Application Of Composite Materials Research Articles

α−FeOOH@HTC with abundant oxygen vacancy enhances the adsorption of As(III) in different phosphate environments

The interaction process between phosphorus and arsenic is of great significance for controlling arsenic pollution by iron oxide minerals. In this work, the α−FeOOH@hydrothermal carbonisation (HTC) composites with abundant oxygen vacancy were synthesized by a hydrothermal method using HTC as a carrier and were used for the removal of arsenic in different phosphate environments. The surface hydroxyls (OHs) in α−FeOOH promote the production of OVs on the surface of the composite and improve the adsorption capacity of As(III). The experiment results showed that the maximum adsorption capacity of α−FeOOH@HTC on As(III) under the influence of PO43−, HPO42−, and H2PO4− were 8.76 mg∙g−1, 10.67 mg∙g−1 and 10.21 mg∙g−1, respectively. Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis showed that after adsorption, a characteristic peak of As(III) was generated on the FeOOH@HTC surface. The possible adsorption mechanism for As (III) by α−FeOOH@HTC is the surface complexation and precipitation of M−OH as well as Fe−OH−Fe with As (III). After the application of composite materials in rice seedling hydroponic experiments, it was found that they have a certain degree of biological safety, providing a theoretical basis for reducing arsenic pollution. This work studies the adsorption behavior of OVs on As(III) and provides a new approach to address arsenic contamination in water.

Jet engine blade: Design, material, and manufacturing

The engine is the most important part of an airplane. Since the blades of an engine are a major factor in jet engine performance, the research of engine blades has always been a hot topic in the field of aerospace. This paper summarizes the research status in the field of jet engine blades. As for the design of the jet engine blade, the design of aerofoil and the geometrical structure of the engine blade is introduced. In the material selection of engine blades, titanium alloy materials, and the application of composite materials are introduced. Electrochemical machining (ECM) and additive technology of engine blades are introduced. The differences between them and traditional casting techniques are compared. The comprehensive analysis shows that the research on engine blades is becoming more and more mature, but there are some challenges in further optimization of manufacturing technology and materials. This paper may offer a reference for the design of jet engine blade.

Development and evaluation of agro-waste composite for sound insulation

The palm kernel shell is a by-product of palm kernel oil production and is commonly used in the natural biomass energy industry. Coconut husk fibre is extracted from the coconut fruit. To find a use for palm kernel shells and coconut husk fibre, a composite insulator plate was developed by the addition of a binder through a process of grinding, sieving, mixing, heating, hot-pressing and cooling in a mould. An Ahuja speaker AU60 was fixed at one end of a baffled tube and a sound level meter was placed 2 m away from the output to record sound transmission loss at 5s intervals for twenty minutes. The plates of 3, 4, 5, and, 6 mm thickness were fixed in the baffled tube at a distance of 475 mm away from the input one after the other to filter the input sound. The results showed that the setup without a composite insulator recorded the highest noise of 226.8 dB. The average recorded sound transmitted loss was 185.40, 72.47, 74.54, 76.06, and 82.85 dB for no insulator, 3, 4, 5 and, 6 mm composite insulators respectively. The introduction of the 3, 4, 5, and, 6 mm thickness composite insulators resulted in 55.3 %, 59.0 %, 59.8 % and 60.9 % reduction in noise level. The application of agro-waste composite material as a sound insulator in a baffled tube has proven to be effective by 58.7 % on average. The study has confirmed that agro-waste materials can be used in sound insulation applications.

In-situ growth of diamond/Ag as hybrid filler for enhancing thermal conductivity of liquid crystal epoxy

To meet the higher requirements posed by high-power chips on packaging materials, designing and fabricating a multi-functional integrated composite is an effective solution. In this work, the diamond/Ag hybrid filler was prepared (in-suit growth) using the “Ball milling-Heating” approach in the absence of any solvent or external force. Furthermore, the nano-micro hybrid filler was combined with the inherently high thermal conductivity liquid crystal epoxy resin to create composites through a hot-press curing. In this process, there is a synergistic interaction between fillers and matrix and Ag nanoparticles serve as bridging elements in nano-scale. Ultimately, the hybrid filler with a nano-microstructure effectively constructs “phonon-electronic-phonon” pathways in the liquid crystal epoxy matrix. When the hybrid filler content reached 80 wt%, the composites demonstrated a range of integrated advantages including high thermal conductivity (4.65 W/m·K), low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), high volume resistivity, and excellent thermal stability. The era of high-power devices is approaching, and this study offers a novel perspective on the application of epoxy-based composite materials in the realm of advanced packaging.

