Time Applications Research Articles

Response of Onion to Deficit Irrigation Levels at Different Growth Stages on Yield and Water Productivity

The Ethiopian vegetable sub-sector, particularly onion, is crucial for the economy due to its high productivity and ease of cultivation. However, water scarcity in arid and semi-arid regions hinders its expansion. This study conducted at Wondo Genet Agricultural Research Center aimed to investigate the impact of deficit irrigation levels at various growth stages on onion yield and water productivity. The experiment employed a split plot design with four crop growing stages and three deficit irrigation levels. Results revealed that deficit irrigation significantly affected onion growth parameters and yield components. Bulb diameter, number of leaves per plant, and total bulb yield 5.84 cm, 6.85, 23.26 t/ha, respectively, were notably influenced by deficit irrigation levels, with the highest yields observed under full irrigation. Additionally, water use efficiency varied with deficit irrigation application timing, with the highest efficiency recorded during the maturation stage. Overall, deficit irrigation during initial and maturation stages at 55% ETc application level emerged as the most viable option, ensuring sustainable crop production in water-scarce areas. These findings underscore the importance of adopting deficit irrigation strategies to optimize water use efficiency and enhance onion yield in Ethiopia's vegetable sub-sector.

Optimizing fungicide application timing for spring dead spot based on soil temperature and season

AbstractSpring dead spot (SDS) (Ophiosphaerella spp.) is the most detrimental disease to warm‐season turfgrasses in areas with cold‐induced dormancy. Fungicide applications do not provide consistent SDS suppression. One reason for this inconsistency is the use of solely calendar‐based fungicide applications instead of considering both calendar date and soil temperature. A field study was conducted at three separate hybrid bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × transvaalensis Burtt Davy) locations in Virginia to determine the optimal soil temperature and timing for SDS suppression with tebuconazole and isofetamid. Tebuconazole (1.5 kg a.i. ha−1) and isofetamid (4.1 kg a.i. ha−1) were applied at 11 different timings throughout the year based on soil temperatures at a 0‐ to 10‐cm depth. Plots were assessed for SDS severity in the spring and early summer of 2021 and 2022. Two in vitro studies were also conducted with Ophiosphaerella herpotricha and Ophiosphaerella korrae isolates to (1) determine the optimal temperature for growth on potato dextrose agar (PDA) placed on a thermogradient table (13–33°C) and (2) compare the daily growth rate of O. herpotricha and O. korrae isolates at 11, 19, and 27.5°C on PDA. In the field study, isofetamid suppressed SDS more than tebuconazole. Fall applications when soil temperatures were 13°C consistently provided the best SDS suppression. For the in vitro studies, both species grew optimally between 24 and 25°C, yet O. korrae and O. herpotricha growth rates differed at 11°C.

Exponential Wiener index of some silicate networks

Any graph that depicts a particular molecular structure can be given a topological graph index, also known as a molecular descriptor. This index can be used to examine numerical data and discover more about specific physical properties of molecules. Silicates are hard crystals that can be sliced into little pieces. Therefore, silicon play a vital role in many real time applications. It is the authentic material to make microchips which run in PDA, PC and other game tools. In the current study, we have determined the new topological index for a few silicate structures, including cyclic, single-chain, and Pyro silicates by grouping the vertices of the corresponding molecular graphs based on their distance sums. This index is known as the exponential Wiener index. It is expanded to include their line graphs as well. The numerical values of exponential Wiener index and multiplicative exponential Wiener index for the molecular graphs of cyclic silicates, single chain silicates and their line graphs with n vertices where n = 3, 4, 5 are explored.

EVALUATION OF KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, AND PRACTICE ABOUT PHARMACOVIGILANCE AMONG NURSING STAFF AT TERTIARY CARE TEACHING HOSPITAL

Objectives: The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practice of nursing staff about pharmacovigilance and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) reporting in a tertiary care teaching hospital. The secondary objective was to assess the causes of underreporting of ADRs. Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was carried out using a pre-designed structured questionnaire, adapted from previous studies and validated internally among the members of the pharmacovigilance committee. This questionnaire was provided to the nurses of all wards and out-patient department in a tertiary care teaching hospital of Gujarat, after taking their written informed consent. The data were evaluated for further analysis. Results: Out of 309 participants, 73.38% had appropriate knowledge about pharmacovigilance and ADRs and 72.41% had a positive attitude toward the safety of drugs and reporting of ADRs. Out of 309 nurses, 55.34% of nurses came across an ADR and 3.56% of nurses had reported an ADR. According to the evaluated data, the reasons for underreporting of ADRs were lack of awareness, lack of time, and fear of legal implications. Out of all participants, 4.85% had attended ADR training/awareness sessions. Conclusion: In the present study, nursing staff at a tertiary care teaching hospital had good knowledge and positive attitude toward pharmacovigilance but at the same time application of the same was lacking. Exposure to awareness programs and seminars about pharmacovigilance and hands-on ADR training sessions can improve the practice of nurses about pharmacovigilance.

