Application Schema Research Articles

A digital twin-driven dynamic path planning approach for multiple automatic guided vehicles based on deep reinforcement learning

With the increasing demand for customization, the tendency of mechanical manufacturing has gradually shifted to flexible and mixed-line production, which brings new challenges to the existing scheduling pattern. As an indispensable part, logistics is responsible for establishing connections among various production equipment and processes. Meanwhile, the promotion of digital twin theory introduces an application schema for the logistics system. However, there is still a deficiency in the real-time dispatching and path planning of logistics equipment due to the uncontrollability of algorithm efficiency for complex scenes. To fill this gap, a digital twin-driven dynamic path planning approach for multiple automatic guided vehicles (AGVs) is proposed. Firstly, the AGVs are virtualized as the major component of logistics systems, while the ontology expression of logistics tasks is consistently accomplished as well. Secondly, the digital twin-driven application framework of multi-AGV dispatching is established. Moreover, a dynamic path planning method for AGVs relying on deep reinforcement learning is implemented. A segmented path planning method is illustrated considering potential route conflicts, which is regarded as the key contribution of the presented research. At last, a case study is illustrated to show the entire process of multiple vehicle path planning and conflict resolution.

The INSPIRE harmonisation: the Geological Map of Italy at 1:100,000 scale

Abstract. The INSPIRE Directive institute a European infrastructure for spatial information to support the environmental policies of the European Union. In the mainframe of the Directive, 34 different themes that represents different environmental information has been identified. One of this is the Geology theme; it is split into three subthemes and represent a "reference data theme” because it provides basic knowledge on the physical properties and composition of rocks and sediments, their structure and their age as represented in geological maps, as well as geomorphological features.In the feature catalogue of the INSPIRE application schema Geology has been defined the term lists for the information types. Some of these are fully compliant with the features defined in the 1:100.000 scale geological map database and are used in the semantic harmonization procedure.

DEFORMATION AND BUCKLING ANALYSIS OF SHALLOW CONICAL SHELLS BASED ON IMPROVED MODEL OF WIND LOAD USING ENVIRONMENT ANSYS

The process of deformation and buckling of shallow thin-walled elastic conical shells has been investigated for the case of significantly non-uniform stress-strain state due to the action of wind load based on improved model of pressure application schema to the surface of shallow shell and for hinged hedge of border. An improved model of wind load was based on data presented in terms [5, 6] and was a logical continuation of previous investigation of wind action on shallow conical shells based on model of first approach [3]. Deformation and buckling process investigation has been carried out using software ANSYS which effectivity was approved by the fact of being used by NASA for its aerospace projects. A model of shallow conical shell has been made using four-corner finite element SHELL 281 with 8 nodes that let us obtain not only symmetrical relatively to the axis of rotation buckling form but an asymmetrical too. Two types of computation have been made during numerical modeling – linear bifurcation computation with determination of linear pressure qcr value and corresponding to it buckling form, and computation of geometrically non-linear problem of deformation with determination of limit pressure qlim and corresponding buckling form. Obtained buckling forms have been compared to the deformed shape of shell surface when aerodynamic computations have been carried out using software ANSYS. An estimation analysis has been made for case of application of improved model of wind load in comparison to the previous investigation according to the values of baring capacity and buckling shape coherence during resolution of static tasks and comparison to the results of aerodynamic solution. An analysis of base parameter influence has been carried out for the model of first approach and current improved model according to the bearing capacity value and local extremums on schema of pressure intensity distribution of wind load. Specific moments of deformation process computations based on improved model using environment ANSYS have been mentioned and of further analysis on the basis of improved model with it specifics have been given too.

Embedded Functional Dependencies and Data-completeness Tailored Database Design

We establish a principled schema design framework for data with missing values. The framework is based on the new notion of an embedded functional dependency, which is independent of the interpretation of missing values, able to express completeness and integrity requirements on application data, and capable of capturing redundant data value occurrences that may cause problems with processing data that meets the requirements. We establish axiomatic, algorithmic, and logical foundations for reasoning about embedded functional dependencies. These foundations enable us to introduce generalizations of Boyce-Codd and Third normal forms that avoid processing difficulties of any application data, or minimize these difficulties across dependency-preserving decompositions, respectively. We show how to transform any given schema into application schemata that meet given completeness and integrity requirements, and the conditions of the generalized normal forms. Data over those application schemata are therefore fit for purpose by design. Extensive experiments with benchmark schemata and data illustrate the effectiveness of our framework for the acquisition of the constraints, the schema design process, and the performance of the schema designs in terms of updates and join queries.

