Drug Delivery Applications Research Articles

Fabrication of stable oleogel-in-water nanoemulsions with ethyl cellulose nanoparticles

Nanoemulsions (NEs) are liquid-based nanosized colloidal systems offering advantages (superior kinetic stability and rheology) compared to macro- and microemulsions. However, stabilization of these emulsions is difficult, since the small droplet sizes in NEs present large surface area-to-volume ratios. Thus, they need to be stabilized by superb emulsifiers to maintain stability. Herein, we report the construction of novel oleogel-in-water NEs with excellent stability against coalescence and phase separation. To do this, nanoparticles (NPs), based on ethylcellulose (EC), were first prepared, and then NEs were made using EC oleogel as the oil phase, ECNPs solution as the water phase, and tween-80 (TW80) as the surfactant. It was observed that NE stabilized by ECNPs, EC oleogel, and TW80 had a significantly lower particle size (201.86±1.57 nm), polydispersity index (0.13±0.06), with no phase separation over 30 days of storage as well as a higher zeta potential (-79.68±1.36 mV), and complex modulus (21441.80±418.21 kPa), as compared to the control NE (stabilized only by TW80). According to the findings, the developed NE has the potential for food and drug delivery applications.

Denaturants and Solutol® HS15 in ophthalmic formulations: Insights into their combined effects

In the field of ophthalmology, significant attention is dedicated to developing micellar carriers to enhance ocular drug delivery. Urea is a well-known denaturant and has been used as an excipient in several ocular formulations due to its efficacy as an ocular hypotensive agent. The presence of urea as an excipient may influence the characteristics of the micellar nanocarrier in the formulation and needs to be investigated. Solutol® HS15, a well-known nonionic surfactant and a commonly used nanocarrier in drug formulations, enhances the solubilization and stability of ocular drugs. However, a detailed study of its interaction with various pharmaceutical excipients is still lacking. With this intention, the present study focuses on comprehending the interaction between Solutol® HS15 micelles with urea and its derivatives. Here, we present a detailed analysis on the influence of urea and its derivatives (methylurea, dimethylurea) on Solutol® HS15 using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and cloud point (CP) measurements. The presence of urea and its derivatives strongly affects the CP, leading to a significant increase in its values when urea derivatives are present. Additionally, the SANS and DLS results also indicate a significant decrease in micellar size, suggesting demicellization. The observed effects of urea derivatives on Solutol® HS15 micelles underscore the importance of considering solvent-surfactant interactions in understanding the behavior of surfactant-based systems. This research will provide greater insight into the interactions between urea and its derivatives and Solutol® HS15, which will assist in understanding the morphology and size distribution of surfactant micelles for drug delivery applications.

Impact of Carbon Source on Bacterial Cellulose Network Architecture and Prolonged Lidocaine Release

The biosynthesis of bacterial cellulose (BC) is significantly influenced by the type of carbon source available in the growth medium, which in turn dictates the material’s final properties. This study systematically investigates the effects of five carbon sources—raffinose (C18H32O16), sucrose (C12H22O11), glucose (C6H12O6), arabinose (C5H10O5), and glycerol (C3H8O3)—on BC production by Komagataeibacter hansenii. The varying molecular weights and structural characteristics of these carbon sources provide a framework for examining their influence on BC yield, fiber morphology, and network properties. BC production was monitored through daily measurements of optical density and pH levels in the fermentation media from day 1 to day 14, providing valuable insights into bacterial growth kinetics and cellulose synthesis rates. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to elucidate fibril diameter and pore size distribution. Wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) provided a detailed assessment of crystallinity. Selected BC pellicles were further processed via freeze-drying to produce a foam-like material that maximally preserves the natural three-dimensional structure of BC, facilitating the incorporation and release of lidocaine hydrochloride (5%), a widely used local anesthetic. The lidocaine-loaded BC foams exhibited a sustained and controlled release profile over 14 days in simulated body fluid, highlighting the importance of the role of carbon source selection in shaping the BC network architecture and its impact on drug release profile. These results highlight the versatility and sustainability of BC as a platform for wound healing and drug delivery applications. The tunable properties of BC networks provide opportunities for optimizing therapeutic delivery and improving wound care outcomes, positioning BC as an effective material for enhanced wound management strategies.

