Electrochemical Sensor Applications Research Articles

Nanoparticle-based electrochemical sensing

Electrochemical sensing has emerged as a potent technique for detecting and quantifying various analytes due to its inherent sensitivity, simplicity, and potential for miniaturization. Leveraging their distinctive physicochemical properties, nanoparticles have sparked a revolution in electrochemical sensing, enhancing sensing platforms’ sensitivity, selectivity, and stability. This paper presents the background and significance of nanoparticle-based electrochemical sensing, along with the diverse applications of nanoparticles in science and engineering. The fundamental principles of nanoparticles in electrochemical sensing are explored, highlighting their unique advantages in electrocatalysis, charge transfer facilitation, and signal amplification. The applications of various types of nanoparticles in electrochemical sensing are discussed, elucidating the role of nanomaterials in designing advanced conduction strategies such as impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and amperometry.Furthermore, this review delves into the applications of nanoparticle-based electrochemical sensors across domains, including gas detection, environmental monitoring, and the field of biosensors. The practicality of these sensors in real-world scenarios is showcased through case studies, emphasizing their rapid response, high specificity, and potential for multi-analyte detection. The challenges and prospects of this field are also examined. Addressing nanoparticle stability, reproducibility, and scalability issues is crucial for the successful commercial translation of these sensing platforms. In conclusion, this review underscores the transformative impact of nanoparticles on the landscape of electrochemical sensing. Their multifunctionality, coupled with evolving conduction methodologies, promises to develop ultra-sensitive and reliable sensing platforms that contribute to advancements across various application domains. With the continuous evolution of nanoparticle synthesis techniques, electrochemical sensing is poised to achieve new frontiers of sensitivity and specificity.

Construction of hierarchical NiCo2 S4 /2D-Carbyne nanohybrid onto nickel foam for high performance supercapacitor and non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor applications.

Synthesising and designing pseudocapacitive material with good electrochemical and electrocatalytic behaviour is essential to use as supercapacitor as well as non-enzymatic glucose sensor electrode. In this work, NiCo2 S4 nanoparticles decorated onto the 2D-Carbyne nanosheets are achieved by the solvothermal process. The as-prepared NiCo2 S4 @2D-Carbyne provides rich reaction sites and better diffusion pathways. On usage as an electrode for supercapacitor application, the NiCo2 S4 @2D-Carbyne exhibits the specific capacitance of about 2507 F g-1 at 1 A g-1 . In addition, the fabricated hybrid device generates an energy density of 52.2 Wh kg-1 at a power density of 1.01 kW kg-1 . Besides, the glucose oxidation behaviour of NiCo2 S4 @2D-Carbyne modified GCE has also been performed. The diffusion of glucose from the electrolyte to the electrode obeys the kinetic control process. Furthermore, the fabricated NiCo2 S4 @2D-Carbyne non-enzymatic glucose sensor exhibits a limit of detection of about 34.5 μM with a sensitivity of about 135 μA mM-1 cm-2 . These findings highlight the need to design and synthesis electrode materials with adequate electrolyte-electrode contact, strong structural integrity, and rapid ion/electron transport.

Micrometer-thick and porous nanocomposite coating for electrochemical sensors with exceptional antifouling and electroconducting properties

Development of coating technologies for electrochemical sensors that consistently exhibit antifouling activities in diverse and complex biological environments over extended time is vital for effective medical devices and diagnostics. Here, we describe a micrometer-thick, porous nanocomposite coating with both antifouling and electroconducting properties that enhances the sensitivity of electrochemical sensors. Nozzle printing of oil-in-water emulsion is used to create a 1 micrometer thick coating composed of cross-linked albumin with interconnected pores and gold nanowires. The layer resists biofouling and maintains rapid electron transfer kinetics for over one month when exposed directly to complex biological fluids, including serum and nasopharyngeal secretions. Compared to a thinner (nanometer thick) antifouling coating made with drop casting or a spin coating of the same thickness, the thick porous nanocomposite sensor exhibits sensitivities that are enhanced by 3.75- to 17-fold when three different target biomolecules are tested. As a result, emulsion-coated, multiplexed electrochemical sensors can carry out simultaneous detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) nucleic acid, antigen, and host antibody in clinical specimens with high sensitivity and specificity. This thick porous emulsion coating technology holds promise in addressing hurdles currently restricting the application of electrochemical sensors for point-of-care diagnostics, implantable devices, and other healthcare monitoring systems.