Research for improvement on the extract efficiency of lignans in traditional Chinese medicines by hybrid ionic liquids: As a case of Suhuang antitussive capsule

Recently, efficient extraction of natural products from traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) by green solvents is deemed an essential area of green technology and attracts extensive attentions. In this work, a green protocol for simultaneous ultrasonic-extraction of the native compounds with different polarities of TCMs by using a hybrid ionic liquids (HILs)-water system was reported for the first time. As a case study, three superior ILs (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([EMIM][BF4]), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([EMIM][OAc]), and 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([AMIM]Cl)) were chosen as the compositions of the HILs system, and the TCMs Suhuang antitussive capsule (SH) containing different-polarity lignans was selected. Primarily, an ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS) method in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was established for qualitative and quantitative analysis of 18 lignans. After majorization by uniform design experiment, the HILs prepared with [AMIM]Cl, [EMIM][BF4], and [EMIM][OAc] at a volume ratio of 1:5:5 could simultaneously extract multi-polarity lignans compared to single IL. Subsequently, the conditions of ultrasonic extraction employing with HILs and traditional organic solvent were optimized by the response surface methodology, respectively. The results indicated that the extract efficiency of the HILs system for target compounds was significantly improved compared with the traditional organic solvent-extraction, i.e. the content of total lignans in ethanol system was up to 47 mg/g, while that in the HILs system was up to 69 mg/g, with an increasing of 47%. Additionally, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectra were used to characterize the hydrogen-bond interactions in the HILs-lignan mixtures. Extraction with the HILs in TCMs is a new application schema of ILs, which not only avoids the use of volatile toxic organic solvents, but also shows the potential to be comprehensively applied for the extraction of bioactive compounds from TCMs.

Developing a UML Model for the 3D Cadastre in Poland

The UML model of a land and building cadastre is defined in current Polish legal regulations. Its main part is the UML application schema that defines relationships between the main cadastral objects in sixteen diagrams. These objects—cadastral parcels, buildings and (independent) premises—are essentially 2D objects. Their relationships with other cadastral objects are compared and analysed in this paper. The UML model is built to supplement the application scheme of the traditional cadastral model with three new objects that are the equivalents of the main cadastral objects in 3D: ‘Cadastral Parcel 3D’, ‘Building Legal Space 3D’ and ‘Premises 3D’. Although the first two have been defined in earlier publications, this paper defines ‘Premises 3D’. Objects such as ‘Building Common Part 3D’ and ‘Building Part of Non-Extracted Premises 3D’ are proposed. The relationships among new 3D cadastral objects and objects of traditional cadastre are presented in three new diagrams. The authors propose that these new diagrams are added to the current cadastral model. It could be the foundation for building a future 3D cadastral model in Poland. In the authors’ opinion, the applied methodology may also be used in various legal systems.

The UE-Vietnam Free Trade and Investment Protection Agreements: Legal and Economic Perspectives

Purpose: On 1 August 2020, the EU-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement went into force. After completing the EU-Vietnam Investment Protection Agreement's ratification, the two agreements will create the legal basis of strong economic relations between the parties. However, we argue that these agreements are an element of a broader strategy, pursuing the EU's economic and socio-political goals. Design/Methodology/Approach: The research is interdisciplinary, economic, and legal. We analyze the process of establishing the legal framework of EU-Vietnam relations and its context in the New Haven School's application schema, combining it with rational choice. The research was conducted based on public statistics and analysis of the literature on the subject. Findings: The EU pursues a policy of through trade. The agreements deepen Vietnam's participation in the universal economic and social system based on the UN Charter's values. They also strengthen the institutionalization of pluralism in relations in the Asia region and institutions and countries outside the region. Practical Implications: EVFTA and EVIPA represent a new approach of the EU to trade agreements and how to influence international relations in a system where the U.S. have lost their status as the only superpower, and China seeks to become a real global superpower. Realizing this change in EU trade policy is important for all Member States and other international relations actors. Originality/Value: The paper discusses important and current issues related to EU trade and investment policies and can develop future policy scenarios.