How to prevent postextubation respiratory failure.

Postextubation respiratory support treatment approaches, indications, and subgroups of patients with different responses to those therapies are rapidly changing. Planning optimal therapy in terms of choosing devices, timing of application and selecting settings with the goal of minimizing extubation failure is becoming a challenge. This review aims to analyze all the available evidence from a clinical point of view, trying to facilitate decision making at the bedside. There is evidence for high flow nasal cannula support in patients at low risk of extubation failure. Noninvasive ventilation based strategies should be prioritized in patients at very high risk, who are obese or are hypercapnic at the end of a spontaneous breathing trial. Patients not included in the previous groups merit a tailored decision based on more variables.Optimizing the timing of therapy can include facilitation of extubation by transitioning to noninvasive respiratory support or prolonging a planned preventive therapy according to clinical condition. Planning postextubatin respiratory support must consider the risk for failing and the presence of some clinical conditions favoring noninvasive ventilation.Extubation can be safely accelerated by modifying screening criteria and spontaneous breathing trial settings, but there is room to increase the role of postextubation noninvasive respiratory support for this indication, always keeping in mind the dangers of delaying a needed intubation.

Facial disbiosis and UV filters.

Acne is a multifactorial inflammatory disease with a robust microbial component and numerous correlations with dysbiosis states. Furthermore, various factors are recognized as triggers for skin dysbiosis, including the use of certain cosmetics. Based on these arguments, we hypothesized that using photoprotective formulations could trigger dysbiosis and the occurrence of acne manifestations. To verify this assumption, six volunteers between 19 and 23 years of age, meeting all the inclusion criteria, received two applications a day of a non-commercial sunscreen formulation developed with the sun filters ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate, ethylhexyl salicylate, methyl anthranilate, and octocrylene dispersed in a base gel, with an estimated protection factor of 28.8. The pure base gel was used as a control. The samples were applied to an area delimited by a standard template (15 cm2) in an amount corresponding to 30mg (2mg cm2) for ten days. At two points in time, pre- and post-sample applications, the facial skin surface was swabbed to collect extracted DNA and processed to verify divergent degrees of 16S RNA coding sequences. The data obtained allowed us to determine the abundance of different bacterial entities at the genus and species levels. The results showed that critical species of the acne process, such as Cutibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis, seem to tolerate the evaluated formulation well and are not significantly affected by the formulation, suggesting no interference of its use concerning dysbiosis induction. These findings refute the idea that photoprotectors may cause skin dysbiosis in men.

Newly Established Blueberry Plants: The Role of Inorganic Nitrogen Forms in Nitrogen and Calcium Absorption

Efficient nitrogen (N) management is crucial for maximizing the growth of young blueberry plants (Vaccinium corymbosum). This study evaluates the effects of the N fertilization form (ammonium, NH4+; nitrate, or NO3−) and application timing on the blueberries’ establishment, N and Ca absorption, and N distribution. The experiment was conducted in the southern hemisphere, in Chile, from October 2023 to January 2024. Six-month-old blueberry cv. Blue Ribbon plants were cultivated in pots. NH4+ and NO3− were used as full or split-dose applications using the 15N isotopic dilution technique. Plant leaves, stems, root growth, and biomass, as well as their N and Ca contents, were measured. Our results showed that 90 days after nitrogen application, blueberry plants obtained the lowest biomass in their leaves, stems, and roots when NO3− was applied in T1 or T1T2. The same pattern was observed for N and Ca contents, hence for N recovery. During the first period (T1) of application, heavy rain (100 mm) was registered over the course of a few days and caused leaching. Therefore, applying nitrate to young blueberry plants cultivated in areas with spring rainfall and low temperatures would not be recommended because the leaching losses and lower growth conditions, such as low temperatures and high precipitation, led to reduced transpiration, resulting in lower calcium and nitrogen contents. These confirm that N fertilization management (form and timing) can ensure a better establishment for young blueberry plants, optimizing their growth and sustainable production by minimizing nitrogen losses.