Applications of carbon nanostructure-modified electrochemical sensors in biomedical and pharmaceutical analysis

Applications of carbon nanostructure-modified electrochemical sensors in biomedical and pharmaceutical analysis

Synthesis and Characterization of ZIF 67 Manganese Bimetal for Electrochemical Sensor Application

The field of sensor applications has witnessed substantial growth in diverse domains, including agriculture, food, oil, environment, and medicine. Among the varied methodologies employed, electrochemical methods stand out. The judicious selection of appropriate materials in this context significantly augments sensor efficiency. Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework 67 (ZIF 67), a highly porous material with an expansive surface area, offers facile synthesis, yet is impeded by limited conductivity. The introduction of additional metal derivatives has been reported to enhance its conductivity, with manganese, a transition metal, identified for its potential conductivity improvement and its influence on particle size. Thus, this paper aims to comprehensively explore the properties of manganese-modified ZIF 67, spanning structural, morphological, and electrochemical properties. Research findings indicate that manganese doping enhances crystallinity, as evident from X-ray diffraction analysis, while also impacting particle size (from x¯ 514.4 nm to 944 nm), as assessed through SEM measurements. Furthermore, electrochemical performance reveals heightened peak current during redox processes reaching ±64 µA, indicative of improved conductivity from the ZIF 67 (±13 µA) and the bare (±43 µA). In light of these outcomes, this material emerges as a promising candidate for electrochemical sensor development.

Synthesis of Tin Doped Copper Oxide Nanocomposites for Electrochemical Sensor Application

Abstract Poly (Tin-doped copper oxide nanocomposites modified glassy carbon electrode) (Poly (Sn-doped CuO nanocomposite)-MGCE) made sensors were confirmed by electrochemical finding of norepinephrine (NE). The Sn-doped CuO nanocomposites were made by precipitation technique. This nanocomposite was described through scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction methods. To find the doped properties of the Poly (Sn-doped CuO nanocomposite)-MGCE were studied by cyclic voltammetry studies. The above studies prove that the altered electrodes have wide electroactive external area, and the reduction and oxidation peak appeared at pH 7.4 supportive electrolyte concentration 0.2 M phosphate buffer solution. Poly(Sn-doped CuO nanocomposite)-MGCE as limit of detection was low value for NE was found to be 2.22 µM and the limit of quantification values for NE was appeared as 7.41 µM, wide linear range, high sensitivity (20 to 350 µM), functional to the injection mockup analysis and the attained outcomes are acceptable, excellent reproducibility displays excessive potential in practical applications.

Green combustion synthesis of multifunctional inorganic ZnO: Co2+ (1–11 mol%) nanoparticles: Electrochemical and photocatalytic applications

