Application In China Research Articles

Evaluating the Applicability of the TOMCAST Model for the Control of Potato Early Blight in China.

To explore the applicability of different fungicide application schemes to control potato early blight (mainly caused by Alternaria solani) in China, field trials were conducted from 2020 to 2022, combining different fungicides with the tomato forecaster (TOMCAST) model and using weather variables to adjust the minimum temperature of TOMCAST to 7 °C. To effectively manage potato early blight, the TOMCAST model combines relative humidity (>88%) and air temperature to calculate daily severity values (DSVs). The application of fungicides (fungicide schedule) is as follows: untreated; two standard treatments, Amimiaoshou SC and Xishi SC, applied at the first appearance of disease symptoms; and two different TOMCAST treatments, in which fungicides are applied when the physiological days add up to 300 days and DSVs add up to 15. This study quantifies the intensity of early blight as the area under the disease progression curve and the final disease severity. Additionally, a progress curve for early blight is constructed to compare the development of early blight in different years and treatments. The TOMCAST-15 model reduces the number of fungicide applications in addition to significantly suppressing the development of early blight. Furthermore, fungicide application significantly increases the dry matter and starch contents of potatoes, and TOMCAST-15 × Amimiaoshou SC has similar enhancement effects on dry matter, protein, reducing sugar, and starch contents compared with Amomiaohou SC and Xishi SC. As a result, TOMCAST × Amimiaoshou SC may be an effective alternative to the standard treatment and have good applicability in China.

Analysis and Suggestions on the Application of China's Industrial Energy Saving Technology

Industrial energy saving is an important measure to achieve carbon neutrality, and energy saving technology is the core driving force for industrial energy saving. In order to study the development of China's industrial energy-saving technology, this paper organizes and analyzes the "Guidelines and Cases of China's Industrial Energy Conservation Technology Application" issued by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology according to a unified format, and finds out the characteristics of energy conservation technologies in different industries, the deficiencies in sorting and categorizing cases, and the regions of technology suppliers. In order to help the promotion and application of energy-saving technology and equipment, suggestions are put forward to adjust the collection and reporting methods of cases, optimize the content of case templates, strengthen the publicity and application of cases, and strengthen policy support.

Antifungal Activity and Mechanism of Electron Beam Irradiation Against Rhizopus oryzae

Electron beam irradiation is a physical fungicidal technique that has emerged as a potential application in China. However, its antifungal activity and mechanism against Rhizopus oryzae have not been reported. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the antifungal activity and mechanism of electron beam irradiation of R. oryzae. The antifungal activity analysis showed that the D10 value and complete elimination dose of R. oryzae irradiated by electron beam were 1.73 kGy and 8.08 kGy, respectively. Electron beam irradiation has a strong inhibitory effect on the filamentous biomass of R. oryzae. To reveal the antifungal mechanism of electron beam against R. oryzae, this study analyzed the dynamic changes in the cell wall, cell membrane, and oxidative stress induced by different irradiation doses. The results showed that electron beam irradiation destroyed the cell wall structure of R. oryzae, increasing chitinase activity and decreasing chitin content. Cell membrane integrity is disrupted, increasing relative conductivity, decreasing pH values, and decreasing soluble protein content. Electron beam irradiation causes oxidative stress in cells, increasing H2O2 content, decreasing antisuperoxide anion activity, decreasing DPPH free radical scavenging activity, and inhibiting defense enzyme (CAT and SOD) activity. This phenomenon indicates that electron beams can cause structural damage to and metabolic dysfunction of cells and disorders of redox homeostasis, which may be the main cause of growth inhibition and cell death in R. oryzae.

