Many Applications In Different Industries Research Articles

Electron beam powder bed fusion of Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo lattice structures: morphometrical and mechanical characterisations

Metallic light and complex structures, such as lattice, made by Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo (Ti6242) have potential applications in many different industries, especially in light and high-temperature-resistant aerospace and aeronautical components. An advantage of the electron beam powder bed fusion (PBF-EB) process over conventional and other additive manufacturing processes is the ability to fabricate lattice structures easily. However, the control of the effect of the manufacturing process for fabricating such small features is central to define the structure’s mechanical properties. This work investigates the effects of PBF-EB parameters on the geometrical quality of Ti6242 lattice structures. The selected cell consists of 12 rhombic areas connected by 24 struts joined in 12 vertices. The structures were produced in two cell sizes and two strut diameters under nine different process sets. X-ray computed tomography and scanning electron microscopy analyses were used to characterise the morphometrical parameters of each as-built cell and the interlayer integrity of the struts. Evolution under compressive loads was used to determine the mechanical properties of the lattice structures and the failure mechanism underlying the influence of process parameters on the mechanical properties. The as-built Ti6242 lattices were well-formed without voids and cracks. The outcomes revealed a significant effect of the considered lattice structure and process setup on the morphometric parameters. Even minor variations of the main processing parameters considerably impacted the mechanical properties of the structure.

Blockchain Empowering Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Analysis of Applications and Security Challenges

An accessible, dependable, and secure infrastructure is necessary to manage the ever-increasing amount of processed data, which is being driven by the proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices in society. There is a risk of single-point failures in the current IoT model because it depends on a central cloud server. One solution to this problem is the increasing popularity of combining Blockchain Technology (BCT) with the IoT. This takes advantage of the decentralized structure of Blockchain (BC) networks. IoT security has been greatly enhanced by this merger. A comprehensive analysis of Blockchain-based Internet of Things (BC-IoT) applications and the security risks they pose is provided in this study. It examines the IoT and BCT side by side, using well-structured and efficient scholarly literature to classify blockchain-based IoT applications in many different industries, such as manufacturing, healthcare, transportation, supply chain management, and ad hoc Vehicle Networks (VANET). In addition, the article discusses the shortcomings of BCT as it pertains to the IoT and the security concerns surrounding applications built on the blockchain. Academics and researchers can use the given insights to further develop BC applications based on the IoT.

Isolation, Molecular Characterization, Optimization and Purification of Amylase Enzyme from Locally Isolated Bacillus Species in Different Regions of Munshiganj, Bangladesh

Amylase is a kind of enzyme that facilitates the breakdown of carbohydrates in the body. This enzyme has many applications in different industries. Generally, in pharmaceutical sector it is used for the treatment of pancreatic disorder, pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT) and as a digestive aid. In this study, the bacterial strain was isolated from soil samples collected from potato dumpsites in different areas of Munshiganj, Bangladesh. After subculturing on the nutrient agar plate, 31 colonies were obtained, of which 9 isolates were found as amylase producer on starch agar medium. Of these, 2 isolates (MC-04 and MC-15) were selected based on the starch hydrolysis clear zone ratio. The isolate MC-04 showed crude enzyme activity of 2.82 IU/ml and specific enzyme activity of 3.42 IU/mg, and isolate MC-15 showed crude enzyme activity of 3.16 IU/ml and specific enzyme activity of 3.77 IU/mg. The best isolate, MC-15, was then identified by morphology, biochemical and molecular characterization and confirmed by 16S-rRNA gene sequencing. After 16S-rRNA sequencing, the isolate (MC-15) was identified as Bacillus subtilis. This amylase production of this strain had also been optimized under certain conditions such as different incubation periods, pH, temperatures and different carbon sources. We found that the best incubation period was 48 h, the optimum pH-7.0, the optimum temperature at 40°C and 2% starch was considered as the best source of carbon. Finally, the crude amylase enzyme was purified by precipitation with ammonium sulfate, dialysis, and single-step gel filtration chromatography. The enzymatic activity of the purified amylase was found to be 8.91 IU/ml, that was 2.82-fold greater enzymatic activity than the raw enzyme. The experiments confirmed that Bacillus subtilis may be a good source of amylase enzyme for industrial application in Bangladesh. Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 22(2): 147-154, 2023 (December)

Smart Biomaterials: An Evolving Paradigm in Dentistry.

