Application Of Organic Materials Research Articles

Effects of Applying Different Organic Materials on Grain Yield and Soil Fertility in a Double-Season Rice Cropping System

Double-cropping rice cultivation reduces soil fertility, and the extensive use of chemical fertilizers has harmful effects on both the environment and grain yield. The application of organic materials could be used as a practical strategy to maintain soil fertility and improve grain yield in a double-season rice cropping system. For this purpose, field experiments with six growing seasons over three years, from 2016 to 2018, were conducted to assess the effects of five organic materials (biochar, Chinese milk vetch, rice straw, rapeseed cake fertilizer, and manure) on the grain yield and soil fertility, aiming to save about 25% of the chemical nitrogen (N) fertilizer required for all rice growing stages. The result showed that, compared with CK (the most common dose of fertilizer in this study region; 100% chemical fertilizer without organic fertilizer), the grain yield and soil fertility of double-cropped rice were increased after applying organic fertilizers for three consecutive years. Specifically, the CRC treatment (Chinese milk vetch (10.77 t ha−1 in fresh)/rice straw (26.51 t ha−1 in fresh) + 75% chemical fertilizer) showed significantly higher rates of effective panicles (4.65–10.92%) and annual grain yield (8.00–8.82%). The total N, total phosphorus (P), total potassium (K), alkaline N, and available P content in the CRC soil were significantly increased by 11.85%, 12.22%, 15.08%, 23.32%, and 41.04%, respectively, relative to CK. The decomposition of the applied Chinese milk vetch and rice straw combined with 75% chemical fertilizer resulted in more soil humus (9.50 g kg−1), humic acid (3.19 g kg−1), fulvic acid (3.26 g kg−1), and active organic carbon (5.78 g kg−1) and a significantly higher carbon pool management index (13.5%), as well as significantly higher soil urease activity (18.10%) and acid phosphatase activity (17.64%). Therefore, in this study, Chinese milk vetch (10.77 t ha−1 in fresh) in the early rice season/rice straw (26.51 t ha−1 fresh) in the late rice season + 75% chemical fertilizer treatment was the optimal dose for the double-season rice cropping system. It resulted in higher rice yields and has the potential to be used for more sustainable soil fertility.

Effect of soil supplementation with mineral-organic mixtures on the amount of maize biomass and the mobility of trace elements in soil

The application of calcium fertilisers and organic fertilisers or materials is an alternative allowing to reduce soil acidification and increase the organic matter content. Under Polish conditions, where soils belonging to the agronomic category of light and acidic soils predominate, such an approach can bring measurable benefits in improving physical, chemical, and biological properties of soils. However, it should be noted that until now these treatments have usually been applied separately; therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of the combined application of calcium carbonate fertiliser with leonardite (CaLO) and with poultry litter (CaPL) on the amount of maize biomass, the content of trace elements in the biomass, and selected soil properties, including the mobility of trace elements in soil. The study was conducted as a pot experiment. The experimental design included 4 treatments: soil with no fertilisers (Control), soil with mineral fertilisers (NPKS), and soil with mineral fertilisers and the addition of a mixture of CaCO3 and leonardite (NPKS+CaLO) as well as CaCO3 and poultry litter (NPKS+CaPL). The study showed a substantial increase in the amount of mainly aboveground parts of maize biomass after applying mixtures of CaCO3 and organic materials. Despite the lack of significant differences, the relative increase in the chlorophyll a content in NPKS+CaLO and NPKS+CaPL treatments was over 7 % compared to NPKS treatment. The obtained results are inconclusive as to the effect of the applied mixtures on the trace element content in maize biomass. Soil supplementation with CaLO mixture significantly reduced cadmium, copper, and lead contents in maize aboveground parts, while the zinc content was higher compared to the NPKS-fertilised treatment. Soil supplementation with CaPL mixture decreased the zinc content in maize aboveground parts, while the cadmium, copper, and lead contents were higher compared to the NPKS-fertilised treatment. Soil pH significantly improved after applying CaLO and CaPL mixtures. Soil supplementation with CaLO and CaPL was vital for reducing the content of water-soluble forms of Cd and Zn, while for Pb and Cu, we observed an increase in these forms of trace elements in the soil. The treatments with CaLO and CaPL had lower content of NH4EDTA-extracted elements compared to the control.