Antibiofilm efficacy of a calcium silicate-based intracanal medicament against Fusobacterium nucleatum strains

This study evaluated the antibiofilm efficacy of a calcium silicate-based intracanal medicament (Bio-C Temp) against Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum). Dentin slices (n = 88) were inoculated with F. nucleatum biofilms and divided into experimental groups (n = 24 each) treated with Bio-C Temp, triple antibiotic paste (TAP), or Ca(OH)2 for 1 or 2 weeks. Untreated dentin slices exposed to saline served as a positive control, while sterile dentin slices incubated anaerobically served as a negative control. Bacterial viability was assessed using confocal laser scanning microscopy after staining with LIVE/DEAD®BacLight™ dye. Samples treated with TAP demonstrated the highest percentage of dead bacteria (95%). The antibiofilm effect of TAP and Bio-C Temp significantly increased from Week 1 to Week 2. At Week 2, samples treated with Bio-C Temp showed a significantly higher percentage of dead bacteria (75.25%) than those treated with Ca(OH)2 (58.65%). TAP showed superior efficacy against F. nucleatum biofilms. After an application time of 2 weeks, the antibiofilm efficacy of Bio-C Temp was superior to that of Ca(OH)2.

Lesion characteristics of long application time ablation using unipolar half-normal saline irrigation and bipolar normal saline irrigation.

Unipolar radiofrequency (RF) ablation using half-normal saline irrigation (UNIP-HNS) and bipolar RF ablation using normal saline irrigation (BIP-NS) are effective to treat arrhythmias from inside thick myocardium. However, differences between these two ablations when using a long application time had not fully been studied. UNIP-HNS, BIP-NS and unipolar RF ablation using normal saline irrigation (UNIP-NS) were applied for 120 seconds (30 W and 20-g contact) to porcine endocardial wall (≧15.0 mm thickness). All ablations (30 applications each in UNIP-HNS and BIP-NS, and 20 applications in UNIP-NS) were successfully accomplished without steam-pop. Total impedance decline was largest in BIP-NS followed by UNIP-HNS and UNIP-NS. UNIP-HNS created larger surface lesions and greater maximum lesion width under the surface than those by UNIP-NS and BIP-NS. Endocardial lesion depth in UNIP-HNS and BIP-NS were deeper than that in UNIP-NS, but with no difference between UNIP-HNS and BIP-NS, when selecting non-transmural lesions. Similar results were obtained when all lesions (non-transmural and transmural) were included and endocardial lesion depth of the transmural lesions (13/30 applications of BIP-NS) was estimated as 50% of the myocardial thickness. Lesion length in the transverse myocardial wall (endocardial plus epicardial lesions) was greatest in BIP-NS. Longer application time ablation (30 W) targeting the thick myocardium was performable in UNIP-HNS and BIP-NS. Since a transmural lesion and/or a deeper lesion into the myocardial wall are created, BIP-NS is preferable if two ablation catheters can be positioned on either side of the target.

Exploring Peak Concentric Force and Zero Velocity Synchronization in the Drop Jump.

The application of force is a key aspect of performance during athletic activities. In jumping, the timing and magnitude of force application are important performance factors. The relative timing of forces has only been investigated in the countermovement jump. This study aimed to explore if the synchronization of peak concentric force with the instance of zero velocity during a drop jump impacted performance and examine the relationship of force-time curve shape to performance. Sixty-six state-level athletes (24 males and 42 females) completed drop jumps from a 30 cm box onto dual force plates. The jump with the highest reactive strength index (RSI) score was taken for analysis and classified as synchronous or asynchronous based on the relative timing of peak concentric force and zero velocity. RSI and other force-time variables were compared between groups, and functional principal component analysis (fPCA) was performed on the force-time curves, which were used to perform functional principal component regression (fPCR). Synchronous jumpers exhibited greater RSI scores and shorter contact times compared to asynchronous jumpers. Performance differences were largely driven by improved concentric kinetics, which the fPCR model revealed to have the greatest influence on RSI. Sex was also found to be a significant factor for RSI in the fPCR model. fPCA revealed that greater force application preceding and throughout the amortization phase was positively associated with RSI. The timing of peak concentric force and the shape of the force-time curve are key factors for drop jump performance, and these concepts should be investigated further in other athletic activities.