According to definition and general agreement, smart materials have properties that can be altered in a controlled fashion by stimuli including stress, temperature, moisture, pH, and electric or magnetic fields. Various recent materials in materials science are in working order, meaning they must achieve their tasks and should go through intentional modification. Smart materials change one or more of their characteristics in response to inputs. They can be called as responsive materials. As these materials have been available for so long, they are used for a wide range of purposes. These qualities have useful applications in many different industries, including dentistry. Zirconia, shape-memory alloys, and SmartSeal obturation system (Prosmart-DRFP Ltd., Stamford, United Kingdom) are a few examples of dental materials with intelligent behavior. The creation of novel materials is a major trend in materials science. These materials might make it possible to develop cutting-edge dental therapies with vastly improved clinical results. This article reviews the following: nickel-titanium smart alloy, smart composites, self-healing composites, smart ceramics, glass ionomer cement as a smart material, SmartSeal obturation system, and smart coatings for dental implants. We can better understand these biosmart materials with the aid of this review. The development of these newer and superior smart materials makes the outcome of the treatment far better for both the operator and the patient.

Formability investigation of perforated austenitic SS 304L sheets using SPIF

Incremental sheet forming (ISF) is a progressive and highly flexible method of producing sheet metallic components in batches of limited quantities. It is also used for making prototypes at a low cost. Advantages of ISF are: higher sheet formability; elimination of molds and dies or use of simple molds and dies; formed parts with a good surface finish; use of commonly available vertical CNC milling machine and the possibility of quick changes in design. The low accuracy of formed parts and slow speed of the process are the disadvantages of ISF. Perforated metallic sheets have many applications in different industries because of their attractive display exposable to the atmospheric air and lighter weight than nonperforated metallic sheets. Its formability varies with the hole dimensions, ligament width, material chemistry, and forming parameters. In this paper, the effects of hole size, and other input parameters on the formability of the sheet are investigated. One millimeter thick SS 304L perforated sheets with 2 mm and 3 mm diameter holes are used for the present work. FLD and FLSD were drawn after performing the straight groove and wall angle tests. The highest formability was observed in the sheet with 2 mm diameter holes. XRD line profile analysis was done and correlated the formability with the crystallite size and dislocation density. SEM micrographs of fracture surfaces were taken and the fractographic parameters were correlated with formability. FE simulation was done using the optimized process parameters and the simulation results were compared with the experimental results. Contour and spiral tool path comparison was done numerically and experimentally.

Electro-sensing layer constructed of a WO3/CuO nanocomposite, for the electrochemical determination of 2-phenylphenol fungicide

The abstract highlights the development of an electroanalytical sensor for the detection of 2-phenylphenol (2-PPL) as a contaminant. The novelty of the experiment lies in the utilization of a 1-D nanostructured WO3/CuO nanocomposite integrated with a carbon paste electrode (CPE). The hydrothermal method was used to synthesize the WO3 NPs, which were then characterized using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) techniques. Tungsten oxides (WO3) have been the subject of extensive study because of their many desirable characteristics, including their ease of preparation, tunable stoichiometry, crystal structure, particle morphology, 2.6 eV bandgap, excellent photocatalytic oxidation capacity, non-toxic nature, and widespread availability. The narrow band gap in CuO makes it an ideal sensing material. Copper oxide has applications in many different industries because it is a semiconductor metal with a narrow band gap in the spectrum of 1.2–1.9 eV and unique optical, electrical, and magnetic properties. Techniques like cyclic voltammetry (CV), and square wave voltammetry (SWV) were used. Real sample analysis was carried out in real-world samples like different types of soil, vegetables, and water. The electroanalytical sensor showed outstanding catalytic behavior by enhancing the peak current of the 2-phenylphenol with the potential shift to the less positive side compared to the unmodified carbon paste electrode in the presence of pH 7.0 phosphate buffer solution (PB). Throughout the experimental study, double distilled was used. Various electro-kinetic parameters like pH, accumulation time study, scan rate, concentration variation, standard heterogeneous rate constant, and participation of electrons, accumulation time, and transfer coefficient have been studied at WO3/CuO/CPE. The limit of detection was quantified together with the limit of quantification. Possible electrochemical oxidation mechanism of the toxic molecule was depicted. Overall, this research contributes to the field of electroanalytical sensing and offers potential applications in environmental monitoring.

