Energy Harvesting Applications Research Articles

Visualizing Thermally Activated Conical Intersections Governing Non-Radiative Triplet Decay in a Ni(II) Porphyrin-Nanographene Conjugate with Variable Temperature Transient Absorption Spectroscopy.

Metalloporphyrins based on open-shell transition metals, such as Ni(II), exhibit typically fast excited-state relaxation. In this work, we shed light into the nonradiative relaxation mechanism in a nanographene-Ni(II) porphyrin conjugate. Variable temperature transient absorption and global fit analysis are combined to produce a picture of the relaxation pathways. At room temperature, photoexcitation of the lowest π-π* transition is followed by vibrational cooling in 1.6 ps, setting a short 20 ps temporal window wherein a small fraction of relaxed singlets radiatively decay to the ground state before intersystem crossing proceeds. Following intersystem crossing, triplets relax rapidly to the ground state (S0) in a few tens of picoseconds. By performing measurements at low temperature, we provide evidence for a competition between two terminal relaxation pathways from the lowest (metal-centered) triplet to the ground state: a slow ground state relaxation process proceeding in time scales beyond 1.6 ns and a faster pathway dictated by a sloped conical intersection, which is thermally accessible at room temperature from the triplet state. The overall triplet decay at a given temperature is dictated by the interplay of these two contributions. This observation bears significance in understanding the underlying fast relaxation processes in Ni-based molecules and related transition metal complexes, opening avenues for potential applications for energy harvesting and optoelectronics.

Unconventional phonon blockade effect in array of three coupled weakly nonlinear nanomechanical resonators

Phonon antibunching, a phenomenon arising from the quantum statistics of mechanical vibrations, has attracted significant attention due to its potential applications in quantum information processing, sensing, and energy harvesting. Here, we present a comprehensive investigation of phonon antibunching in a system consisting of three weakly nonlinear coupled nanomechanical resonators. We analytically derive and study the antibunching behavior of phonons in the proposed system and bring insight into the underlying mechanisms. The optimal phonon blockade results from destructive quantum interference due to distinct two-phonon excitation pathways. Due to this quantum interference, these unconventional phonon blockade systems can achieve antibunched statistics even in weakly nonlinear regimes, in contrast to conventional phonon blockade systems that require strong nonlinearity. We show that with the inclusion of an additional resonator, there are multiple additional two-phonon excitation pathways compared to two resonator cases, which results in stronger phonon antibunching and supports single phonon for longer duration. These findings are interesting for practical phononics using coupled-resonator systems.

Porous flexible molecular-based piezoelectric composite achieves milliwatt output power density

Molecular ferroelectrics have made breakthrough progress in intrinsic piezoelectric response that can be on par with advanced inorganic piezoelectric ceramics. However, their successful applications in high-density energy harvesting and self-powered flexible devices have been great challenge, owing to the low elastic moduli, intrinsically brittle, and fracture proneness of such material systems under mechanical loading. Here, we have developed a flexible porous composite piezoelectric material by using soft thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and molecular ferroelectric materials. Benefiting from the porous structure of TPU, the flexible piezoelectric composites enable effectively large doping ratio (50%) of [Me3NCH2Cl]CdCl3 (TMCM-CdCl3) and highly efficient stress absorption, coupled with the excellent piezoelectric properties of TMCM-CdCl3, to realize a superior power density (636.9 µW cm−2 or 1273.9 µW cm−3). This output is 2000 times higher than that of flexible piezoelectric materials represented by poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF). We believe that the outstanding performance of the porous composite piezoelectric material would pave a feasible way for real industrial applications of molecular ferroelectrics.

Double-foci acoustic metamaterial Luneburg lens

In this study, an acoustic Luneburg lens is proposed to achieve double foci. High energy density between the two foci can be obtained, which enables the realization of an ultra long acoustic jet between the two foci. The acoustic Luneburg lens is designed based on the gradient index acoustic metamaterial with lattice unit cells. Analytical and numerical analyses were performed to investigate the performance of double foci Luneburg lens. Results show that the double foci can be realized with acoustic jet length goes up to 30 times compared with the wavelength, which has multiple potential applications in medical imaging and energy harvesting.