A Measurement Method Using Packets for Measuring the Processing Time of Edge and Cloud Applications

A Measurement Method Using Packets for Measuring the Processing Time of Edge and Cloud Applications

Innovative approaches in the food industry: Microwave plasma technology and applicability in foods

In this study, the use of microwave technique, which is becoming increasingly widespread in the food sector, and the advantages of microwave plasma technology, which has not yet been used much in the food sector, and the production of microwave plasma assembly in laboratory size. In food technology, plasma can be applied hot and cold. Inert gases are used in plasma formation and low-level microwave energy is also used. Additionally, the use of oxygen gas in the current system increases oxidative stress on microorganisms found in foods. Since plasma formation occurs under strong vacuum, it also effectively provides microbial inactivation in food systems. Cold and low-pressure plasma technology has emerged as a promising and innovative method for the microbial inactivation on dry food surfaces. Therefore, microwave plasma system has an important potential to use in many food systems such as spices, dried fruits and vegetables. In this context, the microwave plasma setup was created by us in this study. A strong vacuum system is required for the formation of microwave plasma. In addition, it has been determined that the application time is very important for the application of microwave plasma in foods and that there are structural deterioration in foods over a certain period of time. As a result, it is understood that food poisoning can be prevented by using microwave plasma in foods, and this will contribute to extending the shelf life of foods, and therefore the technique needs to be further investigated and considered in food applications.

Evaluation of simplified wireless EEG recordings in the neurological emergency room.

In the neurological emergency room (nER), timely electroencephalography (EEG) diagnostic is often crucial in patients with altered state of consciousness as well as in patients presenting with a first seizure. Yet, routine-EEG (rEEG) is often not available, especially during off-hours. We analyzed the value of a commercially available, simplified wireless eight-channel EEG recording (swEEG, CerebAir® EEG headset, Nihon Kohden), applied by non-EEG-specialized medical students, in patients presenting in our nER with (suspicion of) epileptic seizures and/or loss of or altered state of consciousness between 08/2019 and 08/2022. We evaluated the feasibility and validity compared to a standard rEEG (21 electrodes according to the international 10/20 system) and also included the clinical follow-up of the patients. 100 patients were included in our analysis (mean age 57.6 ± 20.4 years; 61 male). Median time of electrode application was 7 minutes (range 4-20 minutes), with significantly longer duration in patients with altered level of consciousness (median 8 minutes, p = 0.035). Electrode impedances also differed according to state of consciousness (p = 0.032), and were higher in females (p<0.001). 55 patients received additional rEEG, either during their acute nER stay (25) and/or during the next days (38). Considering normal EEG findings vs. pathological slowing vs. epileptiform activity, swEEG matched first rEEG results in 48/55 cases (87.3%). Overall, swEEG detected the same or additional pathological EEG patterns in 52/55 cases (94.5%). In 7/75 patients (9.3%) who did not receive rEEG, or had their rEEG scheduled to a later time point during their hospital stay, swEEG revealed important additional pathological findings (e.g. status epilepticus, interictal epileptiform discharges), which would have triggered acute therapeutic consequences or led to further diagnostics and investigations. The introduced swEEG represents a practicable, valuable technique to be quickly applied by non-EEG-specialized ER staff to initiate timely diagnostic and guide further investigations and treatment in the nER. Moreover, it may help to avoid under-diagnostic with potentially harmful consequences caused by skipped or postponed regular 10/20 EEG examinations, and ultimately improve the outcome of patients.

Guideline for medical nutritional treatment of adult patients with gastrointestinal dysfunction (2025 edition)

Gastrointestinal dysfunction is a common clinical disease. Due to abnormal gastrointestinal digestive and absorption functions, nutrients, water, and electrolytes cannot be absorbed properly, and therefore, scientific and reasonable nutritional intervention is needed. In order to further standardize medical nutrition treatment of patients with gastrointestinal dysfunction, the Chinese Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (CSPEN) organized experts and scholars in related fields in China to elaborate on the following topics based on current evidence-based medical evidence: the standard process of medical nutrition treatment for patients with gastrointestinal dysfunction, the time and mode of enteral and parenteral nutrition application, and the nutritional intervention mode for patients with gastrointestinal dysfunction in special disease state. Finally, 29 questions and 58 recommendations were formed to provide reference for the standardized application of medical nutrition therapy for patients with gastrointestinal dysfunction.