Forty years developments of the Institute of Heavy Ion Physics, Peking University

<p indent="0mm">Institute of Heavy Ion Physics (IHIP) was founded in 1983. Under the direction of Prof. Jia’er Chen, IHIP has gone through about three stages. The first stage was from 1983 to about 1990. In this period, the research directions of particle accelerator, neutron physics, ion beam physics and medical physics were determined and 6 research groups of accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS), radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ), superconducting radio frequency (SRF), neutron physics, ion beam physics, medical physics and a laboratory of electrostatic accelerators were formed. The second stage was from 1990 to about 2010. In this period, the research work was progressed rapidly, and fruitful research achievements were obtained in above research fields. To meet the development of nuclear technology and its application, several new research directions have been developed in IHIP since about 2010, including laser plasma acceleration, nuclear materials, high energy density physics and plasma physics, and many important achievements have been obtained. The typical achievements obtained by IHIP include: AMS dating of the archeological sites and the oracle bones for the Project of Xia-Shang-Zhou Chronology, which made important contributions to the establishment of the chronological framework of Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties; Design and manufacture of series RFQ accelerators with innovative structures such as integrated split ring RFQ, separated-function RFQ acceleration structure and high current deuterium ion RFQ accelerator; R&amp;D of SRF cavities of TESLA type with a high acceleration gradient above 32 MV/m or a high quality factor up to 2.0<x content-type="symbol">´</x>10¹⁰ and cavities for accelerating ions such as spoke and QWR cavities; DC-SRF photocathode injectors, proposed by IHIP are also developed, which can provide high-quality CW electron beams with low emittance and high average current intensity; the laser phase-stable acceleration mechanism, a new concept of laser plasma acceleration for ions, has been proposed and the first laser proton accelerator and irradiation facility in the world has been built with <sc>3–15 MeV</sc> energy with 1%–5% energy dispersion and 2–30 pC single bunch charge; investigation of material behaviors in extreme environments, including structural evolution in materials induced by ion irradiation, synergistic effects in structural materials in fusion reactors, and structural modification of materials via extreme conditions as a processing tool; the neutron emission process as manifested in high temperature fusion plasmas has been investigated through developing advanced neutron spectroscopy instrumentation in fusion reactors and the neutron induced nuclear reaction mechanism through both nuclear data measurements and the theoretical calculations of fission actinide nuclei; investigation of the relationship between the phenomenon of arousal and different parts of human brain by MRI brain imaging; the interaction law and mechanism between different chemical groups and electrical properties were revealed by systematically studying the chemical structure changes of four different polymers caused by ion irradiation; proposing a method to achieve stable radiation pressure acceleration of heavy ions from laser-irradiated ultrathin foils, where a high-<italic>Z</italic> material coating in front is used. After 40 years’ development, IHIP becomes an important unit for advanced research and student training in the field of nuclear technology and application in China. We believe that the IHIP will make more contributions to the nuclear science and technology of China in the future.

Occurrence of volatile contaminants in recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) by HS-SPME-GC×GC-QTOF-MS combined with chemometrics for authenticity assessment of geographical recycling regions.

A comparison was performed on various methods detecting the volatile contaminants (VCs) in recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (rPET) flakes, the results demonstrated that head-space solid phase micro-extraction combined with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatograph-tandem quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC×GC-QTOF-MS) was a sensitive, effective, accurate method, and successfully applied to analyze 57 rPET flakes collected from different recycling plants in China. A total of 212 VCs were tentatively identified, and the possible source were associated with plastic, food, and cosmetics. 45 VCs are classified as high-priority compounds with toxicity level IV or V and may pose a risk to human health. Combined chemometrics for further analysis revealed that significant differences among these three geographical recycling regions. 6, 7, and 6 volatile markers were chosen based on VIP values and S-plot among plant1 plant 2 and plant 3, respectively. The markers differed significantly between recycled rPET samples in three geographical recycling regions based on chemometrics analysis. The initial classification rate and cross-validation accuracy were 100% on the identified VCs. These significant differences demonstrate that a systematic study is needed to obtain a comprehensive data on the contamination of rPET for food contact applications in China.