Catalytic Activity Advancements in Organometallic Chemistry

Organometallic chemistry is essential to catalysis and synthesis, helping to shape a wide range of chemical reactions. The study of the interactions between organic compounds and metal elements is known as organometallic chemistry. Modern synthetic chemistry and catalysis have been greatly influenced by the field of organometallic chemistry. It entails the investigation of substances that have metal-carbon bonds because they can have special catalytic and reactive qualities. Applications for these compounds are numerous and include materials science and pharmaceuticals. This multidisciplinary area of chemistry influences the development of many different chemical processes and has a significant impact on both catalysis and synthesis. Frequently used as catalysts in a variety of chemical reactions are organometallic compounds. For instance, transition metal catalysts can speed up reactions by offering a different, lower-activation-energy reaction pathway. Particularly transition metal catalysts, with their capacity to go through several oxidation states and form stable intermediates, are essential for catalyzing a variety of reactions. These catalysts can facilitate the synthesis of complex molecules that may be difficult to obtain through other means, as well as increase reaction rates and selectivity. Organometallic chemistry is still a dynamic field with many applications in different industries and continuous advancements. Selectivity is enhanced and reaction rates are raised as a result. For many industrial processes to be selective and efficient, catalysis is essential. In organic synthesis, organometallic compounds are useful reagents. They can perform a number of transformations that are difficult to accomplish with conventional organic reagents alone, including functionalizing organic molecules, forming and breaking carbon-carbon bonds, and engaging in other transformations. Consequently, the synthetic possibilities in organic chemistry have been greatly expanded by the field of organometallic chemistry. Organic synthesis has been transformed by the adaptability of organometallic compounds in creating and severing bonds as well as their capacity for a variety of transformations. Because of their exceptional reactivity and selectivity, they give chemists access to previously unattainable new molecular structures and compounds. This has significantly changed the field of organic chemistry by adding new tools to the toolbox and creating new opportunities for investigation and learning.

Mineral Composition and Structural Characterization of the Clinoptilolite Powders Obtained from Zeolite-Rich Tuffs

Clinoptilolite is a precious zeolite mineral that has the most comprehensive physicochemical properties among all the zeolite group minerals. Due to these unique properties, clinoptilolite has a wide range of applications in many different industries. In Poland, the clinoptilolite occurs only as an accompanying mineral in the sedimentary rocks nearby Rzeszów. In Europe, the abundant clinoptilolite-bearing deposits are located in Slovakia and Ukraine, where clinoptilolite mineralization occurs in the volcanic tuffs. Due to clinoptilolite’s rare performance, it is extremely crucial to manage its deposits in a complementary manner. In this paper, the mineralogical and structural characterization of the clinoptilolite powders obtained by mineral processing of the clinoptilolite-rich tuffs from Slovakia and Ukraine deposits were discussed. The scope of research covered determination of the mineral composition of the tuffs, structural analysis of the clinoptilolite crystals, as well as textural and physical properties of the powders obtained by mineral processing of the tuffs. In addition, this paper includes the comparative study of the most significant zeolite deposits in the world and investigated clinoptilolite-rich tuffs. A wide spectrum of methods was used: X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), thermal analysis (DSC, TG), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), optical microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM-EDS), the laser diffraction technique, and low-temperature nitrogen adsorption/desorption. The test results indicated that the major component of the tuffs is clinoptilolite, which crystallized in the form of very fine-crystalline thin plates. The clinoptilolite mineralization in the Ukrainian and Slovakian tuffs exhibited a strong resemblance to the clinoptilolite crystals in Yemeni and Turkish tuffs. With respect to the mineral composition, the investigated tuffs showed excellent conformity with the Miocene white tuffs from Romania. The Ukrainian and Slovakian tuffs do not reveal the presence of the clay minerals, which is quite common for naturally occurring zeolite-rich rocks in various deposits in the world. The textural features together with mineral composition of the investigated samples incline that they are potentially suitable raw materials for the sorbent of petroleum compounds. Moreover, the obtained results can be useful indicators with respect to the crushing and compaction susceptibility of the Ukrainian and Slovakian clinoptilolite-rich tuffs.