Ion−π interactions for constructing organic luminescent materials

AbstractOrganic luminescent materials are one of the research hotspots worldwide. The luminescent efficiency of these materials can be tuned by introducing noncovalent interactions. Ion−π interactions, mainly including anion−π interactions and cation−π interactions, are relatively new but powerful noncovalent interactions with extensive applications in supramolecular chemistry. The use of ion−π interactions to fabricate highly luminescent materials is initiated since they were introduced to develop aggregation‐induced emission luminogens in 2017. Then, this research field is undergoing through challenging but very prospective developments. In this minireview, we start with a brief introduction of ion−π interactions and then make a summary of the reports on organic fluorescence based on ion−π interactions and room temperature phosphorescence induced by ion−π interactions. The applications of organic luminescent materials based on ion−π interactions in bioimaging, imaging‐guided anticancer and antibacterial treatment are also discussed. The challenges and prospects of using anion−π and cation−π interactions for constructing organic luminogens are presented in the final part. It is expected that this minireview will provide some guidelines for fabricating novel organic luminescent materials and further extend the application potential of ion−π interactions.

Nonconfinement growth of edge-curved molecular crystals for self-focused microlasers.

Synthesis of single-crystalline micro/nanostructures with curved shapes is essential for developing extraordinary types of optoelectronic devices. Here, we use the strategy of liquid-phase nonconfinement growth to controllably synthesize edge-curved molecular microcrystals on a large scale. By varying the molecular substituents on linear organic conjugated molecules, it is found that the steric hindrance effect could minimize the intrinsic anisotropy of molecular stacking, allowing for the exposure of high-index crystal planes. The growth rate of high-index crystal planes can be further regulated by increasing the molecular supersaturation, which is conducive to the cogrowth of these crystal planes to form continuously curved-shape microcrystals. Assisted by nonrotationally symmetric geometry and optically smooth curvature, edge-curved microcrystals can support low-threshold lasing, and self-focusing directional emission. These results contribute to gaining an insightful understanding of the design and growth of functional molecular crystals and promoting the applications of organic active materials in integrated photonic devices and circuits.

The potential of regenerative agriculture to improve soil health on Gotland, Sweden

AbstractBackgroundRegenerative agriculture has gained attention in mainstream media, academic literature, and international politics in recent years. While many practices and outcomes relate to RA, there is no uniform definition of the term, and only a few comprehensive scientific studies exist of “real‐life” farms and the complexity of what is considered regenerative management and its impact on soil health.AimsThis study aimed to relate the impact of single and various combinations of regenerative management practices to soil health indicators on Gotland, Sweden.MethodsSoil health of 17 farm fields and six gardens was assessed on 11 farms that had applied regenerative agricultural practices for zero to 30 years. We measured a variety of physical (bulk density, infiltration rate, wet aggregate stability, root depth and abundance, penetration resistance), chemical (pH, electric conductivity, C:N ratio, total organic carbon) and biological (earthworm abundance, active carbon, microbial biomass carbon) soil indicators. These parameters were related to regenerative practices (reduced tillage, application of organic matter, livestock integration, crop diversity, and share of legumes and perennials) through a combination of hierarchical clustering, Analysis of Variance and Tukey's tests, principal component analysis, and multiple linear regressions.ResultsAt our study sites, the application of organic matter had a positive impact on bulk density, carbon‐related parameters, wet aggregate stability, and infiltration rate, while reduced tillage and increased share of perennials combined had a positive impact on vegetation density, root abundance and depth, and wet aggregate stability. The field plots were divided into four clusters according to their management, and we found significantly higher values of total organic carbon (*), C:N (*), infiltration rate (**), and earthworm abundance (*) for crop‐high‐org‐input, the management cluster with highest values of organic matter application and no tillage. We found significantly higher values of vegetation density (***) and root abundance (**) for perm‐cover‐livestock, the cluster with no tillage, integration of livestocks, and permanent cover (*** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, *p < 0.05, °p < 0.1).ConclusionsWe support existing knowledge on positive impacts of regenerative practices, namely, the addition of organic amendment that improved carbon‐related parameters, as well as the positive effects on soil structure of reduced tillage in combination with an increased share of perennials. We argue for an outcome‐based, and principle‐led concept of regenerative agriculture as a context‐dependent agricultural approach.