Exploring the Interaction of Lipid Bilayers with Curcumin-Laponite Nanoparticles: Implications for Drug Delivery and Therapeutic Applications.

Curcumin, the active compound in turmeric, is renowned for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties, making it beneficial for treating conditions like arthritis, neurodegenerative diseases, and various cancers. Despite its promising therapeutic potential, curcumin's poor bioavailability-due to its rapid metabolism and low solubility-limits its clinical efficacy. To address this, recent research has focused on enhancing curcumin delivery using nanoparticles, liposomes, and novel nanomaterials. Among these, laponite, a synthetic nanoclay, has shown promise in improving curcumin delivery due to its unique properties, including large surface area, dual charge, and stability in solution. This study explores the use of curcumin-laponite nanoparticles as carrier vehicles for controlled delivery to in vitro model membranes. Utilizing advanced techniques such as neutron reflectometry, atomic force microscopy, quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation, and infrared spectroscopy, the interaction between curcumin-laponite nanoparticles and solid-supported lipid bilayers is monitored, revealing enhanced stability and controlled release of curcumin across the membrane. These findings pave the way for the development of curcumin-based therapies targeting cardiovascular, neurological, and oncological diseases, leveraging the synergistic effects of curcumin's biological activity and laponite's delivery capabilities.

Advanced functional polymer materials for biomedical applications

AbstractPolymer structures are essential in biomedical applications due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and ability to form intricate structures on micro‐ to nanometer scales. This review, emphasizing electrospinning and phase inversion techniques, examines the fabrication strategies and chemical design of polymer structures for biomedical use. Electrospinning, particularly needleless electrospinning, produces nanofibres with high porosity and flexibility and is widely applied in tissue engineering and drug delivery. Phase inversion, including thermal, nonsolvent‐, vapor‐ and evaporation‐induced phase separation, allows precise control over polymer properties but faces challenges in terms of cooling rates and solvent characteristics. Chemical design through doping, functionalization, cross‐linking and copolymerization enhances the biocompatibility, biodegradability and mechanical properties of polymers, facilitating advanced applications in drug delivery, tissue scaffolding and biosensors. Advanced functional polymers are revolutionizing biomedical fields, offering innovative solutions for therapeutic medicine delivery, disease detection, diagnostics, and regenerative medicine. Despite remarkable progress, challenges, such as scalability, cost‐effectiveness, and environmental impact, persist. This review underscores the transformative potential of advanced polymer materials in medical treatments and advocates for continuous research and interdisciplinary collaboration to overcome existing challenges and fully exploit the capabilities of these materials in improving patient care and medical outcomes. Future perspectives highlight enhancing precision control mechanisms, integrating phase inversion with other techniques and developing large‐scale production methods to advance the field further.

Applications of Diels-Alder Chemistry in Biomaterials and Drug Delivery.

Recent studies, leveraging click chemistry reactions, have significantly advanced the fields of biomaterials and drug delivery. Of these click reactions, the Diels-Alder cycloaddition is exceptionally valuable for synthetic organic chemistry and biomaterial design, as it occurs under mild reaction conditions and can undergo a retrograde reaction, under physiologically relevant conditions, to yield the initial reactants. In this review, potential applications of the Diels-Alder reaction are explored within the nexus of biomaterials and drug delivery. This includes an emphasis on key platforms such as polymers, nanoparticles, and hydrogels which utilize Diels-Alder for drug delivery, functionalized surfaces, bioconjugation, and other diverse applications. Specifically, this review will focus on the use of Diels-Alder biomaterials in applications of tissue engineering and cancer therapies, while providing a discussion of the advantages, platforms, and applications of Diels-Alder click chemistry.