A combined mechanistic and empirical models for tailored microwave-assisted extraction of rice bran phenolic

ABSTRACT Rice bran is a promising source of functional food due to its high phenolic content. Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) has become a widely used method for optimizing phenolic extraction from rice bran. However, understanding the phenolic extraction process using the MAE method is challenging due to the system’s complexity. Modeling and simulation are powerful tools to provide a better understanding of how the system behaves and can be optimized. This study proposes a novel approach that combines mechanistic and empirical models (gray box) to predict the phenolic content in rice bran extraction using MAE. It involved phenolic extraction using different ethanol concentrations (40%, 60%, 80%), microwave application time (1 min, 2 min, 3 min), and microwave power (90 W, 180 W, 270 W). The results showed a good agreement between experimental and computed extraction yields, as indicated by the reported statistical parameters and gray box model. The optimum conditions were reached at 60% ethanol concentration, 2-min microwave application time, and 180 W microwave power with the phenolic content at 0.534 mg/mL (model) and 0.561 mg/mL or 25.06 mg/g (experiment). Following the study, this combined approach can potentially reduce the time and cost required for optimization studies of phenolic extraction.

An Analytical Review for Search of Optimal Selection &amp; Utilization of Earthwork Equipment in Construction

Different types of equipment with various levels/times application times are the characteristic features of all construction projects. Almost every construction project/industry has the most common problem of slow progress and cost overruns due to increasing downtime and decreasing operational efficiency of construction equipment. Construction equipment is involved in construction to such an extent that without it no construction activity can be performed. In recent years, with the continuous advancement in technology and improvement of urbanization, there have been more and more construction project/equipment requirements resulting in either the project delay or cost enhancement As the most critical element earthwork is responsible for not only successful completion of project within schedule but also for the starting of the project, selection of right equipment for earthwork is necessary. Earthwork complexity further increases due to various soil types and equipment, and adverse environmental conditions The present study is concentrated or focused on soil and various costs based practices adopted for the selection of construction equipment and an attempt has been made to find the optimal solution for the most problematic or responsible activities for the delay in project/cost overrun especially in context to excavation, compression, and earth / material movement equipment utilization.

Precision drip Irrigation System and Foliar Application of Biostimulant and Fertilizers Containing Micronutrients Optimize Photochemical Efficiency and Grain Yield of Maize (Zea mays L)

Abstract Asymmetric drought propagation and depletion of soil nutrients threaten cereal crop productivity worldwide, calling for the application of validated agronomic practices to curtail their effect on crop production. This study evaluated the effect of precision drip irrigation, biostimulant, and micronutrients application on photochemical efficiency and yield of maize.An experiment laid in a randomized complete block design with irrigation and water stress was established in 2022 and 2023 growing seasons at the experimental area of the University of Debrecen. Other treatments included T1 (non-microbial biostimulant from plant origin), T2 (zinc based chemical fertilizer), T3 (boron and molybdenum based chemical fertilizer), and T4 (control). Data was collected on steady-state fluorescence (F’), maximal fluorescence (Fm’), quantum photosynthetic yield or efficiency of photosystem II (ΦPSII or Y(II)), electron transport rate (ETR), and grain yield and yield components. Precision drip irrigation significantly optimized ΦPSII, ETR, cob weight, number of seeds per cob, weight of 1000 seeds and grain yield. The biostimulant and micronutrients optimized Fm’, ΦPSII, and ETR at VT and R2 growth stages. Regardless of the water management regime, T1, T2 and T3 seasonally optimized grain yield. Between water management regimes, biostimulant had the highest yield optimization effect under precision drip irrigation in the season with elevated water stress.Optimum photochemical efficiency and grain yield is achievable through precision drip irrigation, biostimulant, and micronutrient application. However, further research involving 2–3 application times at critical stages of maize under precision drip irrigation and/or combined application of these treatments at season specific precision drip irrigation is required.