Standardized navigational data for situational awareness during simultaneous maritime operations

The objective of this paper is to describe a protocol for exchange of navigational data between ships operating in close proximity. The protocol supports the exchange of data needed for relative positioning and includes geometry data of the objects involved in the operation in addition to inertial and positional data. The protocol takes into account the variable and limited communication capabilities that may be available for maritime operations. The paper describes one use case where two ships perform a simultaneous operation and another use case where a ship broadcasts its intended route. A S-100 Application Schema covering the required data is presented. Examples of the message exchange and bandwidth requirements are given. The resulting protocol will be useful for autonomous systems and ships that need standardized exchange of data to support situational awareness during their passage. The paper is written as part of the H2H project [1] which is developing an open system architecture to ensure interoperability between different vendors of autonomous systems when it comes to the data exchange related to position and geometry data.

Semantic and Syntactic Interoperability Issues in the Context of SDI

Interoperability is one of the core concepts of Spatial Data Infrastructure due to the fact that exchange and access to spatial data is the foremost aim of any SDI. These issues are closely related to the concept of application schema that plays a significant role in interchanging spatial data and information across SDI. It is the basis of a successful data interchange between two systems as it defines the possible content and structure of data, thus it covers both semantic and syntactic interoperability. These matters also appear in a couple of questions concerning SDI including, among others, a model‑driven approach and data specifications.
 Spatial data exchange through SDI involves UML and GML application sche­mas that comprise semantic and syntactic interoperability respectively. How­ever, working out accurate and correct application schemas may be a challenge. Moreover, their faultiness or complexity may influence the ability to valid data interchange.
 The principal subject of this paper is to present the concept of interoperability in SDI, especially semantic and syntactic, as well as to discuss the role of UML and GML application schemas during the interoperable exchange of spatial data over SDI. Considerations were conducted focusing on the European SDI and the National SDI in Poland.

Considerations about the quality of UML and GML application schemas

Abstract Exchange of and access to spatial data is the principal goal of any Spatial Data Infrastructure, therefore, one of the key concepts of SDI is interoperability, especially semantic and syntactic. Whereas application schemas and quality issues are one of the aspects that have to be considered to ensure a successful data interchange in SDI. Two types of application schema are widely used in the European SDI as well as in the Polish SDI. They cover both semantic and syntactic interoperability and are an integral parts of spatial data specifications and relevant regulations in the form of data models. However, working out accurate and correct application schemas may be a challenge. Additionally, faulty or too complex application schemas can influence the ability for valid data interchange, and consequently, prevent achieving interoperability within SDI. Therefore, the capability to examine and estimate the UML and GML application schemas quality seems to be a worthwhile and important issue in the context of semantic and syntactic interoperability in SDI. The main subject of this article it to set out the context of performed studies, among others, the role of application schema in the interoperable data exchange, issues related to the concept of quality and its measures.

IFC Schemas in ISO/TC 211 Compliant UML for Improved Interoperability between BIM and GIS

This study aims to improve the interoperability between the application domains of Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) by linking and harmonizing core information concepts. Many studies have investigated the integration of application schemas and data instances according to the BIM model IFC and the GIS model CityGML. This study investigates integration between core abstract concepts from IFC and ISO/TC 211 standards for GIS—independent of specific application schemas. A pattern was developed for conversion from IFC EXPRESS schemas to Unified Modelling Language (UML) models according to ISO/TC 211 standards. Core concepts from the two application domains were linked in the UML model, and conversions to implementation schemas for the Geography Markup Language (GML) and EXPRESS were tested. The results showed that the IFC model could be described as an ISO/TC 211 compliant UML model and that abstract concepts from ISO/TC 211 standards could be linked to core IFC concepts. Implementation schemas for BIM and GIS formats could be derived from the UML model, enabling implementation in applications from both domains without conversion of concepts. Future work should include refined linking and harmonization of core abstract concepts from the two application domains.