Comparing non-biodegradable plastic with environmentally friendly natural fibre composite on car front bumpers design

Production of plastic is growing, and plastics are used in a variety of products. However, plastics are not biodegradable and do not decompose easily. To overcome the problems in decomposition of plastics, the use of a specific type of natural fibre composite (NFC) material for front-bumper in cars is considered in this investigation. NFCs have the advantages of being environmentally friendly, light weight and high strength. The use of jute fibre is adopted for the design of a car front bumper and compared with the plastic bumper through Finite Element Analysis. The aim is to identify their performances in terms of impact energy, strength and resilience. The results show that when both materials were simulated under the same impact force, jute fibre has a lower equivalent stress with 177.1 MPa compare with 293.18 MPa on plastic material. This finding indicates that jute fibre has greater yield limit and more resilient to fracture. The simulation result also shows that jute fibre has a higher equivalent stress of 65.55 MPa on the front bumper compare with a lower equivalent stress of 39.94 MPa on plastic. This suggests that plastic material will yield soon when an impact force is higher. The total deformation after the same impact force in jute fibre is 2.1 mm, which is significantly less than the deformation in plastic with 11.7 mm. Therefore, this research concludes that jute fibre can potentially replace plastic as a green composite material application to minimise environmental damages.Graphical abstract

Estimation of Impact Strength of Kevlar/Basalt and Kevlar/Glass Interwoven Composite Laminate after High-Velocity Bullet Impact

The application of composite materials has increased so drastically in the aerospace industry. The Impact strength signifies the importance of composite materials when exposed to suddenly applied loads. This paper is focused on describing the behavior of interwoven kevlar/glass-epoxy and kevlar/basalt-epoxy composite laminate under high-velocity bullet impact. The composite lamina of kevlar/glass and that of kevlar/basalt are prepared using three different weaving techniques. The composite laminates are prepared using the compression moulding technique. The laminates have been subjected to high-velocity bullet impact. The velocity range is from 220 m/s to 260 m/s. The impact damage area in the laminate has been assessed through ultrasonic pulse echo submerged nondestructive technique. The impact strength has been calculated using the damaged area derived using the impact energy absorbed by the laminate. The results have shown that the maximum impact which found out to be kevlar/basalt (KB 1 × 1) is 28.24 J/cm2.

Gd-MOF composites luminescent arrays for highly sensitive detection of epileptic drug and biomarkers

Nowadays, more than 50 million people suffer from epilepsy in worldwide. Epilepsy can be diagnosed more efficiently by detecting epileptic biomarkers such as human serum albumin (HSA) and relative nucleic acid. Pregabalin is an effective curing drug for epilepsy, but the dosage of it needs to be strictly controlled. In this work, to realize highly efficiently detect and discriminate epileptic curing drugs and biomarkers (pregabalin, epilepsy-DNA-1, and HSA), a novel Gd-MOF has been synthesized by H2L ligand (H2L = 5-(4-(imidzol-1-yl)phenyl)isophthalic acid), namely [Gd2L3(DMF)(H2O)2]n, which can be further functionalized with 3-Bromo-L-phenylalanine (L-3-Br-PHE-OH), thioflavin T (ThT) and fluorescein isothiocyanate isomer I labeled anti-HSA (anti-HSA/FITC), respectively. Through the post-synthetic modification (PSM) method, three Gd-MOF composite materials with good luminescence performance can be successfully prepared, namely Gd-MOF@L-3-Br-PHE-OH (Gd-MOF-1), Gd-MOF@ThT (Gd-MOF-2), Gd-MOF@anti-HSA/FITC (Gd-MOF-3). These three composite materials can be used for the detection of pregabalin, epilepsy-DNA-1, and HSA with high selectivity and sensitivity, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) is 45.41 nM for pregabalin, 5.56 nM for epilepsy-DNA-1, and 5.11 nM for HSA. Development of detection application of Gd-MOF composite materials for drugs and biomarkers was also performed in the real biological samples. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) results demonstrated that Gd-MOF based luminescent array can simultaneously identify and detect epileptic drugs and biomarkers in the human serum environment. Finally, detection mechanisms for this epileptic drug and biomarkers were also investigated and discussed in detail.