Fabrication of hydrogel mini-capsules as carrier systems

Conventional drug administration often results in systemic action, thus needing high dosages and leading to potentially pronounced side effects. Targeted delivery, employing carriers like nanoparticles, aims to release drugs at a target site, but only a small fraction of nanoparticles actually reaches it. Microrobots have been proposed to overcome this issue since they can be guided to hard-to-reach sites and locally deliver payloads. To enhance their functionality, we propose microrobots made as deformable capsules with hydrogel shells and aqueous cores, having the potential added advantages of biocompatibility, permeability, and stimulus-responsiveness. Endowing microrobots with deformability could allow them to navigate inside capillaries and cross barriers to finally reach the target site. In this study, we present a cost-effective method for fabricating core-shell structures without the use of organic solvents, surfactants, or extreme pH conditions unlike other techniques (e.g. Layer by Layer). The process begins with the dripping of a mixture of hydrogels, agarose and alginate, into a solution to gelate the drops into beads. After they are loaded with calcium ions at different concentrations, they are immersed in an alginate solution to form the shell. Finally, the beads are heated to let the agarose melt and diffuse out, leaving a liquid core. By varying the concentration of calcium ions, we obtain shells of different thicknesses. To estimate it, we have developed a method using the colour intensity from microscope images. This allowed us to observe that lowering the calcium ions concentration below a threshold does not lead to the formation of continuous shells. For higher concentrations, although the core may remain partially gelled, continuous shells successfully form. Therefore, our fabrication process could find applications in drug delivery, encapsulation systems, and microrobotics.

Choline geranate (CAGE): A multifaceted ionic liquid for drug delivery

Ionic liquids, organic salts in a liquid state below 100 °C, have traditionally been associated with industrial applications. Recent research has introduced a new generation of ionic liquids, designed from biocompatible ions, to enable applications in drug delivery. Here, I provide a historical perspective, development status and applications of a leading example of biocompatible ionic liquids, a salt of Choline And Geranic acid (CAGE). Since its first report in 2014, CAGE has opened multiple drug delivery applications including transdermal, oral, buccal, sustained release, tissue ablation, periodontitis and hand hygiene, among others. CAGE-based products have been tested in more than 200 patients through multiple Phase 1 and Phase 2 clinical studies, including successful use in a Phase 2 clinical study in Atopic Dermatitis patients. CAGE became the first ‘drug delivery ionic liquid’ to enter into clinical trials. This article summarizes the key fundamental and translational aspects of CAGE as pertained to its use in drug delivery.

Intravenous administration of gold nanoparticles in rats exhibit alterations in sphingomyelins, bile acids, sphingolipids, and cholesterol esters levels

AbstractNanoparticles (NP) have gained significant attention in biomedical research due to their unique properties and potential applications in drug delivery, imaging, and diagnostics. Gold (AuNPs) and silver (AgNPs) NPs are among the important nanoplatforms that received extensive attention recently for various biomedical applications. Understanding the complex interaction of these NP in biological systems is essential to unveil their pharmacological, Pharmacokinetic and toxicological attributes. Metabolomics has proven invaluable in providing detailed insights into NP’s biodistribution, metabolic effects, and potential toxicity. This study aims to investigate the underlying metabolic pathways affected by in vivo exposure to NP using a robust metabolomics approach. In this work, spherical polyethylene glycol (PEG) modified AuNPs (13 nm, diameter) or AgNPs (20 nm, diameter) were synthesized and dosed into rats via intravenous route to study the associated metabolic changes. Rats (n = 14) were divided into three groups: control (n = 2), AuNPs (n = 6) and AgNPs (n = 6), to mimic potential biomedical exposure scenarios. Duplicate serum samples were collected 24 h post-dosing, and comprehensive metabolite profiling was performed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and flow injection analysis-mass spectrometry (FIA-MS/MS). Metabolite extraction followed the MxP Quant 500 Kit protocol, with chromatographic separation using the Xevo TQS system. Metabolite identification and quantification were conducted with isotopically labelled internal standards and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), utilizing optimized conditions under mass spectrometry (MS) as provided by Biocrates. Annotation of metabolites was determined by retention times and specific MRMs for each compound. Results indicate that AuNPs treatment significantly impacted several metabolic pathways. Notably, there was an increase in sphingomyelin (SM 34:2) levels (estimate 0.23, p ≤ 0.001), which are critical for cell membrane structure and signalling. Additionally, a decrease in glycochenodeoxycholic acid levels was also triggered by treatment with AuNPs, suggesting modulation of bile acid metabolism with potential effects on lipid homeostasis. Furthermore, treatment with AuNPs caused significant alterations in cholesterol ester levels, essential for lipid storage and transport, indicating disruptions in these mechanisms. These metabolic changes suggest that gold nanoparticles can disrupt fatty acid metabolism, pyrimidine/purine metabolism, and amino acid synthesis. These findings contribute to the growing understanding of nanoparticle toxicity profile and underscore the need for further research to ensure the safe application of nanoparticles in biomedical and other fields.