Entering Parcel Boundaries into the Polish Register of Land and Buildings – an Analysis of the Current State and Proposed Changes

The Polish register of land and buildings (EGiB), also known as the real estate cadastre, is of both a technical and declarative nature, which means that the data resulting from special technical, formal and legal procedures should be precisely entered into the EGiB database and then made available to users without distortions or deficiencies. The subject of this research paper is the analysis of formal, legal and technical problems that occur in the process of entering data on the boundaries of cadastral parcels into EGiB. Based on the legal provisions, subject literature, as well as real cases derived from surveying practice, the author performs a descriptive formal and comparative analysis of current legal and technical solutions used to enter boundaries of cadastral parcels into the EGiB database. As a result of these analyses, the author has concluded that the existing legal solutions allow neither full and precise entering of parcel boundaries nor providing users with correct data resulting from the performed surveys and legal works. Defects, difficulties and barriers faced when entering boundary data into the register can lead to the distortion of the relevant information, and thus to the decreased reliability of EGiB. The author’s proposal is to introduce into the application schema the concept of the boundary segment, together with appropriate attributes defining the structure of the cadastral database. This would allow the elimination of many existing problems and provide EGiB users with reliable and complete information.

Hacia una Infraestructura de Datos Espaciales Arqueológica. Geoportal de la excavación arqueológica de Geoktchik-depe, Turkmenistán

Several years have passed since the publication of the regulations INSPIRE (Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community) and its transposition into Spanish law. So far, there is no fully harmonized geoportal to INSPIRE archaeological information. This is due in part to the lack of a profile of the application schema adapted to archaeological data. This article describes the process for the preparation of a geoportal with access to data from an archaeological excavation according to the draft of schema “INSPIRE Cultural Heritage Data” compiled by the CSIC (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas) and its associated services. The aim is to structure the information in a way enabling both interoperability and understanding of it, being accessible through standardized services1. All this applied to the site of Geoktchik-depe, Turkmenistan.

Some Considerations to Improve the General Feature Model and General Portrayal Model in Gittok

Abstract. The general feature model (GFM) and the general portrayal model (GPM) are defined in the geospatial information technology learning assistance tool called gittok. This paper introduces five proposals to integrate different types of features and associations in the GFM and GPM: 1) the extensional-schematization procedure enables to formulate application schemata by specifying its extension, that is, every object that falls under the screening guideline; 2) nongeographic feature type may be included in the application schema; 3) feature association type can be geographic or nongeographic in a similar way as feature type; 4) nongeographic features and/or associations can be represented as a one-dimensional map or list; 5) representation by the copy of the portrayal declaration associating with a super feature type to avoid duplication should be possible. These proposals will expand the discipline of geospatial information technology (GIT).

Embedded functional dependencies and data-completeness tailored database design

We establish a robust schema design framework for data with missing values. The framework is based on the new notion of an embedded functional dependency, which is independent of the interpretation of missing values, able to express completeness and integrity requirements on application data, and capable of capturing many redundant data value occurrences. We establish axiomatic and algorithmic foundations for reasoning about embedded functional dependencies. These foundations allow us to establish generalizations of Boyce-Codd and Third normal forms that do not permit any redundancy in any future application data, or minimize their redundancy across dependency-preserving decompositions, respectively. We show how to transform any given schema into application schemata that meet given completeness and integrity requirements and the conditions of the generalized normal forms. Data over those application schemata are therefore fit for purpose by design. Extensive experiments with benchmark schemata and data illustrate our framework, and the effectiveness and efficiency of our algorithms, but also provide quantified insight into database schema design trade-offs.

ABCD 3.0 Ready to Use

The TDWG standard ABCD (Access to Biological Collections Data task group 2007) was aimed at harmonizing terminologies used for modelling biological collection information and is used as a comprehensive data format for transferring collection and observation data between software components. The project ABCD 3.0 (A community platform for the development and documentation of the ABCD standard for natural history collections) was financed by the German Research Council (DFG). It addressed the transformation of ABCD into a semantic web-compliant ontology by deconstructing the XML-schema into individually addressable RDF (Resource Description Framework) resources published via the TDWG Terms Wiki (https://terms.tdwg.org/wiki/ABCD_2). In a second step, informal properties and concept-relations described by the original ABCD-schema were transformed into a machine-readable ontology and revised (Güntsch et al. 2016). The project was successfully finished in January 2019. The ABCD 3 setup allows for the creation of standard-conforming application schemas. The XML variant of ABCD 3.0 was restructured, simplified and made more consistent in terms of element names and types as compared to version 2.x. The XML elements are connected to their semantic concepts using the W3C SAWSDL (Semantic Annotation for Web Services Description Language and XML Schema) standard. The creation of specialized applications schemas is encouraged, the first use case was the application schema for zoology. It will also be possible to generate application schemas that break the traditional unit-centric structure of ABCD. Further achievements of the project include creating a Wikibase instance as the editing platform, with related tools for maintenance queries, such as checking for inconsistencies in the ontology and automated export into RDF. This allows for fast iterations of new or updated versions, e.g. when additional mappings to other standards are done. The setup is agnostic to the data standard created, it can therefore also be used to create or model other standards. Mappings to other standards like Darwin Core (https://dwc.tdwg.org/) and Audubon Core (https://tdwg.github.io/ac/) are now machine readable as well. All XPaths (XML Paths) of ABCD 3.0 XML have been mapped to all variants of ABCD 2.06 and 2.1, which will ease transition to the new standard. The ABCD 3 Ontology will also be uploaded to the GFBio Terminology Server (Karam et al. 2016), where individual concepts can be easily searched or queried, allowing for better interactive modelling of ABCD concepts. ABCD documentation now adheres to TDWG’s Standards Documentation Standard (SDS, https://www.tdwg.org/standards/sds/) and is located at https://abcd.tdwg.org/. The new site is hosted on Github: https://github.com/tdwg/abcd/tree/gh-pages.