The numerical error of the Xinanjiang model

The numerical error of the Xinanjiang (XAJ) model has long been ignored, despite its wide application in China. Separating the mathematically formulated model from the computationally formulated model and further solving by an appropriate time-stepping scheme provides a chance to systematically examine the numerical error of the XAJ model because the exact analytical solution is difficult to obtain owing to its nonlinearity. The mathematically formulated model is proposed by deriving a state-space representation of the XAJ model by identifying the state variables, fluxes, and governing differential equations. Five experiments were conducted around the original XAJ model and its state-space representation with different parameter groups, input series, and time-stepping schemes to examine the numerical error at the submodule and model levels. We found that only the tension water storage capacity curve submodule of the original XAJ model is numerical error-free, and the adaptive-step explicit fourth-order Runge-Kutta scheme is the most efficient because it balances the accuracy, efficiency, and physical constraint preservation. The numerical error of the total amount of the discharge at the watershed outlet within a time period (Q∗) produced by the original XAJ model is relatively large, which mainly comes from the free water storage capacity curve submodule. The large numerical error of Q∗ occurs with high precipitation intensity, and decreases as the flood receded. The submodules related to the runoff generation process introduce and amplify numerical errors, while the submodules related to the runoff concentration process has the ability to alleviate numerical errors. This study helps to deepen our understanding of the numerical error of the XAJ model, and thus guides its application and modification.

Evaluation of the performance of a novel HIV-1 viral load assay for HIV quantification in China.

Our objective was to assess the HIV-1 quantification performance of the Livzon HIV-1 viral load (VL) assay and the Roche Cobas HIV-1 assay to evaluate an HIV-1 VL testing reagent for application in China. We compared the Livzon and Roche Cobas HIV-1 VL assays using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid plasma samples collected between May 2021 and November 2021 from patients with HIV-1 and healthy controls. We used Cohen's κ coefficient to measure agreement of qualitative values and Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) values and the coefficient of determination (R2 ) to determine the linear relationship between the two assays. We performed a Bland-Altman analysis to assess VL quantification agreement. In total, 11 plasma samples from patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) and nine samples from healthy controls were undetectable on both assays. Overall agreement was seen in 419 of 500 specimens (91.40%), with a κ value of 0.59. Pearson's correlation coefficient between the two assays was 0.970. Using the Bland-Altman method, 95.14% (352/370) of paired VLs fell within the 95% confidence limits of agreement (-0.51 to 0.95 log10 copies/mL). Higher VLs had a better correlation and a smaller mean difference between the two assays. Pearson's correlation coefficient for the samples of subtype CRF01_AE, CRF07_BC, and CRF55_01B was 0.950, 0.935, and 0.952, respectively. The Livzon HIV-1 VL assay exhibits good precision and linearity and a high correlation with the Roche Cobas HIV-1 assay. The Livzon HIV-1 VL assay has salient advantages in terms of the lyophilized powder reagent, which gives the assay greater stability and sensitivity and can be readily used in low-resource areas.

Is TikTok a high-quality source of information on thyroid cancer?

Increased Internet users tend to use online video platforms as a source of medical information. There are many thyroid cancer-related videos on TikTok, the most popular short-video application in China. However, quality evaluation of these videos remains absent. The aim of this study is to evaluate the quality of thyroid cancer-related videos on TikTok. A search was performed on TikTok with the keyword "thyroid cancer". The top 100 videos in the search results were selected. Characteristics of videos including video length, duration on TikTok, thumbs up, thumbs up/day, comments, comments/day, favorites, favorites/day, reposts, and reposts/day were collected. The Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT), modified DISCERN (mDISCERN), Video Information and Quality Index (VIQI), and Global Quality Score (GQS) were applied to assess the quality of videos. Among the 100 videos in this study, most were uploaded by surgical physicians (n = 50), and the most common topic was anatomy/basic facts (n = 21). The mean scores of the PEMAT, PEMAT-U, and PEMAT-A were 71.18 ± 16.56, 82.23 ± 15.00, and 44.00 ± 37.57, respectively. Among the five questions of the mDISCERN tool, 71, 90, 82, 9, and 28 videos were evaluated as "yes", respectively. The mean scores of mDISCERN, VIQI, and GQS were 2.80 ± 1.03, 14.87 ± 2.27, and 3.72 ± 1.00, respectively. The characteristics and quality of videos are significantly different based on the uploader and content. The quality of thyroid cancer information on TikTok is unsatisfactory. There is a need for high-quality thyroid cancer-related information on short-video platforms for patient education.