Microwave absorber surface design for 5G energy harvesting applications

This study presents a high-efficiency microwave absorber for energy harvesting in 5G frequencies. Initially, a unit cell was designed in four stages to efficiently absorb in the targeted frequency region. The results obtained for each stage of the design were analyzed, and additional investigations were conducted for substrate material and thickness based on the optimum performance of the unit cell structure. A unit cell absorber designed on an FR4 a flame-resistant fiberglass/epoxy-based composite, commonly utilized in printed circuit boards due to its favorable electrical insulation properties and low cost. With a thickness of 1.5 mm, the absorber achieved a 98.04% absorption at 3.8 GHz according to simulation results. Subsequently, this unit cell was separately designed and simulated with different periodic arrays to transform into an absorber surface. As a result, high absorption rates of 98.94% and 98.35% were achieved at 3.8 GHz and 4.2 GHz, respectively, in the 2 × 2 array. It was observed that the structure absorbs over 85% within a 1 GHz bandwidth between 3.5 GHz and 4.5 GHz. Finally, a prototype of the absorber surface was manufactured, and measurements were taken in the laboratory environment. Significant agreement was found between the data obtained from these measurements and the simulation results. The results indicate that the suggested absorber surface is well-suited for energy harvesting within the n77 (3.3 GHz to 4.2 GHz) and n78 (3.3 GHz to 3.8 GHz) bands of 5G communication.

Thermal management and power generation characteristics in a bifurcating channel by using a piezo-embedded inclined elastic fin assembly during turbulent forced convection of ternary nanofluid

Numerous engineering systems use piezoelectric energy harvesters (PE-EHs), which have several benefits including low cost, simplicity, better power density, and ease of installation. They can be used in different applications for energy harvesting and different external sources such as wind and vortex induced vibrations due to fluid–structure interaction can be utilized. This study uses a unique elastic fin PE/EH assembly for power generation, thermal management, and flow control in a bifurcating channel. Performance of the system is improved by using ternary nanofluid in the channel cooling system. Galerkin weighted residual FEM with ALE is used as the solution method. The convective heat transfer performance and power generation by the EH device are investigated in relation to the varying following parameters: Reynolds number (Re between 10000 and 30000), PE-EH inclination (γ between 0 and 60), fin horizontal location (xf between −H and H), and nanoparticle loading in the base fluid (ϕ between 0 and 0.03). The vortex size and distribution near the junction are significantly influenced by the fin inclination and horizontal location of the fin assembly within the bifurcating channel. When varying other parameters of interest, using nanofluid at the highest loading results in significant deflection of the fin assembly and power generation within the PE-EH. Enhancement factors (EFs) for power generation becomes 15.6 and 39.8 when cases of lowest and highest Re are compared with pure fluid and nanofluid while they are 2.93 and 3.38 for thermal performance improvements. Fin inclination of γ=30 is found as the optimum inclination for achieving the highest power from the assembly. Higher inclination of elastic fin/PE-EH assembly results in cooling performance deterioration while average Nu reduces by a factor of 2.94 by varying inclination from γ=30 to γ=60 with nanofluid. For power generation, effects of using nanofluid with varying inclination is significant and EF becomes 252 from γ=0 to γ=30. There are opposing tendencies for the device’s power generation and cooling performance enhancement when the fin’s horizontal placement is changed. EF for average Nu is 7.25 for varying fin location. As the loading of nanoparticle inside the base fluid increases, the average Nu and generated power exhibit non-linear rising characteristics. Polynomial type correlations are provided for the average Nu and power from the device by varying elastic fin assembly inclination and nanoparticle solid volume fraction. Potential of using hybrid nanofluid in PE-EH embedded thermo-fluid system is shown. The design, development, and optimization of self-sufficient power production systems that may be used to various thermo-fluid systems, such as electronic cooling and thermal control in a range of heat transfer devices, may benefit from the findings.