Aloe Barbadensis Miller (Aloe vera) gel fuel-assisted facile combustion synthesized novel ZnO:Co2+ nanoparticles were analysed for its multifunctional applications such as supercapacitors, sensors, and photocatalytic dye degradation. The PXRD pattern of ZnO was matched with DFT-based computational XRD pattern. The morphology of the prepared nanomaterial was tested using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) techniques. Band gaps were estimated using the Kubelka-Munk function (K-M function) using diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS). The band gap was found to be a minimum ̴ 1.90 eV for ZnO: Co2+ (7 mol%) nanoparticles. Electrochemical properties of ZnO: Co2+ (1–11 mol%) nanoparticles based modified carbon paste electrodes were studied in KCl electrolyte using cyclic voltammetry (CV), Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and Galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD). Enhanced and optimized electrochemical performance in terms of specific capacitance was observed for ZnO: Co2+ (7 mol%) electrodes for supercapacitor application. EIS shows minimum ESR value of 72 Ω and GCD shows ̴ 99 % cyclic stability over 1550 cycles for ZnO: Co2+ (7 mol%) electrode. Effect of low band gap on electrochemical properties were established and found that low band gap leads to high performance in electrochemical activities. Sensitive detection of paracetamol and glucose (1––7 mM concentration) was carried out using the ZnO: Co2+ (7 mol%) electrode, for electrochemical sensor application. Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) & acid orange-8 (AO-8) dyes was carried out using ZnO: Co2+ (7 mol%) photocatalyst under sunlight including scavenging examinations. Under sunlight, 92.45 % of MB and 98.29 % of AO-8 dyes were degraded in 120 min. Overall, this paper reports, multifunctional applications (EDLC, Sensor and Photocatalysis) of toxic free green combustion synthesized ZnO: Co2+ (1–11 mol%) nanoparticles.

Novel dual-responsive hydrogel composed of polyacrylamide/Fe-MOF/zinc finger peptide for construction of electrochemical sensing platform

Responsive hydrogels have received much attention for improving the detection performance of electrochemical sensors because of their special responsiveness. However, current responsive hydrogels generally suffer from long response times, ranging from tens of minutes to several hours. This situation severely limits the detection performance and practical application of electrochemical sensors. Here, an electrochemical sensing platform was constructed by employing dual-responsive polyacrylamide/zinc finger peptide/Fe-MOF hydrogel (PZFH) as the silent layer, sodium alginate-Ni2+-graphene oxide hydrogel as the signal layer. GOx@ZIF-8, as the immunoprobe, catalyzed glucose to H2O2 and gluconic acid, resulting in the cleavage of immunoprobe as the pH decreased and subsequent release of Zn2+ ions. During the process of Fe-MOF converting from Fe3+ to Fe2+, free radicals were generated and used to destroy the structure of the PZFH. Cysteine and histidine in the zinc finger peptide can specifically bind to Zn2+ to create many pores in PZFH, exposing the signal layer. These synergistic effects rapidly decreased the impedance of PZFH and increased the electrochemical signal of Ni2+. The electrochemical sensing platform was used to detect pro-gastrin-releasing peptide with response times as short as 7 min of PZFH, a wide linear range from 100 ng mL−1 to 100 fg mL−1, and an ultra-low limit of detection of 14.24 fg mL−1 (S/N = 3). This strategy will provide a paradigm for designing electrochemical sensors.

Strategies for the detection of site-specific DNA methylation and its application, opportunities and challenges in the field of electrochemical biosensors.

DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification that plays a crucial role in various biological processes. Aberrant DNA methylation is closely associated with the onset of diseases, and the specific localization of methylation sites in the genome offers further insight into the connection between methylation and diseases. Currently, there are numerous methods available for site-specific methylation detection. Electrochemical biosensors have garnered significant attention due to their distinct advantages, such as rapidity, simplicity, high sensitivity, low cost, and the potential for miniaturization. In this paper, we present a systematic review of the primary sensing strategies utilized in the past decade for analyzing site-specific methylation and their applications in electrochemical sensors, from a novel perspective focusing on the localization analysis of site-specific methylation. These strategies include bisulfite treatment, restriction endonuclease treatment, other sensing strategies, and deamination without direct bisulfite treatment. We hope that this paper can offer ideas and references for establishing site-specific methylation electrochemical analysis in clinical practice.

Defect-containing metal–organic framework materials for sensor applications

Defective MOFs: unique properties and electrochemical sensor applications. Overview of construction principles, mechanisms, and applications.