The Study’s Chemical Interaction of the Sodium Silicate Solution with Extender Pigments to Investigate High Heat Resistance Silicate Coating

Silicate coating is water-based paint with many advantages and wide applications in many different industries. However, there are still some problems with silicate coating: how to increase its resistance to heat at high temperatures and prolong the life of the coating. Silicate paints have high durability and longevity dependent mainly on the chemical interaction of the silicate binder with extender pigments. Therefore, our groups have studied the geopolymerization process of the sodium silicate solution with extender pigments to investigate high heat resistance silicate coating. The effect of curing time on the chemical interaction between sodium silicate solution and extender pigments (ZnO, TiO2, Fe2O3, CaCO3, and Na2SiF6) was investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The shift of antisymmetric stretching vibration of the Si-O-Si bond (1060 cm−1) to low frequency and increase of the intensity of the Si-O-Si stretching as curing time increases from 1 to 20 days are due to the increased chemical interaction between extender pigments (ZnO, TiO2, Fe2O3, CaCO3, and Na2SiF6) and sodium silicate solution. Moreover, TG results of ZnO-silicate, TiO2-silicate, CaCO3-silicate, Na2SiF6-silicate, and Fe2O3-silicate coating at 1 and 20 days of curing show high residual geopolymer about 69–90% at 800°C. Thus, we proposed that the geopolymerization process between sodium silicate solution and extender pigments (ZnO, TiO2, Fe2O3, CaCO3, and Na2SiF6) increases when the curing time from 1 to 20 days leads to forming geopolymer silicate with high thermal stability. In addition, the optimal mixing ratio between sodium silicate solution and extender pigments (ZnO, TiO2, Fe2O3, CaCO3, and Na2SiF6) is as follows: 25% binder (sodium silicate solution), 8% ZnO; 5% TiO2, 5% Fe2O3, 1% Na2SiF6, 21% CaCO3, 34% H2O, and 1% additives to make high heat resistance silicate coating with temperature resistance at 1000°C.

EVALUATION OF THE USE OF BOF SLAGS FOR PREPARING SURFACE BY BLASTING

ABSTRACT: Approximately 400 million tons of steel slags are generated annually worldwide. For each ton of steel, between 130 and 100 kg of slags are produced depending on the process and the composition. Although efforts have been made to recycle this slag, a significant part still ends up in the landfill, Therefore, it is necessary to look for new alternatives of use. One of the possibilities is its use in the surface preparation of building materials surfaces. Blasting has many applications in different industries, but the associated environmental problems imply a low number of research works developed in this field. Although BF (Blast furnace) slag is regulated by the standard UNE-EN ISO 8504-2:2002, BOF (Basic Oxygen Furnace) slag is not. The aim of this paper is to analyze the possible application of these wastes as a substitute for traditional abrasives. The results show that it is possible to use BOF slag both for surface cleaning. However, a more in-depth investigation is needed. Key Words: circular economy; slags; civil engineering; abrasive blasting.