Efecto de sustratos a base de estiércol de animales sobre la emergencia y el crecimiento vegetativo de avena forrajera (Avena sativa L.)

Oats (Avena sativa L.) are an annual forage grass of great current and potential importance in agricultural development. The objective was to determine the effect of animal manure-based substrates on the emergence and vegetative growth (stem height and leaf length) of forage oats (Avena sativa L.) in relation to organic amendments (chicken-cuy, cattle-sheep, llama-alpaca) over time. Growth variables were measured every ten days up to 60 days. A completely randomised experimental design was used; each treatment consisted of five replicates of ten seeds each. Analysis of variance (ANDEVA), Tukey's multiple comparison and regression and correlation analysis were performed. Both stem height and leaf length were higher when the seeds were established on a substrate based on a mixture of cattle and sheep manure and were lower with the llama-alpaca manure mixture. In general, growth expressed in stem height and leaf length increased over time. The application of organic matter of animal origin improves the quality of agricultural soils, which is reflected in plant growth and development.

Multiscale Simulation of Carbonate-Based Electrolytes for Li-Ion Battery

Organic electrodes have been extensively studied for their application as cathode materials for Li-ion battery due to their relatively inexpensive synthesis, earth-abundant precursors, and their high-rate capabilities. In our previous studies, we developed hybrid machine learning-density functional theory protocols to predict and analyze the redox potentials for novel organic moieties. Although the prediction of the electrochemical activity is critical for the design of high energy density cathodes, one of the most detrimental challenges facing the practical application of organic electrode materials is their dissolution by liquid electrolytes. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate several avenues to curb this undesirable dissolution by the electrolyte. In this fundamental study, we investigate novel carbonate-based solid-polymer electrolytes (SPE) using MD simulations and compare their performance to their conventional liquid carbonate electrolyte counterparts. Specifically, we characterize how the nanophase morphology of the amorphous polycarbonate systems is affected by modulating the composition of the carbonate side chains, while comparing them with their liquid electrolyte counterparts such as dimethyl carbonate and ethylene carbonate. Moreover, our study will elucidate how the morphology and thermodynamic properties, such as glass transition temperature, are affected by using aliphatic vs aromatic carbonate side chains, mixing of the side chain types, as well as by adjusting the length of the spacer carbon chain between the carbonate groups and the main chain. Therefore, this investigation can provide valuable insight regarding the optimal polymeric composition and mixture to achieve a morphology that is desirable for enhanced ion transport, while also inhibiting the disintegration of the organic cathode by the electrolyte.

Recent Advances in Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells: Designing and Fabrication.

Inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been extensively studied by reason of their negligible hysteresis effect, easy fabrication, flexible PSCs and good stability. The certified photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) achieved 23.5% owing to the formed lead−sulfur (Pb−S) bonds through the surface sulfidation process of perovskite film, which gradually approaches the performance of traditional upright structure PSCs and indicates their industrial application potential. However, the fabricated devices are severely affected by moisture, high temperature and ultraviolet light due to the application of organic materials. Depending on nitrogen, cost of protection may increase, especially for the industrial production in the future. In addition, the inverted PSCs are found with a series of issues compared with the traditional upright PSCs, such as nonradiative recombination of carriers, inferior stability and costly charge transport materials. Thus, the development of inverted PSCs is systematically reviewed in this paper. The design and fabrication of charge transport materials and perovskite materials, enhancement strategies (e.g., interface modification and doping) and the development of all−inorganic inverted devices are discussed to present the indicator for development of efficient and stable inverted PSCs.