Bay-substituted Perylene diimides (PDIs) as redox mediators in dye-sensitized solar cells and active electrode material in supercapacitors

In recent years, innovations in materials design have improved the optoelectronic properties of advanced materials and facilitated their efficient utilization. A significant amount of research has been conducted on developing perylene diimide (PDI) dyes for their use in various energy-related applications. In the present work, we have synthesized bay-substituted PDI derivatives and explored their dual applications in energy harvesting and storage devices. The nucleophilic substitution reaction of 1,7/1,6-brominated Val-PDI was performed by using 2-naphthol (N) and its Nitrogen analogue 8-hydroxy quinoline (Q) for analysing the effect of N-heterocycle at the bay position. The prepared 1,7 (N1/Q1) and 1,6 (N2/Q2) PDIs underwent thorough photophysical and electrochemical analyses and their structures were optimized through density functional theory (DFT) using B3LYP approach with a 6-31+G (d,p) basis set. Although all the prepared bay-substituted PDIs showed reasonable redox activity, N1 was chosen as an electrolyte dopant in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) owing to its band alignment. This aided in enhanced electron lifetime and charge transfer properties, which led to an enhanced efficiency of 2.04 % while the conventional DSSC delivered only 1.84 % at 200 W m−2 illumination. Additionally, the symmetrical supercapacitor fabricated by using Q1 as electrode material generated a high specific capacitance of 146.54 F g−1. Thus, the proposed work opens avenues for the utility of bay-substituted PDI derivatives for organic electronic applications.

Fabrication and evaluation of a CMOS-based energy harvesting chip integrating photovoltaic and thermoelectric energy harvesters

This study explores the development of an energy harvesting chip (EHC) using a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process, addressing the need for efficient micro-scale energy harvesters in modern electronics. The EHC integrates a thermoelectric energy harvester (TEH) and a photovoltaic energy harvester (PEH) to maximize energy conversion efficiency. A key challenge in TEH design is enhancing power output, which is addressed by suspending the cold ends of 41 thermocouples within the TEH structure through post-processing. Experimental methods were employed to assess the performance of the TEH, revealing an output voltage of 21.4 mV and a maximum output power of 9.32 nW under a 3 K temperature difference. The TEH demonstrated a voltage factor of 8.9 mV/(mm2·K) and a power factor of 1.3 nW/(mm2·K2). The PEH was designed with novel patterned p-n junctions, integrating lightly doped n-type regions with interdigitated p-type doping to increase junction density, resulting in high conversion efficiency. The experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the EHC design, showcasing its potential in energy harvesting applications.

Lead-free Polymer Composite Film for Photon Energy Influenced Piezoelectric Nanogenerator based on Photoactive SnS2

Piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) can power microelectronics, which convert weak mechanical vibrations to electrical impulses; however, low output voltage and poor mechanical durability limit PENG use. Thus, we provide photoactive SnS2 nanofillers in a PVDF matrix for piezoelectric nanogenerators (PPENGs). Raman spectroscopy demonstrates improvement of the electroactive β-phase of PVDF due to adding photoactive hexagonal SnS2 nanoparticles with a band gap of 2.4 eV. Sandwiching the PVDF-SnS2 composite between ITO-coated substrates with silver paste contacts fabricated the PPENG. The open-circuit voltage of PPENG is 24.4 V in the dark and 72.9 V under illumination with a short-circuit current of 0.75 μA, showing its outstanding photo responsiveness. The high light absorption of SnS2 and PVDF-SnS2 interfacial polarization caused the improved response. High-performance optoelectronic and energy harvesting applications may employ this photoactive piezoelectric nanogenerator development technique.

Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting in Poly(vinylidene Fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene)/Barium Titanate Nanofibers and Ultrasonic Assisted Piezocatalytic Degradation of Ciprofloxacin

AbstractAn innovative approach has been adopted through the synthesis of a cost‐effective ferroelectric host polymer, which was integrated with Barium Titanate (BaTiO3) to develop an efficient electrospun Polyvinylidene Fluoride‐Hexafluoropropylene/BaTiO3 (PVdF‐HFP/BaTiO3) nanocomposite (PBT), designated for energy harvesting and piezocatalytic applications. FT‐IR affirmed the existence of the crystalline β‐phase within the nanofibers. SEM images showed that nanofiber diameter decreases as applied voltage is increased in electrospinning. The BaTiO3 nanoparticles were scattered evenly in PBT, but at lower voltages, they aggregate. PBT showed enhanced piezoelectric performance under higher voltage conditions, registering a maximum piezoelectric output of ~7.7 V and an output current of 0.77 μA. Moreover, the composite exhibited a power density of 14.15 mW/m2 at a load resistance of 20 MΩ. Fabricated piezoelectric nanogenerator (PENG) demonstrated practical utility in flexible electronics, notably in charging capacitors of 0.47 μF and 1 μF. Additionally, the piezocatalytic degradation of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin (CIP) was effectively achieved using the electrospun nanofibers, with an impressive degradation rate of up to 99.6 % within 30 minutes under acidic conditions, and the material displayed notable reusability, maintaining up to 95.5 % efficiency after five cycles. DFT calculations and COMSOL simulations alongside a comparative examination of the electronic properties of PBT.