High-performance CF/MXene/β-PbO2 materials as anodes for asymmetric supercapacitors

MXene has excellent capacitive properties as a two-dimensional material, but its cycling stability is poor. β-PbO2 is one of the common crystalline forms of lead dioxide, and it has excellent electrochemical properties and cyclic stability and has potential as a capacitor electrode material. However, the capacitive performance of β-PbO2 as a capacitor electrode material is not ideal. Therefore, CF/MXene/β-PbO2 (CMP) composites were prepared in this study by combining β-PbO2 with CF/MXene (CM) using a constant current electrodeposition method, and their electrochemical energy storage properties were investigated. The ordered structure of interwoven CF is used to fix MXene, which has metallic properties and large layer spacing, as the matrix material. This utilization enables faster ion transport and electron storage. The electrochemical advantages of β-PbO2 and CM can be unified by the synergistic effect of the composites, which results in a high specific capacity (399.42 F g−1) of the CMP electrode at 0.2 A g−1. In addition, the CM//CMP asymmetric supercapacitor constructed in 1 M Na2SO4 solution has a wide potential window of 2.0 V and a high specific capacitance of 193.8C g−1, and the capacity remains 54.3% of the initial value after 5000 cycles at a charge/discharge rate of 40 mA g−1. This work provides important research ideas and clues for the application of β-PbO2 composite electrode materials in supercapacitors.

Efficient-thermal conductivity, storage and application of bionic tree-ring composite phase change materials based on freeze casting

Thermal energy storage, management, and utilization with phase change materials have received increasing attention in industrial fields such as photo-thermal-electric conversion and integrated circuit cooling. However, the inherent low thermal conductivity and melting leakage are long-term bottlenecks that prevent their widespread commercial application. Herein, a novel composite phase change material (CPCM) with high-thermal conductivity and stability based on bionic porous SiC skeleton is proposed, which is oriented by optimized freeze casting to design vertical tree-ring porous structure for fast photo-thermal conversion and storage. The results demonstrate the novel bionic SiC skeleton can regulate the porosity (50%–70%) by changing the slurry solid content, which also exhibits good anisotropic thermal conductivity. SiC/paraffin CPCM's mass and latent enthalpy of attenuated merely by 0.87% and 1.5% after 200 repeated heat storage/exhaustion cycles, confirming its excellent longevity and stability. The high-temperature SiC/NaCl-MgCl2-KCl CPCM has a thermal conductivity of 12.54 W‧m−1‧K−1, an effective thermal-storage density per production cost of 74.5 kJ‧CNY-1, and a high photo-thermal storage efficiency of 91.8%. Finally, a variable-power chip dissipation experimental system was built to verify the thermal performance of the CPCM module in the paper. It could dissipate heat rapidly and maintain a lower temperature. This work provides a promising strategy for photo-thermal utilization and thermal management of electronic devices.

The application and influence of polymer composite materials in competitive sports

In order to solve the restrictions on athletes and the time and cost of equipment replacement caused by traditional sports equipment, which are easy to corrode, have short service life, poor mechanical properties, and are relatively heavy, etc., more excellent polymer materials and new materials are used in various aspects. technology to replace traditional materials. At the same time, the diversified characteristics of polymer materials can provide more types of choices for various sports equipment. In order to understand the application and influence of polymer composite materials in competitive sports, the application of polymer compounds is analyzed in combination with the preparation process in this paper, material performance and performance requirements of sports equipment. By comparing the performance of athletes in different eras without using the same equipment and the length of their competitive career, this paper concluded that the application of polymer composite materials in competitive sports has greatly improved the performance of athletes and reduced the risk of injury , It also increases convenience and safety for ordinary people.

Application of carbon nanotube composite materials in aviation

Carbon nanotube has unique structure, excellent performance, unique one-dimensional hollow structure, and extremely low density. These advantages determine that carbon nanotube has mechanical properties, electrical properties, and adsorption properties that other materials cannot match. Carbon nanotube, as one of the popular research projects of scientists in the world today, has very broad and attractive application prospects in the fields of semiconductor devices, hydrogen storage, sensors, adsorption materials, battery electrodes, catalyst carriers, etc. The field of science and technology also shows great application prospects. Combined with the urgent needs of aircraft in light and high-strength structures, lightweight cables and efficient thermal control, the carbon nanotube is considered to be the booster of the next generation of aerospace and is expected to become an important pillar in the future of aviation. This paper comprehensively analyzes the application of carbon nanotubes in aircraft wheels, aircraft engine blades, aircraft avionics systems and electromechanical system displays and looks forward to its application prospects and feasibility in the aviation field. Developments in aviation present challenges and opportunities.