Harmonizing plot data with collection data

Although plot or monitoring data are quite often associated with objects collected in the plot and stored in specific collections, controlled vocabularies currently available do not cover both disciplines. This situation limits the possibility to publish common data sets and consequently brings a loss of significant information by combining plot-based research with collection object associated data. To facilitate the exchange and publication of these important data sets, experts in natural history collection data, ecological research, and environmental science met for a one-day workshop in Berlin. The participants discussed data standards and ontologies relevant for each discipline and collected requirements for a first application schema covering terms important for both, collection object related data and plot-based research.

Access to Geosciences – Ways and Means to share and publish collection data

Natural history collections are invaluable tools for various questions regarding biodiversity, environmental, and cultural studies. All object metadata thus need to be findable, reachable and interoperable for the scientific community and beyond. This requires a good structuration of data, appropriate exchange formats, and web sites or portals making all necessary information accessible. Collection managers, curators, and scientist from various institutions and nationalities were surveyed in order to understand the importance of open geoscientific collections for the respective holding institution and their daily work. In addition, particular requirements for the publication of geoscientific collection object metadata were gathered in a two-day workshop with international experts working with paleontological, mineralogical, petrological and meteorite collections. The survey and workshop revealed that common data standards are of crucial importance though insufficiently used by most institutions. The extent and type of information necessary for the publication and discussed during the workshop will be considered for domain specific application schema facilitating the publication and exchange of geoscientific object metadata. There is a high demand for comprehensive data portals covering all geoscientific disciplines. Gathered portal requirements will be taken into account when improving the already running GeoCASe aggregator platform.

Adding Temporal Characteristics to Geographical Schemata and Instances: A General Framework

Abstract. This paper proposes the temporal general feature model (TGFM) as a meta-model for application schemata representing changes of real-world phenomena. It is not very easy to determine history directly from the current application schemata, even if the revision notes are attached to the specification. To solve this problem, the rules for description of the succession between previous and posterior components are added to the general feature model, thus resulting in TGFM. After discussing the concepts associated with the new model, simple examples of application schemata are presented as instances of TGFM. Descriptors for changing properties, the succession of changing properties in moving features, and the succession of features and associations are introduced. The modeling methods proposed in this paper will contribute to the acquisition of consistent and reliable temporal geospatial data.

The Implementation of Spatial Planning Objects in a 3D Cadastral Model

The paper concerns spatial planning in Poland and its connection with the cadastre. The Polish spatial planning system defines the set of colours, lines, hatches, etc. destined for the preparations of spatial plans, though this has so far not been followed by a spatial planning model or application schema. The aim of this paper is to create a preliminary concept of the unified modelling language (UML) schema of database integrating 3D cadastre and 3D spatial planning. The authors initially define five unified modelling language classes representing spatial planning objects (four representing spatial objects and one a dictionary list). As spatial planning and cadastres are very strongly connected, these classes are implemented into a cadastral model that had been earlier enriched with 3D classes. The final results of this research are UML diagrams based on the Polish cadastral model as defined earlier in legal regulations. They comprise original cadastral model classes, 3D cadastral objects added in earlier research work, classes representing spatial planning objects and the relationships among them. Such a solution better connects cadastre and spatial planning on a structural level and introduces 3D elements into spatial planning which has basically been done in two dimensions.