Synthesis and characterization of BaCuTiO3–CoTiO3 nanoparticle composite for piezoelectric energy harvesting applications

Synthesis and characterization of BaCuTiO3–CoTiO3 nanoparticle composite for piezoelectric energy harvesting applications

First-principles investigation of Rb2NaXCl6 (X = In, Tl) compounds for energy harvesting applications

Lead free halide double perovskites (HDPs) have attracted significant interest of the scientific community owing to their better stability, low cost, and eco-friendly nature, and high power conversion efficiency for optoelectronic, and thermoelectric usages. Herein, the physical properties of two novel Rb2NaInCl6 and Rb2NaTlCl6 HDPs are reported via first principles methods. Both HDPs are found to be stable thermodynamically and geometrically, supported by negative formation enthalpies, and structural optimization. Electronic properties analysis revealed direct band gap values of 4.88 and 3.13 eV for respective Rb2NaInCl6 and Rb2NaTlCl6 structures. Corresponding to these band gap values, both HDPs are optically active in the ultraviolet (UV) region of light. Static dielectric constant (Ɛ1 (0)) is consistent with Penn's model. Maximum polarization is achieved at 7.1/5.16 eV for Rb2Na(In/Tl)Cl6, respectively. Maximum absorption peaks occurred in UV region, predicting their suitability for high energy optoelectronic applications. The optical conductivity revealed the highest intensity of 3049.72 (at 5.4 eV) for Rb2NaTlCl6 and 2632.08 Ω−1cm−1 (at 7.4 eV) for Rb2NaInCl6. Moreover, our analysis of thermoelectric parameters revealed that Rb2NaInCl6 and Rb2NaTlCl6 have figure of merit (ZT) values of 0.73/0.75, respectively. High ZT values and greater absorption in the UV region suggest that Rb2Na(In/Tl)Cl6 are suitable for TE and optoelectronic usages.

High-voltage thermocell modules for direct device operation: eliminating the need for DC-DC converters

Abstract This study explores the potential of thermocells as an efficient energy-harvesting solution that can power practical devices without the need for a DC-DC converter. We constructed thermocell devices comprising 35 legs using a modified soldering technique and electrode treatment to improve reliability. The devices achieved a peak voltage of 3.5 V at a hot-side temperature of 60 °C under natural cooling conditions. These thermocells were integrated with a voltage detector integrated circuit (IC) and beacon, initiating beacon operation within 100 s and transmitting signals over 600 times within a 15 min period. Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of thermocells as an alternative energy source, offering a cost-effective and streamlined approach for energy-harvesting applications without the complexity and expense of DC-DC converters.

Enhanced performance of polydimethylsiloxane-based triboelectric nanogenerator using BaTiO3/MWCNTs

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) that operate in the contact-separation mode are widely utilized for energy harvesting owing to their simple structure, excellent durability, and high energy-conversion efficiency. This study investigated the enhanced performance of TENGs using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) incorporating barium titanate (BTO) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The negative triboelectric layer, comprising PDMS with BTO and MWCNTs, and aluminum foil as both the positive triboelectric layer and electrode, were optimized to improve the TENG performance. The optimal composition of PDMS incorporating 0.01 wt% MWCNTs and 10 wt% BTO yielded output voltage and current of 394.75 V and 28.24 µA, respectively. Further enhancement was realized via the application of radio frequency plasma treatment, which increased the surface roughness and fluorine incorporation. Consequently, the output voltage and current improved to 421.06 V and 32.33 µA, respectively, with a peak power density of 4.76 W/m2 at 10 MΩ. The optimized TENG maintained consistent performance over 2000 cycles and successfully illuminated commercial LEDs, thereby demonstrating its potential for practical energy-harvesting applications.