Cohesion Regulation of Polyphenol Cross‐Linked Hydrogel Adhesives: From Intrinsic Cross‐Link to Designs of Temporal Responsiveness

AbstractPolyphenol hydrogels have found widespread application in wound healing, bone repair, drug delivery, and biosensors due to their robust wet adhesion, high ductility, and excellent self‐healing ability. However, these hydrogels often exhibit low intrinsic cohesion, which limits their overall adhesive strength. Enhancing cohesion is critical for improving both the adhesion and mechanical properties of the hydrogels, thereby expanding their utility in biomedical fields. This review begins by exploring strategies to enhance the cohesion of polyphenol hydrogel adhesives, detailing modifications that act individually or synergistically. The importance of temporally regulating cohesion is emphasized to accommodate various applications and environmental conditions. Finally, this paper discusses remaining challenges in cohesion regulation and outlines prospects for future research. It is hoped that this comprehensive review will provide new insights into the development of advanced polyphenolic hydrogel adhesives and contribute to the design of “smart adhesives” for increasingly complex needs in biomedical applications.

Genetically Engineered Filamentous Bacteriophages Displaying TGF-β1 Promote Angiogenesis in 3D Microenvironments

Combined 3D cell culture in vitro assays with microenvironment-mimicking systems are effective for cell-based screening tests of drug and chemical toxicity. Filamentous bacteriophages have diverse applications in material science, drug delivery, tissue engineering, energy, and biosensor development. Specifically, genetically modified bacteriophages have the potential to deliver therapeutic molecules or genes to targeted tumor tissues. The engineered bacteriophages in this study significantly enhanced endothelial cell migration and tube formation within the extracellular matrix (ECM). Compared to TGF-β1 alone and non-modified phages, the presence of TGF-β1 on the bacteriophages demonstrated superior performance as a continuous stimulant in the microenvironment, effectively promoting these angiogenic processes. Assays, including RT-qPCR, ELISA, and fluorescence microscopy, confirmed the expression of angiogenic markers such as CD31, validating the formation of 3D angiogenic structures. Our findings indicate that the TGF-β1 displayed by bacteriophages likely acted as a chemotactic factor, promoting the migration, proliferation, and tube formation of endothelial cells (ECs) within the ECM. Although direct contact between ECs and bacteriophages was not explicitly confirmed, the observed effects strongly suggest that TGF-β1-RGD bacteriophages contributed to the stimulation of angiogenic processes. The formation of angiogenic structures by ECs in the ECM was confirmed as three-dimensional and regulated by the surface treatment of microfluidic channels. These results suggest that biocompatible TGF-β1-displaying bacteriophages could continuously stimulate the microenvironment in vitro for angiogenesis models. Furthermore, we demonstrated that these functionalized bacteriophages have the potential to be utilized as versatile biomaterials in the field of biomedical engineering. Similar strategies could be applied to develop angiogenic matrices for tissue engineering in in vitro assays.

Temperature-triggered liquid metal actuators for fluid manipulation by leveraging phase transition control

ABSTRACT Small-scale pumps for controlling microfluidics have promising applications in drug delivery and chemical assays. Liquid metal (LM) demonstrates excellent flow pumping performance due to its simple structure and the electrocapillary effect under an electric field. However, LM droplets risk escaping from constrained structures, which can lead to pump failure. Temperature regulation is also a critical parameter in optimizing chemical reactions in fluidic systems, however, integrating it into a compact system remains challenging. Here, we develop a temperature-triggered gallium-based actuator (TTGA) by introducing a gallium (Ga) droplet wetted on a copper (Cu) plate as the core element for flow actuation. The Cu plate prevents the Ga droplet from escaping the chamber and significantly increases the flow rate. By leveraging the electrochemical method to inhibit the supercooling effect of Ga, the TTGA enables activation/deactivation for flow actuation at different temperatures. We investigate the impact of electrode position, solution concentration, and applied voltage on TTGA’s pumping efficiency. By dynamically tuning the Ga droplet’s temperature to control phase transition, TTGA allows for accurate flow actuation control. Furthermore, placing Ga and eutectic Ga-indium (EGaIn) droplets in different channels enables the expected flow divergence for fluids with different temperatures. The development of TTGA presents new opportunities in microfluidics and biomedical treatment.