Improvement of environmental monitoring systems for water resources through the application of contactless electrochemical impedance sensors

Improvement of environmental monitoring systems for water resources through the application of contactless electrochemical impedance sensors

Surface engineered metal-organic framework-based electrochemical biosensors for enzyme-mimic ultrasensitive detection of glucose: recent advancements and future perspectives.

Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) have garnered significant attention in the development of electrochemical glucose sensors due to their unique and advantageous properties. The highly tunable pore channels of MOFs facilitate optimal diffusion of glucose molecules, while their large specific surface area provides abundant active sites for electrochemical reactions. Furthermore, the well-dispersed metallic active sites within MOFs enhance electrocatalytic activity, thereby improving the sensitivity and selectivity of glucose detection. These features make MOF-based nanoarchitectures promising candidates for the development of efficient and sensitive glucose sensors, which are crucial for diabetes management and monitoring. The integration of enzymatic biosensors with nanotechnology continues to drive advancements in glucose monitoring, offering the potential for more accurate, convenient, and user-friendly tools for diabetes management. Current research explores non-invasive glucose monitoring methods, such as using sweat, saliva, or interstitial fluid instead of blood, aiming to reduce the discomfort and inconvenience associated with frequent blood sampling. A review of the advancements and applications of MOF-based enzyme-mimic electrochemical sensors for glucose monitoring can provide valuable insights for young researchers, inspiring future research in biomedical device fabrication. Such reviews not only offer a comprehensive understanding of the current state of the art but also highlight existing challenges and future opportunities in the field of enzyme-less glucose sensing, particularly in the surface modification techniques of highly porous MOFs. This fosters innovation and new research directions. By understanding the advantages, challenges, and opportunities, researchers can contribute to the development of more effective and innovative enzyme-mimic glucose sensing transducers, which are essential for advancing biomedical devices.

A zinc-air battery assisted self-powered electrochemical sensor for sensitive detection of microcystin-RR.

Building a high-performance sensing platform is the key to developing sensitive sensors. Herein, a highly sensitive self-powered electrochemical sensor (SPES) was constructed using a WO3·H2O film as the cathode prepared by a hydrothermal method and Zn as the anode, and it could be applied to sensitive detection of microcystin (MC-RR). The WO3·H2O film with a larger specific surface area could boost the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), which could achieve signal amplification and significantly increase the sensitivity of the sensors. Under the optimal conditions, there was a good linear relationship between the increased electrical power density and the logarithm of MC-RR concentration with a detection limit of 1.31 × 10-15 M (S/N = 3). This method had good anti-interference ability and stability when applied to the determination of MC-RR content in actual samples, which could boost the potential application of electrochemical sensors in the field of environmental monitoring.

A systematic review on electrochemical sensors for the detection of acetaminophen.

Considerable progress has been made in the electrochemical determination of acetaminophen (AP) over the past few decades. Nanomaterials or enzymes as electrode modifiers greatly improve the performance of AP electrochemical sensors. This review focuses on the development potential, detection principles and techniques for the electrochemical analysis of AP. In particular, the design and construction of AP electrochemical sensors are discussed from the perspective of non-enzyme materials (such as nanomaterials, including precious metals, transition metals and non-metals) and enzyme substances (such as aryl acylamidase, polyphenol oxidase and horseradish peroxidase). Moreover, the influencing factors for AP electrochemical sensors and the simultaneous detection of AP and other targets are summarized, and the future prospective of AP electrochemical sensors is outlined. This review provides a reference and guidance for the development and application of electrochemical sensors for AP detection.

Efficient detection of carbendazim using an electrochemical sensor for a novel NiFeLDH@HsGY-NH2/MWCNTs heterostructure with lattice-strain.