Dynamic Disulfide Bonds Contained Covalent Organic Framework Modified Separator as Efficient Inhibit Polysulfide Shuttling in Li–S Batteries

First, a new covalent organic framework (HUT9) with disulfide bonds have been synthesized, which can be grown in situ on carbon nanotubes (CNT) as separator modification material for Li–S batteries. Experiments and DFT showed that disulfide bond could effectively capture soluble polysulfides (LiPSs) during discharge process, while promoting the conversion of LiPSs to Li2S/Li2S2 and improve the utilization rate of sulfur. The polar groups of the covalent organic framework provide chemisorption, and an interwoven network of HUT9@CNT (physical constraints) cooperates to inhibit the transport of LiPSs. The modified battery has a capacity retention rate of 83% (decay rate of 0.032% per cycle) after 500 cycles at 1 C. Specifically, the battery with 2-HUT9@CNT modified separators (sulfur loading: 4 mg cm–2, sulfur content: 80%, electrolyte/sulfur ratio: 10 mL g–1) can reach 3.4 mAh cm–2 area capacity after 50 cycles. This work enriched the COF material system and provided guidance for the application of organic materials in an energy storage system.

Organic matter in the pest and plant disease control: a meta-analysis

BackgroundPesticides have become a central public health problem and a source of environmental contamination. The use of organic matter is an important strategy to reduce synthetic agrochemicals, improve soil conditions, and increase nutrient uptake by plants. Organic matter can also induce plant resistance against biotic stress in some circumstances. However, the results reported for different types of organic matter applications are often very different form each other, thus making difficult their interpretation and hindering and discouraging their use as valuable alternative. Identifying the main factors involved in the efficacy of these sustainable methodologies and the associated research gaps is important to increase the efficiency of organic matter and reduce the use of pesticides.Materials and methodsWe performed a comprehensive meta-analysis of the current recent scientific literature on the use of organic matter as control method for pest and disease, using data reduction techniques, such as principal component analysis. We found 695 articles listing the keywords in the databases between 2010 and 2021 and selected 42 that met inclusion criteria.ResultsIn general, all organic matter reported showed a high inhibition of pests and diseases. Control effectiveness was close to 75% for fungal diseases and 67% for the pest control. The source of organic matter most frequently reported was the vermicompost. However, humic substances showed the greatest effectiveness of 74% when compared to both fungal and bacterial disease control. The concentration of humic substances ranged from 1 to 500 mg L−1, with the highest concentrations used in case of soil application.ConclusionsThe study demonstrated the potential role of organic matter as a resistance elicitor in plants, thus allowing a partial/total reduction of pesticides in crops. Despite the efficiency reported in the works, the mechanisms of induction of pest and disease control remains poorly studied.Graphical

Organic electrochromic energy storage materials and device design.

While not affecting electrochemical performance of energy storage devices, integrating multi-functional properties such as electrochromic functions into energy storage devices can effectively promote the development of multifunctional devices. Compared with inorganic electrochromic materials, organic materials possess the significant advantages of facile preparation, low cost, and large color contrast. Specifically, most polymer materials show excellent electrochemical properties, which can be widely used in the design and development of energy storage devices. In this article, we focus on the application of organic electrochromic materials in energy storage devices. The working mechanisms, electrochemical performance of different types of organics as well as the shortcomings of organic electrochromic materials in related devices are discussed in detail.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Salt-Affected Soils: Mechanistic Understanding of Interplay Factors and Reclamation Approaches

Salt-affected soils contain high levels of soluble salts (saline soil) and exchangeable sodium (alkali soil). Globally, about 932 million ha (Mha), including 831 Mha of agricultural land, is salt-affected. Salinity and sodicity adversely affect soil microbial diversity and enzymatic activities, and thereby carbon and nitrogen dynamics and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from soils. In this review article, we synthesize published information to understand the impact of salinity and sodicity on GHG production and emissions from salt-affected soils, and how various reclamation amendments (gypsum, phosphogypsum, organic manure, biochar, etc.) affect GHG emissions from reclaimed soils. Nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) emissions are of greater concern due to their 298 and 28 times higher global warming potential, respectively, compared to carbon dioxide (CO2), on a 100-year time scale. Therefore, CO2 emissions are given negligible/smaller significance compared to the other two. Generally, nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions are higher at lower salinity and reduced at higher salinity mainly due to: (a) higher ammonification and lower nitrification resulting in a reduced substrate for denitrification; (b) reduced diversity of denitrifying bacteria lowered down microbial-mediated denitrification process; and (c) dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA), and denitrification processes compete with each other for common substrate/nitrate. Overall, methane (CH4) emissions from normal soils are higher than those of salt-affected soils. High salinity suppresses the activity of both methanogens (CH4 production) and methanotrophs (CH4 consumption). However, it imposes more inhibitory effects on methanogens than methanotrophs, resulting in lower CH4 production and subsequent emissions from these soils. Therefore, reclamation of these soils may enhance N2O and CH4 emissions. However, gypsum is the best reclamation agent, which significantly mitigates CH4 emissions from paddy cultivation in both sodic and non-sodic soils, and mitigation is higher at the higher rate of its application. Gypsum amendment increases sulfate ion concentrations and reduces CH4 emissions mainly due to the inhibition of the methanogenesis by the sulfate reductase bacteria and the enhancement of soil redox potential. Biochar is also good among the organic amendments mitigating both CH4 and N2O emission from salt-affected soils. The application of fresh organic matter and FYM enhance GHG emissions for these soils. This review suggests the need for systematic investigations for studying the impacts of various amendments and reclamation technologies on GHG emissions in order to develop low carbon emission technologies for salt-affected soil reclamation that can enhance the carbon sequestration potential of these soils.