Exploring the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using natural extracts and their potential for cancer treatment.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have attracted increasing attention in nanomedicine, with versatile applications in drug delivery, antimicrobial treatments, and cancer therapies. While chemical synthesis remains a common approach for AgNP production, ensuring environmental sustainability requires a shift toward eco-friendly, "green" synthesis techniques. This article underscores the promising role of plant extracts in the green synthesis of AgNPs, highlighting the importance of their natural sources and diverse bioactive compounds. Various characterization methods for these nanomaterials are also reviewed. Furthermore, the anticancer potential of green AgNPs (Gr-AgNPs) is examined, focusing on their mechanisms of action and the challenges to their clinical implementation. Finally, future directions in the field are discussed.

Recent Updates on Diverse Nanoparticles and Nanostructures in Therapeutic and Diagnostic Applications with Special Focus on Smart Protein Nanoparticles: A Review.

Nanomedicine enables advanced therapeutics, diagnostics, and predictive analysis, enhancing treatment outcomes and patient care. The choices and development of high-quality organic nanoparticles with relatively lower toxicity are important for achieving advanced medical goals. Among organic molecules, proteins have been prospected as smart candidates to revolutionize nanomedicine due to their inherent fascinating features. The advent of protein nanoarchitectures, which explore the biomolecular corona, offers new insights into their efficient tissue penetration and therapeutic potential. This review examines various animal- and plant-based protein nanoparticles, highlighting their source, activity, products, and unique biomedical applications in regenerative medicine, targeted therapies, gene and drug delivery, antimicrobial activity, bioimaging, immunological adjuvants, etc. It provides an extensive discussion on recent applications of protein nanoparticles across diverse biomedical fields as well as the evolving landscape of other nanoproducts and nanodevices for sensitive medical procedures. Furthermore, this review introduces different preparation technologies of protein nanoparticles, emphasizing how their design and construction significantly influence loading capacity, stability, and targeting effects. Additionally, we delve into the construction of different user-friendly multifunctional modular bioarchitectures by the assembly of protein nanoparticles (PNPs), marking a significant breakthrough in therapies. This review also considers the challenges of synthetic nanomaterials and the emergence of natural alternatives, which provides insights into protein nanoparticle research.

Modular Plasmonic Nanopore for Opto‐Thermal Gating

AbstractSolid‐state nanopore gating inspired by biological ion channels is gaining increasing traction due to a large range of applications in biosensing and drug delivery. Integration of stimuli‐responsive molecules such as poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) inside nanopores can enable temperature‐dependent gating, which so far has only been demonstrated using external heaters. In this work, plasmonic resonators are combined inside the nanopore architecture with PNIPAM to enable optical gating of individual or multiple nanopores with micrometer resolution and a switching speed of a few milliseconds by thermo‐plasmonics effects. A temperature change of 40 kelvin per millisecond is achieved and demonstrates the efficacy of this method using nanopore ionic conductivity measurements that enable selective activation of individual nanopores in an array. Moreover, the selective gating of specific nanopores in an array can set distinct ionic conductance levels: low, medium, and high (i.e., “0,” “1,” and “2”), which can be exploited for logical gating with optical signal control. Such selective optical gating in nanopore arrays marks a breakthrough in nanofluidics, as it paves the way toward smart devices that offer multifunctional applications including biosensing, targeted drug delivery, and fluidic mixing.

Choline chloride-Urea based deep eutectic Solvent: Characterization, interfacial behavior and Synergism in binary (surfactant) systems

The paper focusses on the synthesis and characterization of choline chloride: urea (molar ratio 1:2) DES. The influence of the varying DES concentration on the surface and interfacial behavior of low-concentration commercial surfactant (cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide) was examined. The incorporation of DES into the surfactant solution resulted in an augmentation of electrophoretic mobility and absolute zeta potential values, indicative of enhanced surfactant adsorption at the interface. Sessile drop measurements demonstrated the capacity of binary mixture to modify the wettability of sandstone from intermediate-wet state to water-wet condition. In summary, physicochemical evaluation revealed the capability of DES to augment the self-assembly and wetting behavior of surfactant at low concentrations (below critical micelle concentration). The observed phenomenon in these solvents primarily finds utility in nanoscience, drug delivery systems, colloids, catalysis, and applications in many other fields.