Surfactants of microbial origin as antibiofilm agents

ABSTRACT The microbial world provides new energy sources and many various ‘green’ chemicals. One type of chemicals produced by microorganisms is the biosurfactant group. Biosurfactants are universal molecules, exhibiting surface properties often accompanied by desired biological activity. Biosurfactants are considered to be environmentally ‘friendly’ due to their low toxicity and biodegradable nature. These compounds have unique features and therefore they can find potential applications in many different industries, ranging from biotechnology to environmental remediation technologies. Antibacterial and antifungal activities make them relevant for applications as inhibitory agents against microbial biofilm. This review covers the current knowledge and the recent advances in the field of biosurfactants as antibiofilm agents.

Electrochemical properties of welded S355J2 steel before and after surface treatment by manganese phosphating

S355J2 steel is used for many applications in different industries. However, this material is attacked by corrosion in chloride environment where the most vulnerable part of a construction is a welded joint. In order to improve general corrosion resistanceof steels phosphate coatings are widely used. This paper evaluates the effect of a manganese phosphate coating prepared on welded joint produced by submerged arc welding (SAW) method on the electrochemical corrosion characteristics. These corrosion characteristics were assessed by potentiodynamic polarization tests and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements in 0.1M Na2SO4 (simulation of industrial atmosphere) solution

Crocin reduced acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity in Wistar rat through inhibition of oxidative stress.

Acrylamide (ACR) has many applications in different industries. ACR damages the central and the peripheral nervous system in human and animals. Importance of ACR-induced neurotoxicity encouraged researchers to find both different mechanisms involved in ACR neurotoxicity and potent neuroprotective agents. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the protective effect of crocin, an active constituent of Crocus sativus L. (saffron) on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in Wistar rats. Animals were treated with ACR (50 mg/kg, IP) 11 days for induction neurotoxicity. Crocin (12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg, IP) were used during treatment with ACR. At the end of treatment, gait score examination was performed. Then, rats were sacrificed and the severity of damage in brain tissue was determined using pathological tests. The level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) content were evaluated in cerebral cortex and cerebellum to determine the role of oxidative stress in this model. Exposure to ACR induced severe gait abnormalities and pathological changes, but administration of crocin markedly improved behavioral index and histopathological damages. The elevation of lipid peroxidation parallel with reduction of GSH level was observed in cerebral cortex and cerebellum following exposure to ACR. Treatment with crocin markedly decreased MDA level, while elevated GSH content in nervous system as compared to ACR-treated animals. The administration of crocin markedly improved behavioral and histopathological damages in Wistar rats exposed to ACR. Reduction of oxidative stress can be considered as an important mechanism of neuroprotective effects of crocin against ACR-induced toxicity.

Finite element modeling and experimental validation of 2D reinforcement braided thin wall structures under internal pressure at various braid angles

Reinforcement of the thin-wall structures under internal pressure by braiding method has many applications in different industries. In this way, the effective braid angle determination will be important in achieving a stable and resistant structure. The main aim of this work was finite element modeling and experimental validation of these structures under internal pressure. Therefore, a thin silicon pipe as the core was covered with different braid angles in braiding machine and then was subjected to internal pressure. After that, a finite element model was implemented for a repeatable part of the samples as a unit cell using ANSYS software to calculate the pressure–diameter diagram of the samples. Finally, in order to verify the accuracy of the finite element models was recorded the increase in braided pipes diameter up to rupture by camera and prepared pressure–diameter diagram for all samples by image processing method. The comparison of the finite element method results and image processing showed a good agreement with high accuracy. Also was observed in finite element modeling that the relationship between diameter-pressure in 55 degrees was rather linear, generating forces in the pipe surface of thin silicon due to internal pressure along braid strands direction as confirmed by image analysis.

FEASIBILITY OF PLASMA TECHNOLOGY UTILIZATION IN CONCRETE INDUSTRY

Concrete technology is growing in different directions as various sciences are feeding this industry regarding the huge demand for concrete each day all around the world. In spite of this fact there is a lack of research in the field of plasma technology and its possible usages in the concrete. Plasma technology as a relatively recent achievement of mankind has many applications in different industries and one of its main utilizations is the surface modification of materials and specially polymers with changing the wettability and adhesion properties. In this research, the main endeavor is to study the possibility of plasma surface modification in concrete mainly within 2 concepts; first to enhance the adhesion of cement paste to the aggregates to improve the interfacial transition zone and thus improving the concrete properties such as compressive strength and impermeability. This concept is followed by measuring the compressive strength and porosity of the concrete samples, which are made with and without plasma treatment. The second concept is to change the wettability of the release agent materials on the surface of the mold to enhance the final surface of the concrete after demolding. This part is done by comparing the visual observations of fresh cement slurry and hardened cement paste on the surface of different release agents before and after treating with plasma.