Carbendazim (CBZ) is widely used for crop protection and its residues threaten human health and the environment. Therefore, developing an effective electrocatalyst is important for the extremely sensitive detection of CBZ. Lattice-strain engineering is an effective strategy to change its electronic structure and ultimately optimize the catalytic performance of materials, which can be used as a modification method to improve the detection performance of electrochemical sensors. Herein, a NiFeLDH@HsGY-NH2/MWCNTs heterojunction with strain effect is prepared by the electrostatic self-assembly method. The structure, morphology, composition, crystallinity and electrochemical performance of NiFeLDH@HsGY-NH2/MWCNTs are analyzed using various instrumental techniques, in which geometric phase analysis (GPA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) images confirm the lattice-strain generated in NiFeLDH@HsGY-NH2/MWCNTs. The results indicate that the prepared electrochemical sensor exhibited an excellent response for carbendazim (CBZ) in the linear range of 0.05-50.00 μM with a detection limit of 10.00 nM (S/N = 3) under the optimal detection conditions. By analyzing the reasons for the improvement of the catalytic performance of the composite material, it is found that the composite of MWCNTs not only improves the conductivity of NiFeLDH but also regulates the electronic structure of metal atoms through double effects. This study provides new insights into the design of efficient and low-cost catalysts to facilitate electrochemical sensor applications.

Morphological and electrocatalytic studies on Ni2+ doped MnWO4 microflowers: A dual mode catalyst for the electrochemical sensor and supercapacitor application

Here, we fabricated nickel-doped manganese tungstate microflowers (N-MW MFs) for electrochemical sensor and supercapacitor applications. N-MW MFs were prepared using the reflux method followed by a calcination process. The doping ratio of nickel varied between 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7 mmol and they were designated as N-MW-0.3 MFs, N-MW-0.5 MFs, and N-MW-0.7 MFs, respectively. The as-prepared materials were analyzed and confirmed by the following physiochemical characterization methods: Powder-XRD, FT-IR, Raman, XPS, FE-SEM, and HR-TEM analysis. N-MW-0.5 MFs modified SPCE exhibited a well-resolved chlorpromazine (CHPMZ) oxidation peak in the CV experiments, which can be attributed to the strong synergistic effect between two different metal ion combinations and the presence of crystal defects. From the optimization result, the N-MW-0.5 MFs/SPCE exhibits a low detection limit of 2 nM and higher sensitivity (0.859 μA μM−1 cm−2) and wide linear ranges (0.01–77.81 μM and 95.81–1230.81 μM). The fabricated CHPMZ sensor was also successfully used for the determination of CHPMZ in water and human blood serum and showed acceptable recovery. In addition, the prepared N-MW-0.5 exhibited an improved specific capacitance of 222.7 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1. Based on the results, we believe that the fabricated N-MW MFs-modified electrode is a potential candidate for CHPMZ sensor and supercapacitor applications.

Green synthesis of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and its applications in non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensors

The synthesis of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is a challenging task for industrial applications due to the absence of a simple and cost-effective synthesis method. This study proposes an environmentally friendly approach to synthesizing rGO using cow urine as a reducing agent, which eliminates the use of hazardous chemicals. The efficacy of this method was confirmed through various analyses, including UV Vis, Fourier transform infrared, and X-ray diffraction, which demonstrated the successful removal of oxygen-containing functions in GO via reduction with cow urine. The synthesized rGO-10 was utilized to fabricate electrochemical nonenzymatic glucose sensors, which exhibited a rapid response time and excellent amperometry response. The sensors used in this study demonstrated a sensitivity of 19.17 μAcm−2mM−1 when optimized for a glucose concentration of 2 mM in human serum. The sensors demonstrated a wide response range, covering a range of 0.2 to 10 mM, and a low detection limit of 1.9019 µM. Additionally, the sensors displayed desirable attributes about repeatability, reproducibility, and stability.