Grapevine, peach, and plum response to simulated florpyrauxifen-benzyl drift

Abstract Off-target movement of rice herbicides is a concern in California, where sensitive crops are often grown nearby. Florpyrauxifen-benzyl and triclopyr are auxin-mimics commonly used in rice systems. To steward florpyrauxifen-benzyl around the time of its initial registration in the state, research was conducted to compare the onset of foliar symptoms from simulated florpyrauxifen-benzyl and triclopyr drift onto grapevine, peach, and plum. The rates were 1/200X, 1/100X, 1/33X, and 1/10X of the 29.4 g ai ha–1 florpyrauxifen-benzyl and 1/200X, 1/100X, and 1/33X of the 420.3 g ae ha–1 triclopyr rice use rates. Herbicides were applied on one side of one- to two-year-old peach and plum trees and one side of established grapevines in 2020 and 2021. The general symptoms for florpyrauxifen-benzyl and triclopyr were similar and included chlorosis, leaf curling, leaf distortion, leaf malformation, leaf crinkling, necrosis, and twisting on leaves. The symptoms from herbicides were observed on both sides of the grapevine canopy, whereas florpyrauxifen-benzyl symptoms on peach and plum were mostly observed on the treated side of the tree. Florpyrauxifen-benzyl and triclopyr symptoms were observed three days-after-treatment (DAT) for grapevines and seven DAT for peach and plum. In all crops, most symptoms persisted through 42 DAT. Some grape clusters showed deformation and dropping of berries. All treated crops gradually recovered during the season regardless of application rates. Because symptoms were relatively minor in peach and plum, this research suggested that application precautions that reduce off-site drift are likely to minimize the occurrence of significant injury. However, grapevines were more sensitive and showed injury symptoms up to 71% at 14 DAT with a 1/10X florpyrauxifen-benzyl simulated drift rate. Therefore, extra precautions such as using drift-management agents and proper wind speed conditions at the time of florpyrauxifen-benzyl applications may be necessary if there are nearby vineyards.

Impact of combining ablation index-guided and very high-power short-duration ablation at posterior wall adjacent to esophagus during perioperative period on procedural factors.

The impact of combining ablation index (AI)-guided and very high-power short-duration (vHPSD) ablation on procedural factors at the posterior wall near the esophagus is unclear. Atrial fibrillation patients who underwent initial ablation using three-dimensional mapping were enrolled. Patients were classified into two groups: those who underwent only AI-guided pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) (AI group) and those who underwent vHPSD ablation at the posterior wall adjacent to the esophagus in addition to AI-guided PVI (AI + vHPSD group). Differences in myocardial injury, inflammation, procedural characteristics, and pulmonary vein (PV) reconnection patterns were assessed between the two groups. This study included 167 patients (AI group, 83 patients; AI+vHPSD group, 84 patients). No significant differences in high-sensitive troponin I or changes in inflammatory markers between pre- and Postablation were observed in either group. Total application time and total application energy were significantly lower in the AI+vHPSD group than in the AI group (p < 0.001 for both) despite no significant difference in the total number of applications between the groups. The incidence of esophagus temperature ≥40 degrees was significantly lower in the AI+vHPSD group than in the AI group (p = 0.036). However, the incidence of PV reconnections near the esophagus was significantly higher in the AI+vHPSD group than in the AI group (11.9% vs 3.6%, p = 0.046), despite no significant difference in the incidence of PV reconnections overall. The combination of AI-guided PVI and vHPSD adjacent to the esophagus demonstrated reduced application energy requirements and maintained safety and effectiveness during the perioperative period.

Evaluation of Commercially Available Sanitizers Efficacy to Control Salmonella (Sessile and Biofilm Forms) on Harvesting Bins and Picking Bags

This study evaluated the efficacy of five commercially available sanitizers to reduce Salmonella (sessile and biofilm forms) count on experimentally inoculated materials representative of harvesting bins and picking bags in the fresh produce industry. Sessile Salmonella cells were grown onto tryptic soy agar to create a bacterial lawn, while multistrain Salmonella biofilms were grown in a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reactor at 22 ± 2 °C for 96 h. Samples were exposed to 500 ppm free chlorine, 500 ppm peroxyacetic acid (PAA), 75 psi steam, and 5% silver dihydrogen citrate (SDC) for 30 sec, 1, or 2 min or 100 ppm chlorine dioxide gas for 24 h. Sanitizer, surface type, and application time significantly affected the viability of Salmonella in both sessile and biofilm forms (P < 0.05). All treatments resulted in a significant reduction of Salmonella when compared to the control (P < 0.05). Chlorine dioxide gas was the most effective treatment in both sessile and biofilm forms regardless of the type of surface, and it achieved a 5-log reduction. PAA at 500 ppm applied for 2 min was the only liquid sanitizer that resulted in a greater than 3-log reduction in all surfaces. Scanning electronic microscopy demonstrated the porous surface nature of nylon and wood, compared to HDPE, impacted sanitizer antimicrobial activity. Understanding the efficacy of sanitizers to control Salmonella on harvesting bins and picking bags may improve the safety of fresh produce by increasing available sanitizing treatment.