Electrospinning Recombinant Spider Silk Fibroin-Reinforced PLGA Membranes: A Biocompatible Scaffold for Wound Healing Applications.

Polylactide-polyglycolide (PLGA) is one of the most attractive polymeric biomaterials used to fabricate medical devices for drug delivery and tissue engineering applications. Nevertheless, the utilization of PLGA in load-bearing applications is restricted due to its inadequate mechanical properties. This study examines the potential of recombinant silk fibroin (eADF4), a readily producible biomaterial, as a reinforcing agent for PLGA. The PLGA/eADF4 composite membranes were developed by using the process of electrospinning. The spinnability of the electrospinning solutions and the physicochemical, mechanical, and thermal properties of the composite membranes were characterized. The addition of eADF4 increased the viscosity of the electrospinning solutions and enhanced both the mechanical characteristics and the thermal stability of the composites. This study demonstrates that PLGA membranes reinforced with recombinant spider silk fibroin are noncytotoxic, significantly enhance cell migration and wound closure, and do not trigger an inflammatory response, making them ideal candidates for advanced wound healing applications.

Synthesis Techniques and Biomedical Applications of Cyclodextrin Metal-Organic Frameworks.

Cyclodextrin Metal-Organic Frameworks (CD MOFs) represent an innovative class of materials with remarkable properties and a broad range of applications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the synthesis techniques, structural characterization, and diverse applications of CD-MOFs. By combining cyclodextrins (CDs) with metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), CD-MOFs are developed with enhanced functionality. The synthesis methods, including various metal sources, coordination modes, and post-synthesis modifications, are discussed alongside advanced structural characterization techniques like X-ray crystallography and spectroscopic methods. The unique characteristics of CD-MOFs, such as high specific surface area, tunable porosity, and customizable chemical structure, make them exceptional candidates for applications in gas adsorption, drug delivery, catalysis, sensing, and environmental remediation. Notably, CD-MOFs show significant promise as nanocarriers in drug delivery systems, offering improved therapeutic outcomes due to their efficient encapsulation and controlled release capabilities. The review highlights recent advancements and underscores the potential impact of CD-MOFs in driving future innovations across various scientific fields.

Substituted Maleimides: Self-Reportable Linkers and Tags in Bioconjugation, Materials Science, and Nanotechnology.

Substituted maleimides are customisable fluorescent linkers and probes with adaptable reactivity and optical properties. Their compact nature and tunability has led to their use in various applications. For example, their solvatochromic properties offer real-time feedback on linking chemistry and environmental changes, essential for applications in material labelling, drug delivery, and nanoparticle functionalisation. This review focusses on developing, synthesising, and modifying substituted maleimides as environment-sensitive fluorescent linkers and probes. It delves into their photophysical dynamics and strategic applications, highlighting their significant contributions to macromolecule conjugation and the development of self-reporting materials.

Chromatography and Spectroscopic Technique-Based Rapid Characterization of Nano-Carrier Pharmaceuticals.

A nanocarrier is a novel colloidal system whose particle size ranges between 1-100 nm. It is extensively utilized in drug delivery and various other sectors, such as the pharmaceutical, food, and dairy industries. The nanocarrier systems, including solid lipid nanoparticles, micelles, liposomes, and other encapsulated compounds, have improved stability, solubility, bioavailability, and quality. Nanocarriers offer therapeutic effectiveness with low toxicity because of their biocompatibility and ability to cross body barriers. Various analytical techniques, such as chromatography and spectroscopy, are crucial in qualitative and quantitative analysis of nanocarrier-based formulations. Molecular identification and drug content determination require chromatographic techniques, particularly HPLC. Spectroscopic techniques such as LC-MS, NMR, GC-MS, CE-MS, Raman, and IR are used to analyze the interaction and molecular structure of the sample. Nanocarriers have several benefits but face various challenges like stability, drug loading, regulatory standards, and biocompatibility. Future surface engineering and nanocarrier design advancements could improve targeted drug delivery and sustained diagnostic applications, significantly impacting healthcare.