Sustaining Content and Language Integrated Learning in China: A Systematic Review

The past decades have witnessed the rise and boom of Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL). As this dual-focused pedagogical approach continues to grow with remarkable vitality and sustainability, however, there is a paucity of knowledge regarding its development and application in China, necessitating a systematic review of previous research to apprise the academia of what has been done in the education and research agenda of CLIL. Grounded in four databases (i.e., Web of Science, Scopus, Education Resources Information Center, and Google Scholar), 28 research articles were extracted from 2013 to 2022 with certain exclusion and inclusion criteria considered. Thematic analyses primarily demonstrated that: (1) most studies were conducted in higher education providers, with English being the predominant instructional language; (2) diverse subject matters were embraced, denoting the coordination of “self” and “other” intercultural identities; (3) affective evidence concerning perceptions of CLIL and performance evidence regarding language learning outcomes tended to be the research nuclei, de-emphasizing the other research topics (e.g., assessment, translanguaging, heterogeneity in learning, learning materials, learning process); (4) the research findings were various, with most of them corroborating the benefits of CLIL to different aspects of learning; (5) CLIL learners were the principal source of data, and diverse research paradigms were displayed with appropriate designs as per the research objectives. These findings, by comparison with the knowledge and experience obtained from the Western world, imply that the scope of the CLIL agenda should be extended and deepened in China, encouraging educators and researchers to consider and probe a wider range of issues of interest.

Bacteriophage Therapy as an Application for Bacterial Infection in China.

Antibiotic resistance has emerged as a significant issue to be resolved around the world. Bacteriophage (phage), in contrast to antibiotics, can only kill the target bacteria with no adverse effect on the normal bacterial flora. In this review, we described the biological characteristics of phage, and summarized the phage application in China, including in mammals, ovipara, aquatilia, and human clinical treatment. The data showed that phage had a good therapeutic effect on drug-resistant bacteria in veterinary fields, as well as in the clinical treatment of humans. However, we need to take more consideration of the narrow lysis spectrum, the immune response, the issues of storage, and the pharmacokinetics of phages. Due to the particularity of bacteriophage as a bacterial virus, there is no unified standard or regulation for the use of bacteriophage in the world at present, which hinders the application of bacteriophage as a substitute for antibiotic biological products. We aimed to highlight the rapidly advancing field of phage therapy as well as the challenges that China faces in reducing its reliance on antibiotics.

Spatial network and driving factors of low-carbon patent applications in China from a public health perspective.

The natural disasters and climate anomalies caused by increasing global carbon emissions have seriously threatened public health. To solve increasingly serious environmental pollution problems, the Chinese government has committed itself to achieving the goals of peak carbon emissions and carbon neutrality. The low-carbon patent application is an important means to achieve these goals and promote public health. This study analyzes the basic situation, spatial network, and influencing factors of low-carbon patent applications in China since 2001 at the provincial and urban agglomeration levels using social network analysis based on data from the Incopat global patent database. The following findings are established. (1) From the number of low-carbon patent applications, the total number of low-carbon patent applications in China increased year by year, while the number of applications in the eastern region was larger than those in the central and western regions, but such regional differences had been decreasing. (2) At the interprovincial level, low-carbon patent applications showed a complex and multithreaded network structure. In particular, the eastern coastal provinces occupied the core position in the network. The weighted degree distribution of China's interprovincial low-carbon patent cooperation network is affected by various factors, including economic development, financial support, local scientific research level, and low-carbon awareness. (3) At the urban agglomeration level, the eastern coastal urban agglomerations showed a radial structure with the central city as the core. Urban innovation capability, economic development, low-carbon development awareness, level of technology import from overseas, and informatization level are highly correlated with the weighted degree of low-carbon cooperation networks of urban agglomerations. This study provides ideas for the construction and governance of low-carbon technology innovation system and perspectives for theoretical research on public health and high-quality development in China.

