed significant enhancements in tensile strength (up to 135.29 MPa) and flexural strength (up to 136.92 MPa) with the inclusion of sawdust particulates, optimizing stress distribution and impact resistance. Hardness was also improved, peaking at a Rockwell hardness number of 94. Thermal analysis demonstrated moderate thermal conductivity (1.92 W mK−1) and a high heat deflection temperature (109 °C), indicating excellent thermal stability. SEM provided insights into the composite's microstructure, confirming uniform sawdust distribution and robust fibre–matrix adhesion. These findings underscore the potential of this composite for lightweight, durable and thermally stable structural applications. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

The Unified Description of Abstract Convexity Structures

The convexity of space is essential in nonlinear analysis, variational inequalities and optimization theory because it guarantees the existence and uniqueness of solutions to a certain extent. Because of its wide variety of applications, mathematicians have extensively promoted and researched convexity. This paper reviews some representative convexity structures and discusses their relations from their definitions, unifying them in the abstract convex structure. Moreover, applications of main convexity structures including KKM theory and fixed point theory will be reviewed.

A review of applications of deployable structure

Simple and reliable deployable structures already play a role in every aspect of our daily lives, from shopping bags and baby carriages to large buildings such as balconies and stadium roofs. In recent decades, people have been more interested in the various applications of deployable structures, for example, aerospace engineering. This paper reviews some examples in the field of deployable structures, including from the basic elements to more complex ensembles such as planar double-chain linkages and deployable antennas. Due to its properties including lower cost, smaller volume, and multiple usages, deployable structures have been extensively applied to the design and manufacture of satellites and other devices for space activities. Sizeable space antennas, as a key technology currently developed for space probes, are reviewed in this paper by using formulas to explain their functions and highlight abilities. The system of paraboloid cable net is also reviewed due to some benefits. We have discussed and summarized some challenges in applying deployable structures, along with strategies for potential solutions.

Self-aware active metamaterial cell 3D-printed in a single process

Metamaterials are capable of attenuating undesired mechanical vibrations within a narrow band-gap frequency range; however, real-world applications often require adjustments due to varying loads and frequency content. This study introduces a self-aware, thermo-active metamaterial, 3D-printed in a single process using thermoplastic material extrusion. The adjustment of the natural frequency and band-gap region is achieved through resistive heating of conductive paths, which alters the stiffness of the base cell’s resonator. Additionally, these conductive paths facilitate the detection of the resonator’s excitation frequency and temperature, thereby eliminating the need for external sensors. This dynamic adaptability, experimentally demonstrated by achieving a band-gap tuning range from 505 Hz to 445 Hz with a 17 °C temperature difference, highlights the potential of these metamaterials for applications in smart structures across the aerospace, civil, and automotive industries.

Adaptive hierarchical origami-based metastructures

Shape-morphing capabilities are crucial for enabling multifunctionality in both biological and artificial systems. Various strategies for shape morphing have been proposed for applications in metamaterials and robotics. However, few of these approaches have achieved the ability to seamlessly transform into a multitude of volumetric shapes post-fabrication using a relatively simple actuation and control mechanism. Taking inspiration from thick origami and hierarchies in nature, we present a hierarchical construction method based on polyhedrons to create an extensive library of compact origami metastructures. We show that a single hierarchical origami structure can autonomously adapt to over 103 versatile architectural configurations, achieved with the utilization of fewer than 3 actuation degrees of freedom and employing simple transition kinematics. We uncover the fundamental principles governing theses shape transformation through theoretical models. Furthermore, we also demonstrate the wide-ranging potential applications of these transformable hierarchical structures. These include their uses as untethered and autonomous robotic transformers capable of various gait-shifting and multidirectional locomotion, as well as rapidly self-deployable and self-reconfigurable architecture, exemplifying its scalability up to the meter scale. Lastly, we introduce the concept of multitask reconfigurable and deployable space robots and habitats, showcasing the adaptability and versatility of these metastructures.

Piezo sensor-based operational strain modal analysis of structures: Transition from lab to field application

This study evaluates piezo sensors for modal identification of a scaled-down prototype of a pedestrian foot-over bridge under pedestrian motions and further extends the application in real-life structures. The piezo sensors-based results are compared with the accelerometers-based displacement modal parameters. Pedestrian motions are adopted to simulate the operational conditions of a pedestrian footover bridge with different patterns of pedestrian motions. Piezo sensors are found to effectively capture the low amplitude dynamic strain response under pedestrian motions. Strain modal testing captures the modal parameters positively correlated with conventional acceleration modal testing. Staggered pedestrian motions are best suited for actuating the structure uniformly at all instrumented nodes. Piezo sensor-based modal testing is extended to modal testing of real-life footover bridges under low amplitude ambient pedestrian traffic. Piezo sensors successfully capture the bending and torsion modes with good correlation with accelerometers-based modes. The strain-based modal parameters are obtained with excellent repeatability and negligible deviation.