Synthesis, Properties of MIL‐101(Al)‐NH2 Polymers Capable of Absorbing Vapor, Liquid Water Simultaneously

AbstractModified MIL‐101(Al)‐NH2 (MIL‐101(Al)‐NH2‐net) is used as a crosslinking agent and acrylic acid (AA) as a monomer, the MIL‐101(Al)‐NH2‐net grafted polyacrylic acid (MIL‐101(Al)‐NH2‐net‐g‐PAA (MAP)) composite water‐absorbent material is synthesized using the free radical polymerization method to study the application of composite absorbent materials in water collection. The structure and morphology of the composite water‐absorbent material are characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET), and thermogravimetric analysis (TG), and the contents of ammonium persulfate (APS), MIL‐101(Al)‐NH2‐net, and neutralization degree of AA are optimized. Under optimal conditions, the water absorption ratios of the composite materials in distilled water, tap water, and 0.9% NaCl solution are 744, 169.5, and 85.5 g g−1. In addition, the properties of collecting water vapor are investigated. At 25 °C, 50% Relative Humidity (RH), 70% RH, and 90% RH, the MAP water vapor adsorption capacity is 0.0312, 0.5760, and 1.6856 g g−1, respectively. The water vapor adsorption of MIL‐101(Al)‐NH2 and MIL‐101(Al)‐NH2 self‐polymerization products are 0.025 and 0.1278 g g−1, respectively. The result showed that autopolymerization can improve the water vapor adsorption performance.

Application of green energy and environment-friendly decorative composite materials by using kinetic model with Sodium Alanate Nano carbon particle for building technologies

Hydrogen energy is the main key point to make the long-term energy be secure. The unit of an economic system is completed by hydrogen generation, storage, transit, and use. Nonetheless, its storage strategies have clashed with applications that need hydrogen on board. The zero-energy idea was designed to assist in the development of energy policies with the goal of developing and constructing sustainable communities and structures. The higher the scale, the more plausible a zero-energy hydrogen economy is. H2 and fuel cell storage work together optimally to reduce uncertainty. The potential systems based on Sodium Alanate (SA) under the kinetic model was motivated by the extensive use and intriguing features of diverse silicon carbon nanomaterials. The electrical characteristics, structural stability, and adsorption energies of hydrogen molecules are investigated. Sodium Alanate is used in hydrogen gas release to investigate its feasibility. Hydrogen sorption procedure inside a storage container is modeled based on hydrogen transport equations, generated heat transfers and kinetic formulas. In this research, a numerical solution is created and verified using previously acquired empirical findings. This study defines and optimizes the gravimetric H2 storage potential on the basis of SA using numerical simulation data.

Mechanical characterisation of Aerosil-polycarbonate-based ceramic nanocomposites: 3D printing versus injection moulding technology

The 3D printing of composite materials especially, nanocomposites, is an essential step in exploring new perspectives for the applications of organic matrix composite materials for industrial applications. In this work, the effect of ceramic nanofillers on the mechanical properties of a thermoplastic matrix is studied using different wt% of nanofillers (AEROSIL). The results showed that the increase in the wt% of AEROSIL resulted in an increase in the mechanical properties in terms of hardness, stiffness, ductility, and tensile strength. Moreover, these samples were 3D printed and were compared with the samples prepared by conventional injection moulding. The comparison characterized the influence of the manufacturing method on the mechanical performance of materials. Although there was very little behavior difference in both samples, the 3D-printed samples showed a weight reduction. This has broadened the possible applications of this material and technique in areas where weight is of utmost significance.

Suppressive effects of alkali metal salt modified dry water material on methane-air explosion

As an abundant and efficient energy source, methane has a wide range of applications and development prospects, but it has a high explosion risk. In order to prevent the occurrence of methane explosion accidents, a new type of dry water material (DW) was used to suppress explosion, and alkali metal salts were added to improve the suppression effect. In this work, the optimal DW with complete monomer and uniform structure can be prepared by stirring nano-silica and deionized water at a mass ratio of 1:10 at a speed of 10000 rpm for 60S. The suppression effect of dry water was analyzed by performing methane-air explosion experiments with different powder concentrations in 20L explosion vessel. The results show that under the action of alkali metal modified DW, the Pmax and the deflagration index KG of methane-air explosion were significantly reduced. The improvement effect of potassium salt-dry water (PS-DW) ranked as KCl＞ K2CO3＞ K2C2O4·H2O＞CH3COOK, and the improvement effect of sodium salt-dry water (SS-DW) ranked as Na2CO3>NaCl > NaHCO3>NaH2PO4. Moreover, the explosion suppression mechanism of alkali metal salt modified DW was analyzed from four aspects: heat insulation, cooling, dilution and interruption of chain reaction. The study confirmed the important application potential of DW in preventing natural gas leakage explosion and coal mine gas explosion accidents. The optimal selection of modified additives in alkali metal salts holds significant importance for the widespread application of novel dry water composite materials.