Cadmium fractionation in soils affected by organic matter application: Transfer of cadmium to cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) tissues

Elevated cadmium (Cd) concentrations in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) beans have concerned chocolate consumers worldwide because of the potential detrimental human health effects. Compost application on the soil surface could modify the labile Cd in soils and yet it could enhance Cd bound to humic and fulvic acids, forming an organo-metallic complex that could reduce the availability of Cd to plants. This study investigated the effect of surface compost applications at two rates, the chemistry and fractionation of Cd at two soil depths, and the relationship of these soil Cd pools with plant uptake. The research was carried out on four Ecuadorian cacao farms. The compost was applied at 6.25 Mg·ha−1 (low) and 12.5 Mg·ha−1 (high) per annum. There was also a control treatment with no compost application. Soil samples were collected at two depths, surface (0–5 cm) and below surface (5–20 cm). Leaf samples and cacao pots were collected from each treatment. Soil Cd was fractionated into five operational pools. Additionally, the Cd-bound to fulvic acids and humic acids in soils were extracted separately. The EDTA-extractable fraction showed the highest concentration of Cd at both depths. Cadmium bound to fulvic acids was higher in compost-applied soils than in the control (p < 0.05) in all farms. Leaf and bean-Cd were negative and significantly correlated with the Cd extracted by EDTA, NaOH, HNO3, and FA-Cd pools. The mobility of Cd in soils cultivated with cacao, based on plant uptake, was strongly associated with the soils’ chemical characteristics, especially pH and SOC. The surface application of organic matter facilitates the redistribution of Cd in soil fractions, mainly in EDTA-, NaOH-, and HNO3-extractable fractions, suggesting a reduction in Cd soil–plant transfer via adsorption or complexation processes. Apparently, the application of high-quality compost, i.e., high FA content, could aid in mitigating Cd contamination in cacao orchards. Experiments on perennial crops merit a longer evaluation time to better assess the changes in plant-Cd.

Effects of Organic Amendments on Phenol Oxidase, Peroxidase, Urease, and Nitrogen Mineralization: A Laboratory Incubation Study

Mitigating climate change and enhancing fertility in agricultural systems require the adoption of more sustainable fertilizer management practices. Applications of recycled organic materials, such as animal and green wastes, can promote soil carbon stabilization via changing extracellular enzyme activities while providing the necessary nitrogen (N) for plant growth. The goals of this study were to quantify the effects of compost type (cow manure, green manures, mixtures of green and cow manure at various proportions, and inorganic fertilizers) on (1) enzyme activity (phenol oxidase, peroxidase, and urease), and (2) mineralized N under laboratory incubation at 30 °C over an eight-week period. The lowest oxidative enzyme activities (phenol oxidase and peroxidase) were found in the soil treated with a mixture of 50% cow manure and 50% green manure (2.45 μmol h−1 g−1) and a mixture of 30% cow manure and 70% green manure (3.21 μmol h−1 g−1) compared to all other fertilizer treatments. The highest phenol oxidase activity was found in soils amended with green manures (3.52 μmol h−1 g−1), while the highest peroxidase activity was found in soils amended with a mixture of 70% cow manure and 30% green manure (5.68 μmol h−1 g−1). No significant differences were found in total net mineralized N content among all organic fertilizer treatments, but these were significantly lower than total net mineralized N in soil treated with inorganic fertilizers. These results indicate similar effects of organic amendments and mixtures in providing plant-available N, but different effects on lignin-degrading enzyme activities, which may lead to differences in soil organic carbon cycling and long-term C storage depending on which organic amendment is utilized.