Revealing multiphase coexistence of R-O-T phases in BaTiO3-CaTiO3-BaSnO3 electroceramics for energy harvesting and storage response with piezo actuation

The (Ba1-xCax)(SnyTi1-y)O3 piezoelectric ceramics (where x=0.016, y=0.024; x=0.032, y=0.048; x=0.048, y=0.072; x=0.064, y=0.096; x=0.08, y=0.12) were designed by conventional solid state reaction method. The crystal structure for the composition of x=0.064 and y=0.096 (abbreviated as BCST-4) possesses the coexistence of non-centrosymmetric rhombohedral-orthorhombic-tetragonal (R-O-T) tri-lattice symmetries at room temperature, as demonstrated by the structural Rietveld refinement, Raman analysis, and temperature dependence of dielectric study. Because of the R-O-T multiphase coexistence, BCST-4 possesses a superior electromechanical and piezoelectric property viz. kp ∼ 0.45, strain ∼ 0.100 %, d33* ∼ 649 pm/V, and an improved d33 ∼ 452 pC/N, which is comparable to commercially available soft PZT ceramics (d33 ⁓ 370 pC/N). For BCST-4 ceramics, an exceptional electrostriction coefficient Q33 ∼ 0.0434 m4/C2 value was attained. The intrinsic piezo-actuation DC strain was observed to be 130 microstrain (με) and 188 με with ε33 and ε31 modes respectively. The BCST-4 ceramic exhibits a maximum output power of 1.03 mW, a power density of 13.5 µW/mm3, a maximum output current of 88 µA, and an open circuit voltage Vpp of 28 V which successfully glowed ‘SPPU’ panel having 40 red commercial light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The energy storage study reveals that BCST-4 ceramics exhibit a maximum energy storage density (Wrec) of 165.87 mJ/cm3 with efficiency (ƞ) 68.00 %. Therefore, the improvement in electrostriction coefficient, piezoelectric charge coefficient, and energy storage response indicates that BCST-4 ceramic has the potential for actuator, energy harvesting, and energy storage applications.

A space-adiabatic theorem for longitudinal and transversal wave motion analysis of graded metamaterials

The use of graded metamaterials is widespread in the fields of wave manipulation and energy harvesting. However, they have the drawback of causing energy scattering after a certain period due to wave reflection or trapping, known as the rainbow effect, in some cases. To address this issue, we extend the adiabatic theorem to the spatial modulation field to mitigate the impact of the rainbow effect, thereby enhancing transmission at the interface of graded metamaterials. Firstly, an analytical expression for the limiting gradient in the space-adiabatic theorem is derived. Then, it is applied to study the longitudinal wave motion in a spring-mass with graded resonators (SMGR) system and the transversal wave motion in a beam with graded resonators (BGR) system. The numerical study demonstrates that if the spatial gradient of system properties is small enough to satisfy the adiabatic theorem, wave scattering can almost be neglected, and transmission will experience a significant increase compared to the non-adiabatic case. Finally, the critical boundary between adiabatic and non-adiabatic cases is determined using the fitting method. This study introduces a design strategy for graded metamaterials, offering opportunities for communication, sensing, energy harvesting, and various other applications.

Enhanced thermoelectric power factor of magnetron Co-sputtered Pd-added Bi2Te3 thin films

The study on Pd-added Bi2Te3 thin films involved the preparation of these films using the co-magnetron sputtering technique. The process included fixing the Bi:Te (2:3) target at 30 W of pulsed dc-power while varying the Pd target on the sputtering power in a range of 0–12 W. All deposited film thicknesses were maintained at 500 nm. The investigation of the thermoelectric power factor (PF) of thin films with varying Pd-adding contents revealed interesting results. The Pd contents were increased by increasing the sputtering power on the Pd target. The PdTe2 phase was initiated, starting at 4 W of Pd sputtering power, resulting in a heterogeneous alloy of Bi2Te3 and PdTe2 phase. The increase in the Pd content led to a reduction in the electrical resistivity. At the same time, an appropriate Pd-adding concentration could cause the rise of the Seebeck coefficient and power factor. The maximum power factor of 3.06 mW m−1 K−2 (ρ = 14.63 μΩ m, S = −212 μV K−1) at room temperature was achieved on a Pd-added Bi2Te3 thin film (Pd-4W). This finding underscores the potential of Pd's most appropriate adding content into Bi2Te3 thin films for thermoelectric energy harvesting applications.