Quantifying an influence of green credit on digital technology innovation: financial perspective of a China's case study.

This paper examines the impact of green credit (GC) on digital technology innovation based on Chinese enterprises using panel data from 1990 to 2016. The study collected panel data from the 40 Chinese firms listed on the Beijing and Wuhan stock markets. Manufacturing companies were selected because they mainly contribute to green credit from pre- and post-policy periods. First, inthe "two high and one surplus" sectors, the application of China's Green Credit 2012 could significantly increase total factor digital technology innovation by 1.21%. Results show a considerable drop in the variable values of digital technology innovation, 61.3%; green credit policy, 10.45%; leverage, 21.0%; and green innovation, 85.4%. Theresults of theabsolute value of standard error after matching is much lower than 20.0%, demonstrating that the variable features of the two sets of samples are similar. In conclusion, GC's impact on the FDI of capital was asymmetrical, reflecting various impacts on businesses with various types of property rights and sizes.

Evaluation of the weighted mean temperature over China using multiple reanalysis data and radiosonde

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) meteorology has received extensive attention for weather research in recent years. As a crucial conversion parameter, weighted mean temperature (Tm) is used to calculate precipitable water vapor (PWV) by the signal path wet delay in GNSS meteorology. Comparing with Tm calculated by radiosonde, Tm from reanalysis data is more convenient due to higher spatiotemporal resolution, such as the second Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA-2), the fifth-generation ECMWF Reanalysis (ERA5), Japanese 55-year Reanalysis Project (JRA-55), the global atmospheric reanalysis of China Meteorological Administration (CRA40). To investigate their different performances, a comprehensive assessment of multiple Tm datasets from 2011 to 2019 was conducted using the radiosonde data over China as references, in which the root mean square error (RMSE) and the mean absolute error (MAE) were selected as statistics. The results showed that the Tm derived from multiple reanalysis data exhibited excellent applicability in China, especially in the southeast region. The RMSE and MAE were 1.69/1.36, 1.70/1.36, 1.79/1.45, 1.99/1.61 K for ERA5, JRA-55, CRA40, MERRA-2, respectively. By comparing Tm from ERA5 with three different resolutions, it's found that the accuracy of Tm was getting better with the increase of the spatial resolution. Additionally, the accuracy of these Tm was of great relevance to season, moment, latitude, and elevation. By exploring the intercomparison of Tm from reanalysis data, their correlation coefficients were all above 0.98. This study indicated that the Tm derived from various reanalysis data can be utilized for climate research in China, and the ERA5 data with high resolution is recommended first.

Data Preprocessing of Soil Attributes for Ecohydrological Applications Using SWAT Model at Xin'anjiang Upstream Watershed, China

Ecohydrological (EH) models have been widely applied worldwide to investigate hydrological and environmental issues. One obstacle for EH model application in China is the input data preparation, especially the soil data. This study aims to develop two sets of methods respectively for soil data preprocessing with two different soil database sources (Harmonized World Soil Database (HWSD) and domestic Chinese Soil Databases (CSD)) for a typical EH model of SWAT in China. With the two sets of developed methods, we have resulted two sets of SWAT soil datasets for the study region of a real Chinese landscape respectively. Both sets of methods with different database sources can be generalized for other landscapes in China. We further compare the two sets of methods to give suggestions for the selection of the two database sources when applying SWAT in Chinese landscapes. With HWSD, soil data preprocessing requires relatively less work, while there are relatively more soil types being resulted. With CSD, although soil data preprocessing require relatively more work and there are relatively less soil types, the attribute information for each soil type is more detailed.