Soil Fertility Improvement and Carbon Sequestration through Exogenous Organic Matter and Biostimulant Application

One of the main tasks in the search for environmentally friendly crop-growing methods is to increase soil fertility by improving its physical, chemical and biological parameters. The aim of this study was to determine the effect that the long-term annual application of different types of soil fertility agents (exogenous organic matter: 1. manure, 2. straw in combination with nitrogen fertilization and liming and 3. the addition of biostimulants) had on organic matter properties, including humic acid (HAs) properties. The research was carried out on the basis of soil samples from a ten-year pot experiment which was set up as single-factor pot experiment with four replications. PVC pots with perforated bottoms were filled with soil samples taken from the tilled layer of an arable field where winter wheat was grown in monoculture. The pots were exposed directly to the weather and were left without vegetation. The soil samples were assayed for the content of total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen and fractional composition of humus. HAs were extracted with the Schnitzer method and analyzed for the elemental composition, spectrometric parameters in the FT-IR and UV-VIS range and hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. In addition, EPR spectra were produced. The results showed that the content of organic matter compared to soil without additives increased with the use of manure and the use of straw in the CaO variant and in the form of a mulch. The content of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) ranged from 124.6 to 286.1 mg kg−1 and had strong positive correlation with TOC content. The values of the ratio of carbon content in humic acids to carbon content in fulvic acids (CHAs/CFAs) ranged from 0.71 to 0.99. The use of a biostimulator—with or without the addition of straw—increased carbon sequestration in humic acid molecules, as well as their oxidation level and their share of hydrophobic fractions with the longest retention time. Thus, the addition of UGmax intensifies humification processes, leading to the formation of stable humic acid molecules.

Functional Organic Materials for Photovoltaics: The Synthesis as a Tool for Managing Properties for Solid State Applications.

The continuous increase in the global energy demand deeply impacts the environment. Consequently, the research is moving towards more sustainable forms of energy production, storage and saving. Suitable technologies and materials are fundamental to win the challenge towards a greener and more eco-friendly society. Organic π-conjugated materials, including small molecules, oligomers and polymers are a wide and versatile class of functional materials with great potentiality, as they can be used as active matrixes in the fabrication of lightweight, flexible, cheap and large area devices. Their chemical and physical properties, both at a molecular level and mainly in the solid state, are a result of many factors, strictly related to the conjugated structure and functional groups on the backbone, which control the intermolecular forces driving solid state aggregations. The synthesis, through the molecular design, the choice of conjugated backbone and functionalization, represents the first and most powerful tool for finely tuning the chemico-physical properties of organic materials tailored for specific applications. In the present review, we report an overview of our works focused on synthetic methodologies, characterization, structure-properties correlation studies and applications of organic materials designed for energy-involving solid-state applications, organic photovoltaics in particular. The impact of functionalization on electro-optical properties and performance in device are discussed, also in relation to the specific applications.

Effects of Organic Materials on Phosphorus Fractions and phoD-harboring Bacterial Community in Karst Soil