Impact of Lattice Strain on the Electronic and Thermoelectric Properties of CoAs3 Skutterudite Material

Using density functional theory (DFT) combined with semi‐classical Boltzmann transport theory, the electronic and thermoelectric properties of binary skutterudite CoAs3 material are investigated up to 30 GPa. Elastic properties calculations confirm the mechanical stability at 0 GPa and under varying hydrostatic pressures, with ductility influenced by pressure. To ensure dynamical stability, the phonon dispersion frequencies are computed at both 0 and 30 GPa. Electronic band structure calculations, using the GGA + TB‐mBJ approximation, indicate that CoAs3 initially exhibits a direct band gap at its equilibrium lattice constant, which shifts to become indirect under increasing pressure. To assess the impact of pressure on the thermoelectric properties of CoAs3, the Seebeck coefficient, thermal conductivities, and figure of merit (ZT) are calculated at pressures of 5, 10, 20, and 30 GPa for various temperatures (300, 600, 900, and 1200 K). These computations provide valuable insights into how varying pressures influence the material's thermoelectric performance. The optimal thermoelectric properties in CoAs3 material are achieved at 5 GPa and 1200 K for n‐doping (20 GPa and 600 K for p‐doping), with an ideal doping concentration of 1.5 × 1021 cm−3 (5.5 × 1018 cm−3). Under these conditions, the material reaches a high figure of merit (ZT) value of 0.52 for n‐doping and 0.49 for p‐doping. These findings underscore CoAs3 as a promising candidate for applications in energy harvesting and optoelectronic systems, showcasing its robust thermoelectric performance under precise pressure and temperature conditions.

Piezoelectric nanogenerators from sustainable biowaste source: Power harvesting and respiratory monitoring with electrospun crab shell powder-poly(vinylidene fluoride) composite nanofibers

Wearable piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) are increasingly significant in healthcare and energy harvesting applications due to their ability to convert mechanical energy into electrical signals. In this study, we developed PENGs by incorporating crab shell powder (CS-NFs) into electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofibers to enhance their piezoelectric properties. The PVDF-CS-NFs (PC-NFs) composites were evaluated for structural, thermal, and piezoelectric performance. The 1.5 wt% CS-NFs composite exhibited a notable improvement, with a maximum output voltage of 19 V under mechanical deformation, significantly higher than pristine PVDF NFs. Furthermore, the device demonstrated excellent sensitivity in real-time respiratory monitoring when applied to various body locations, including the chest, throat, and mask. Additionally, the PC-NFs-based PENGs were capable of charging a 2.2 µF capacitor to 2 V within 180 s and powering 56 LEDs. These results underscore the potential of using sustainable crab shell waste in biocompatible, eco-friendly piezoelectric devices for wearable sensors and energy harvesting applications.

Development of a Highly Sensitive and Stretchable Charge-Transfer Fiber Strain Sensor for Wearable Applications.

Wearable electronics have significantly advanced the development of highly stretchable strain sensors, which are essential for applications such as health monitoring, human-machine interfaces, and energy harvesting. Fiber-based sensors and polymeric materials are promising due to their flexibility and tunable properties, although balancing sensitivity and stretchability remains a challenge. This study introduces a novel composite strain sensor that combines poly(3-hexylthiophene) and tetrafluoro-tetracyanoquinodimethane to form a charge-transfer complex (CTC) with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on a styrene-butadiene-styrene substrate. The CTC improves conductivity through effective charge transfer, while CNTs provide mechanical reinforcement and maintain conductive paths, preventing cracks under large strains. Purposefully introduced wrinkles in the structure enhance the detection of small strains. The sensor demonstrated a broad strain-sensing range from 0.01 to 200%, exhibiting high sensitivity to both minor and major deformations. Mechanical tests confirmed strong stress-strain performance, and electrical tests indicated significant conductivity improvements with CNT integration. These results highlight the potential of the sensor for applications in health monitoring, human-machine interfaces, and energy harvesting, effectively mimicking the tactile sensing abilities of human skin.