Current Implementation and Development Countermeasures of Green Energy in China’s Highway Transportation

The transportation industry is one of the largest consumers of fossil fuels and sources of carbon dioxide emission, with highway transportation accounting for more than 70% of the total. In order to promote efficient, clean, diversified, and intelligent use of energy, this study proposes an innovative application technology model for integrating highway transportation and energy to improve the utilization of clean energy and reduce the proportion of fossil energy and carbon emissions in highway transportation. This study addresses the current problems of green energy development in China’s highways, and combines green low-carbon development policies in international transportation with inspirations based on experience. Based on the principles of safety, efficiency, environmental friendliness, wisdom, and economy, this study systematically analyzes the current situation of green energy application in China’s highway transportation. It proposes one core objective, two major roles, and five major security systems of development measures for green energy application China’s highway transportation with the aim of promoting the transformation and upgrade of China’s highway transportation industry. This study can also help to achieve green and low-carbon development of highway transportation and provides a decision-making reference for the ecological civilization construction goals of the industry.

Observation on the R&amp;D Effectiveness and Application of China's Novel Coronavirus Vaccine

The outbreak of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) had put vaccine research and development (R&D) on the urgent agenda. China had taken a diversified route in vaccine research and development. It had taken an approach of first producing inactivated vaccines and then tackling mRNA vaccines, and had achieved varying degrees of progress. At present, the scale of production and the number of vaccines in China is very large, which helped to form an immune barrier. However, China's participation in international vaccine cooperation and exporting vaccines still faced some challenges, and efforts were needed to improve the effectiveness of vaccines and ensure the improvement of vaccine upgrade.

Comprehensive evaluation and spatial-temporal differences analysis of China’s inter-provincial doing business environment based on Entropy-CoCoSo method

Introduction: The Doing Business environment affects the operation of enterprises in the region and exerts an important impact on economic development, taxation, and employment.Methods: According to the characteristics of large differences in the level of economic development between provinces in China, this study builds a set of scientific and reasonable evaluation index systems of inter-provincial Doing Business environment, including five first-level indicators and 11 second-level indicators. Moreover, this study constructs a comprehensive evaluation model based on the Entropy-CoCoSo framework and explores its application in China’s inter-provincial Doing Business environment evaluation.Results: Based on China’s provincial panel data from 2007 to 2020, the research found that the Doing Business environment of each province has generally improved in recent years, but the inter-provincial differences are more prominent. The western provinces have obvious late-mover advantages.Discussion: Finally, we put forward several targeted suggestions, providing a powerful reference for optimizing China’s Doing Business environment and promoting high-quality economic development.

Practice and Enlightenment of China's Aerospace Complex System Management in the National System

Aerospace engineering is characterized by its huge scale, technological complexity, high standards of quality and reliability, tremendous cost, and long R&amp;D cycle. It is closely tied with national politics and defense security, and may indirectly provide socioeconomic benefits. To organize and implement a complex aerospace project, it is necessary to make innovations in technologies, schedules, qualities, and facilit ies construction management measures and establish an aerospace engineering management system adaptive to the high-complexity feature, based on the management models of the traditional aerospace system engineering. Different types of participants play different functions in project decision-making. The expert group participates in the whole process of the formulation and decision-making of the schemes, providing decision support for each system and the general department. This study describes the implications for the space domain of China’s deployment of the state-owned enterprises (SOEs) as power projection vehicles to advance Beijing’s national strategy. In order to provide reference for the application of model-based systems engineering (MBSE) in the aerospace field, suggestions and conclusions on the development of MBSE application in China were provided.

Research Progress on Risk Assessment of Emerging Contaminants in Aquatic Environment

The rapid industrialization process has brought about explosive growth in the types of chemicals and the widespread and extensive usage of chemicals. These chemicals enter into the aquatic environment with their application in industry and daily life, posing a security threat to natural water bodies and public health. It is necessary and urgent to carry out risk assessment of these new pollutants or micro-pollutants in water. Therefore, this paper reviewed the research progress and development direction of health risk assessment and ecological risk assessment of emerging contaminants in aquatic environment, and prospected the research and application in China. This paper proposes that it is necessary to deeply study the public health effects, environmental effects and migration and transformation characteristics of these emerging contaminants in water, and to understand their toxicological effects, so as to establish a sound risk assessment benchmark and method as soon as possible to help water resources management and water security.

Risk Communication Principles for COVID-19 Vaccination: Application in China.

Risk Communication Principles for COVID-19 Vaccination: Application in China.