Efficient utilization of organic materials based on the rich resources in the karst region can promote soil fertility. Microorganisms have a crucial influence on soil phosphorus availability. phoD is considered to be the encoding phosphatase gene that can reflect the hydrolysis of organophosphorus compounds for the soil bacterial community. Molecular analysis of the phoD-harboring bacterial gene provides insight into promoting soil phosphorus availability under different fertilization managements. However, the effects of organic materials on soil phosphorus fractions associated with phoD-harboring bacterial communities are poorly understood. This study comprehensively investigated the effects of organic materials on soil phosphorus availability and explored environmental drivers of phoD-harboring bacteria in the Karst region. Here, six treatments were designed in the field as follows:non-fertilized control (CK), inorganic fertilization (NPK), inorganic fertilization combined with straw (NPKS), inorganic fertilization combined with manure (NPKM), inorganic fertilization combined with sludge (NPKL), and inorganic fertilization combined with sugarcane ash (NPKA). The phoD-harboring bacterial community in Karst region soil was analyzed using high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that the content of total P (TP), Olsen-P, and Ca2-P increased with the years after organic material application, whereas the content of CaCl2-P first decreased and then increased. Compared to that under the CK treatment, organic material application, especially NPKL treatment, significantly increased soil total nitrogen (TN), TP, Olsen-P, CaCl2-P, and Ca2-P contents, followed by those in the NPKA and NPKM treatments. Correlation analysis showed that the contents of CaCl2-P, Ca2-P, and Olsen-P were significantly positively correlated with soil exchangeable calcium (Ca-ex) content. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that TN, Ca-ex, soil organic carbon (SOC), and total potassium (TK) contents were the key factors affecting soil P fractions. Using high-throughput sequencing, we found that only NPKS increased the richness of phoD-harboring bacteria compared to that under the control treatment. No significant difference was observed in the phoD-harboring bacterial community among all treatments. The RDA model selected the Ca-ex, TK, Olsen-P, pH, and SOC as the key environmental predictors for the phoD-harboring bacterial community. In summary, soil phosphorus availability can be improved through the input of organic materials and inorganic fertilizer combined with manure, sludge, and ash. These additions were suitable for nutrient management and sustainable development in farmland soil in the Karst region of Guangxi.

Polarity‐triggered anti‐Kasha system for high‐contrast cell imaging and classification

AbstractKasha's rule, which states that all exciton emissions occur from the lowest excited state and are independent of excitation energy, makes high‐energy excitons difficult to use and severely hinders the widespread applications of organic photoluminescent materials in the real world. For decades, scientists have tried to break this rule to unleash the power of high‐energy excitons, but only minimal progress has been achieved, with no rational guiding principles provided, and few applications developed. So far, breaking Kasha's rule has remained a purely academic concept. In this paper, we introduce a design principle for a purely organic anti‐Kasha system and synthesise a series of compounds based on the design rule. As predicted, these compounds all display evident S2 emissions in dilute solutions. In addition, we introduce a highly accurate (over 90%) convolutional neural network as an assistant for the classification of cells using anti‐Kasha luminogens, thereby providing a new application direction for anti‐Kasha systems.

Effect of Manure and Fertilizers on Growth and Yield of Pipali (Piper longum) in Assam Conditions

An experiment was conducted in the Experimental Farm Garden, at Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat to see the influence of manure and fertilizers on growth and yield of Pipali (Piper longum) in Assam conditions. Result revealed that maximum yield (576.25kg/ha dry) was obtained when manure and fertilizers was applied @ 175:75:75 kg ha-1(NPK) + FYM 10 ha-1 + Neem cake 5q ha-1 and minimum yield of (318.67 Kg/ha dry) when only manure @ FYM 10 ha-1 was applied in field. Hence, we conclude that the long pepper is an organic matter and fertilizer loving crop and application of higher levels of organic manures and fertilizers improved both plant and soil nutrient status.

The Effect of Organic Matter on The Soil Innoculated Mycorrhizal on The Persentage of Root Infection and Growth of Mung Bean Plants

This study was conducted to analyze the effect of organic matter application on mycorrhizal inoculated soil on the percentage of AMF infection and the availability of phosphorus nutrients for the growth of mung beans. The research was conducted at the Green House, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, and in the Microbiology laboratory of the Environmental and Forestry Research Institute, Makassar, which was carried out from May to August 2021. This research was conducted in an experimental form based on a completely randomized design consisting of four treatments with three replications. The treatments tested were planting media, namely sand + soil (without organic matter), sand + soil + husk, sand + soil + husk charcoal, and sand + soil + husk + husk charcoal. Parameters observed in this study were total soil P nutrient content, available P content, percentage of mycorrhizal infection, plant height, number of leaves, root length, and root volume. The results showed that the percentage of root infection with the application of organic husk material obtained the percentage of root infection up to 83.67%. Plant growth and nutrient levels of total P and available P were higher with the application of husk organic matter and husk charcoal.