Designing advanced 0D/2D heterojunctions of N, S-co-doped carbon dots/Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets in electrochemical sensor applications

Ti3C2Tx MXene has demonstrated well-established sensitivity in electrochemical sensing but is susceptible to oxidation. Nitrogen-sulfur doped carbon dots (N, S-CDs) were functionalized on Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets via a surface modification strategy, leading to significant enhancement in the performance of Ti3C2Tx MXene. The incorporation of N, S-CDs into Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets effectively prevents the aggregation of Ti3C2Tx MXene flakes, resulting in improvement of the interlayer spacing to 1.578 nm and a threefold expansion of the specific surface area. Furthermore, the N, S-CDs contribute to increase the effective active surface area of the Ti3C2Tx MXene electrode, facilitating accelerated the electron transfer rates and providing additional active sites. On this basis, a galvanic sensor for dopamine (DA) detection was attained through loading N, S-CDs/Ti3C2Tx on glassy carbon electrodes. The optimized sensor achieved a linear detection range of 1 μM–1000 μM for DA, with a detection limit of 0.91 μM (S/N = 3). This work presents a promising approach for the utilization of chemically stable Ti3C2Tx MXene and MXene-based sensors, offering a new avenue for quantitative detection of DA that holds potential for application in real sample analysis.

Detection of 3,4-dichloroaniline in different matrices using chemically modified glassy carbon electrode

The present work reports the development and application of a new electrochemical sensor for the detection of the diuron metabolite 3,4-dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA); the sensor was developed using a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) based on carbon nanofibers modified with silver nanoparticles and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS film). Voltammetric measurements were performed using phosphate buffer solution as electrolyte, where well-defined current responses were obtained upon the addition of increasing concentrations of 3,4-DCA. The application of the proposed sensing device yielded the following results: concentration range of 1.0 × 10−7 to 1.0 × 10−5 mol/L; sensitivity of 0.39 µA µmol/L; and detection limit of 5.0 × 10−8 mol/L. The proposed sensor was successfully employed for the detection of 3,4-DCA in the presence of other pesticides and interfering compounds without any significant interference from these species. Finally, the sensing device was applied in soil, sewage, tap water, and river water samples using the spiking method; the results obtained showed recovery percentages ranging from 92 to 108 %. These findings point to the reliability and efficiency of the proposed method when applied for 3,4-DCA detection.

Fabrication of α-Fe2O3/rGO nanocomposite and its study for electrochemical glucose sensor and supercapacitor application

The demands of electrochemical glucose sensors without enzymes have gained considerable attention in the field of glucose sensors. Therefore, we have fabricated α-Fe2O3/rGO nanocomposite using the biosynthesis method. Syzygium aromaticum (clove) extract was used as a capping/stabilizing agent to synthesize α-Fe2O3/rGO nanocomposite. Synthesized α-Fe2O3/rGO nanocomposite was characterized by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and UV–visible spectroscopy techniques. The agglomerated rod-shaped morphology of synthesized α-Fe2O3/rGO nanocomposite was observed in SEM micrographs. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis shows the surface areas of 187.644 m2/g for α-Fe2O3/rGO nanocomposite. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used to evaluate the electrochemical glucose sensing performance of a glassy carbon electrode modified by α-Fe2O3/rGO nanocomposite and 5 % Nafion solution (Nafion/α-Fe2O3/rGO/GCE). The modified Nafion/α-Fe2O3/rGO/GCE was found to improve electrochemical glucose sensing performance. The modified Nafion/α-Fe2O3/rGO/GCE exhibited a high sensitivity and limit of detection of 327.92 μA mM−1 cm−2 and 0.6 mM respectively for electrochemical glucose sensing. The modified Nafion/α-Fe2O3/rGO/GCE shows good selectivity for glucose sensing over ascorbic acid and dopamine. The cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge/discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques were used for the evaluation of electrochemical supercapacitor performance of modified α-Fe2O3/rGO/stainless steel (α-Fe2O3/rGO/SS) electrode. The calculated values of specific capacitance, energy density, and power density for α-Fe2O3/rGO/SS electrode at the current density of 1 A/g were 310.2 F/g, 27.54 Wh/kg, and 309.71 W/kg respectively. These results indicate that the α-Fe2O3/rGO nanocomposite can be used as an electrochemical glucose sensor and supercapacitor.