An investigation into the reaction behavior of tubular braids due to internal pressure

Braiding has many applications in different industries as an internal pressurized cylinder. In these conditions, a sustainable structure without any wrinkling and unevenness is quite necessary. Using thin wall structures with closed ends and under internal pressures as a braid is addressed in the present study. With the use of a silicon vessel as the core, the braids with different angles and weavings were produced. They were exposed to internal pressure from zero to failure point. All stages of change in the shapes of the samples were recorded by a camera and the pressure–diameter results were extracted in 10 s once. In this research, the authors elaborate on the theory of stress and wrinkling moment created in these braids under internal pressure, and then they develop a new testing method by which they compare the obtained results with the theory. Following that, the relationship between the angle and failure pressure is investigated to determine the best braid angle in braiding used as thin wall structures. In the braid angle of ± 55°, all the forces created in braid due to internal pressure are along with strands direction and the increase in the cylinder diameter of the braid has been completely controlled depending on strands’ elongation. The rate of diameter increase in the angles of less than ± 55° is fast, especially in pressures close to failure pressure. However, in the bigger angles, the elongation or, in other words, the diameter decrease is observed in braiding.

Nanostructured Biomaterials and Biocomposites from Bacterial Cellulose Nanofibers

Cellulose is one of the most abundant component of biomass in nature and the basic feedstock in paper and pulp industries. Cellulose fibres are relatively strong; have breaking strengths of up to 1 GN/m2 (10,000 MPa). Traditionally extracted from plant tissue (trees, cotton, etc.) cellulose can also be produced, using certain bacterial species, by fermentation in the form of nanofibers, yielding a very pure cellulose product with unique properties. Research in the biosynthesis of microbial cellulose and its application are being pursued intensively. Bacterial cellulose possesses unique physical properties that distinguish it from plant-derived cellulose. Its fibre has a high aspect ratio with a fibre diameter of 20-100 nm. As a result, it has a very high surface area per unit mass. This property, when combined with its very hydrophilic nature, results in very high liquid loading capacity. The unique properties of this natural and biocompatible nanofiber make it an attractive candidate for a wide range of applications in many different industries especially those related to Biomedical and Biotechnology.

Rheology of co‐continuous phase in physical thermoplastic elastomers

AbstractNowadays, chemical and physical thermoplastic elastomers have found many applications in different industries. Compatibilizer and co‐continuous composition are among the important factors which control the optimum properties of a number of physical blends. Morphology, mechanical and rheological properties of various blends of polystyrene (PS) and polybutadiene were investigated. The results show that the co‐continuous composition for these blends is located in‐between 24 and 35 wt% of PS. These blends show a negative deviation from the viscosity logarithmic additivity rule. This observation suggests an improvement in the interactions between the phases in co‐continuous composition. Rheological and mechanical properties were used in determination of the co‐continuous phase. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry

Analysis, Monitoring and Fault Diagnosis of Industrial Processes Using Multivariate Statistical Projection Methods

Multivariate statistical procedures based on various versions of principle component analysis (PCA), and partial least squares (PLS), have recently been proposed for the analysis monitoring and diagnosis of industrial processes. These methods are capable of treating processes with large numbers of highly correlated process and quality variables, and can easily handle missing data. The only information needed to exploit them is a good database on historical process operations.In this paper, industrial experiences with these methods based on recent applications in many different industries are presented. Both continuous and batch processes are treated. Multi-block methods are shown to be very useful for treating large continuous processes or multistage batch operations, and multi-way methods are used to treat batch processes where one has time-varying trajectory data on many variables.