Kenaf/glass fiber‐reinforced polymer composites: Pioneering sustainable materials with enhanced mechanical and tribological properties

AbstractHybrid kenaf/glass fiber reinforced polymer composites have emerged as promising structural materials, garnering significant attention due to their unique blend of natural kenaf fibers and synthetic glass fibers. However, despite their potential, there remains a gap in the comprehensive understanding of their quasi‐static mechanical behavior, creep resistance, and fatigue performance. This paper addresses this gap by presenting recent advancements in studying these key properties of hybrid composites. Studies reveal that the combination of kenaf and glass fibers results in enhanced tensile, flexural, and impact strengths compared to individual fiber composites. Additionally, the hybridization offers improved creep resistance, with the glass fibers reinforcing the polymer matrix against deformation under sustained loads. Furthermore, investigations into fatigue properties demonstrate the resilience of hybrid composites to cyclic loading, contributing to prolonged service life in high‐stress environments. By elucidating the interplay between kenaf and glass fibers, this review underscores the potential of hybrid composites in various structural applications. The synergistic effects between natural and synthetic fibers offer a balance between sustainability, performance, and durability, making hybrid kenaf/glass fiber reinforced polymer composites a compelling choice for industries seeking lightweight, high‐performance materials in which aligns with the sustainable development goals (SDGs) especially on Goal 12.Highlights In composite engineering, combining glass and kenaf fibers could cut production costs, yield high‐performance materials, and promote green technology. Substituting part of the glass fiber with kenaf can enhance the strength‐to‐weight ratio and promote greater biodegradability in current synthetic composites. Quasi‐mechanical properties of hybrid kenaf/glass‐based composites was enhanced by optimal stacking sequences, filler addition, and fiber treatment. Failures due to fatigue and creep can be reduced by hybridizing kenaf/glass fiber composites can prevent in polymer composite due to enhance elastic modulus. Enhanced tribological performance of hybrid kenaf/glass‐based composites due to less damage in microstructure via good interlocking of kenaf and glass in matrix.

SYNTHESIS OF NEW ADSORBENTS VIA FUNCTIONALIZED MCM-41 FOR THE REMOVAL OF SOME IONS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION

Background: Mesoporous materials like MCM-41 silica are highly regarded for their structural features and applications in adsorption and catalysis. This study enhances MCM-41's ability to adsorb cobalt and copper ions by introducing amine and Schiff-base groups, boosting its affinity for these pollutants and aiding in their removal from water solutions. Aims: To prepare MCM-41@NTPE and MCM-41@NTPE-BSAL and use them to adsorb heavy pollutants like cobalt and copper divalent ions from aqueous solutions. Methods: Mesoporous materials (MCM-41@NTPE and MCM-41@NTPE-BSAL) derived from rice husk were used as low-cost adsorbents for the adsorption of Co(II) and Cu(II) ions from aqueous solutions. Uptake experiments were performed to determine adsorption parameters like ion concentration, pH, exposure time, and adsorbent mass. Results: MCM-41@NTPE and MCM-41@NTPE-BSAL were characterized by FT-IR, FESEM-EDX, TEM, N2-adsorption–desorption, XRD,AFM and TGA/DTA. FT-IR confirmed the presence of silanol and siloxane groups. XRD and TEM indicated highly ordered hexagonal arrangements. N2–adsorption–desorption analysis revealed average pore diameters of 42.468 nm and 40.417 nm, total pore volumes of 0.094 cm3g?1 and 0.3384 cm3g?1, and specific surface areas of 8.873 m2g?1 and 37.802 m2g?1 for MCM-41@NTPE and MCM-41@NTPE-BSAL, respectively. TGA showed three mass reduction steps. Adsorption assessment showed pH 6 and 5 were optimal for Co(II) and Cu(II) uptake, respectively, and uptake increased with initial concentration and exposure time. Discussion: XRD confirmed the hexagonal mesoporous structure, while BET analysis displayed amorphous natures. TGA suggested MCM-41@NTPE and MCM-41@NTPE-BSAL have potential for stability, although decomposing between 15-900°C. Electron microscopy revealed ordered hexagonal arrangements. The materials demonstrated high efficacy in extracting copper and cobalt ions from aqueous solutions. Conclusions: Two mesoporous silica materials (MCM-41@NTPE and MCM-41@NTPE-BSAL) were prepared from rice husk by functionalizing MCM-41. Adsorption assessment showed uptake depended on exposure time, pH, initial concentration, and adsorbent mass. MCM-41@NTPE-BSAL exhibited better ion uptake than MCM-41@NTPE.