Application of Magnetic Composite Materials in Windings to Reduce Alternating Current Resistance in Leakage Transformers

Application of Magnetic Composite Materials in Windings to Reduce Alternating Current Resistance in Leakage Transformers

Black Phosphorus - A Rising Star in the Antibacterial Materials.

Antibiotics are the most commonly used means to treat bacterial infection at present, but the unreasonable use of antibiotics induces the generation of drug-resistant bacteria, which causes great problems for their clinical application. In recent years, researchers have found that nanomaterials with high specific surface area, special structure, photocatalytic activity and other properties show great potential in bacterial infection control. Among them, black phosphorus (BP), a two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterial, has been widely reported in the treatment of tumor and bone defect due to its excellent biocompatibility and degradability. However, the current theory about the antibacterial properties of BP is still insufficient, and the relevant mechanism of action needs to be further studied. In this paper, we introduced the structure and properties of BP, elaborated the mechanism of BP in bacterial infection, and systematically reviewed the application of BP composite materials in the field of antibacterial. At the same time, we also discussed the challenges faced by the current research and application of BP, which laid a solid theoretical foundation for the further study of BP in the future.

Molecular investigation on temperature-dependent mechanical properties of PMMA/CNT nanocomposite

Carbon nanotube (CNT)-reinforced poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) composite is subjected to changing temperature levels when used in aerospace field, which leads to the morphing structure and changing properties, and even structural failure. In this paper, the temperature effect on the structure and properties of PMMA/CNT nanocomposite with different CNT volume fractions is investigated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. It is measured that with increasing temperature from 100 to 500 K, the longitudinal, transverse, and shear moduli of PMMA/CNT nanocomposite decrease by 30 %, 45 %, and 62 %, respectively, while the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) increases by 27 %. It is found that the atom distribution becomes more dispersed and the nanocomposite structure turns to looser, which lead to the weakened properties of the nanocomposite. Based on the MD results, the efficiency parameters of PMMA/CNT nanocomposite are derived using extended rule of mixtures (EROM), which are used to predict the mechanical properties of nanocomposite at different temperatures. The revealed temperature-dependent mechanical properties and the underlying mechanisms contribute to the understanding of performance changes of PMMA/CNT nanocomposite under the temperature effect, which provide references for the application of composite materials in the aerospace field where the changing temperatures are of highly concern.

Experimental studies on thermal and FTIR characterisation of bio-degradable neat neem gum and epoxy resin for composite material applications

This article aims to assess the suitability of natural neem gum in various composite material applications in place of epoxy resin. The assessment was done by thermal characterisation, experimental study and comparative analysis of thermal behaviour, Fourier transform IR spectroscopy (FTIR) characterisation and comparison of functional groups and mechanical properties of neat epoxy and neat neem resins. To study and compare thermal behaviour differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric (TG) and relative derivative TG (DTG) analysis were conducted. The glass transition temperatures, exothermic and endothermic peaks, curing of thermosetting epoxy and crystallisation of polymeric neem, value of % cure and mass change or mass loss concerning temperature of both the resins were experimentally determined and comparative analysis was conducted to find the suitability of neem resin in composite material applications in place of epoxy resin. Functional groups of neem gum were identified and mechanical properties such as bond strength, toughness, rigidity and ductility were characterised and compared with that of epoxy resin by conducting FTIR.

Response surface methodology-artificial neural network application for bisphenol A treatment using carbon nanotubes manganese oxide composite

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an emerging pollutant that easily escapes conventional treatment techniques. It requires application of novel composite materials along with mathematical modelling for optimisation and evaluation of the treatment process. In the present study, manganese (IV) oxide (MnO2) nanoparticles were doped onto the surface of multi-walled carbon nanotubes to develop an adsorptive–oxidative composite. The composite was characterised using transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and surface area analysis to confirm composite formation and study its properties. Conventional optimisation of pH (4–10), initial BPA concentration (10–50 mg/l) and contact time (0–60 min) was carried out and found to fit well with the Freundlich isotherm model (R 2 > 0.99) and followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic reaction. A central composite design model was applied using response surface methodology (RSM) to study individual parameters and their interaction effects to enhance process efficiency. Further, the experimental data sets and their responses from RSM were analysed using an artificial neural network. From random experimental sets (80%) of which (10%) each to train, validate and test were selected to analyse the variance of models for higher efficiency using Levenberg–Marquardt back-propagation (LM-BP) algorithm. Additionally, BPA-spiked simulated pharmaceutical waste water was treated with the composite to explore its treatment potential. This systematic experimental and computational approach aided in optimising treatment efficiency for real-time application.