Wood Vinegar Application Research Articles

Effects of apple and pear wood vinegar components on Pleurotus ostreatus mycelium growth

In order to facilitate the application of wood vinegar in the mushroom industry, a framework was developed to reveal the individual and interactive effects of chemical groups in wood vinegars on Pleurotus ostreatus mycelium growth. By a series of refining and separating methods, the crude wood vinegar samples were processed and separated into six subgroups with distinctive component concentrations in each. Adding the wood vinegar subgroups into the culturing medium resulted in differences in mycelium growth. Analysis of variance was performed on the differences to evaluate the effects of seven chemical groups on mycelium growth. The enhancing effects of groups of chemicals were (ranked by effect) alcohols > esters > aldehydes; the inhibiting groups of chemicals were phenols > ketones > acids. The principle inhibitory chemicals in the wood vinegars were most likely 1,2-benzenediol, 2-methyl phenol, and 4-ethyl-2-methoxyphenol. The synergistic effects between acids and phenols and between acids and ketones were confirmed. By these effects, the inhibiting chemicals interacted synergistically as mycelium growth promoters.

Change of Arthropod Communities in A Wheat Field After Application of Wood Vinegar Produced from Nutshells

This study was conducted to evaluate the biological effects of wood vinegar obtained from nutshells on arthropods. The study was conducted randomized as a block design with four replications in a wheat field in Muş province. Wood vinegar was applied at 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% ml concentrations via backpack sprayer. Pitfall-traps were used to determine the effect of wood vinegars. Results indicated that the mean number of arthropods varied based on the years and vinegar applications at different concentrations (compared to the control). In addition, it is thought that all wood vinegar treatments compared to the control lead to a decrease in the average number of Opiliones and an increase in the average number of Arachnids.

Responses of ammonia volatilization from rice paddy soil to application of wood vinegar alone or combined with biochar

Wood vinegar (WV) was applied alone or combined with biochar (BC) to observe their efficiency on suppressing the ammonia (NH3) volatilization from rice paddy soil. Five treatments, i.e., control (240 kg N ha-1 applied in urea), WV-5 and WV-10 (240 kg N ha-1 plus 5 and 10 t WV ha-1, respectively), and their counterparts WV-5-BC and WV-10-BC (WV-5 and WV-10 plus 7 t BC ha-1), were evaluated by a soil columns experiment. The N fertilizer was split applied as basal and two supplementary fertilizations (named BF, SF1 and SF2, respectively). The results showed that WV-5 treatment increased rice grain yield up to 11.2% compared to the control. Compared with the control, four WV-amended treatments, exhibited lower pH values of the floodwater (7.94-8.18 vs 8.47 and 7.85-7.91 vs 7.98) and the topsoil (6.52-6.76 vs 6.82 and 6.82-6.92 vs 6.99) during the BF and SF1 periods. Both WV-5 and WV-10 increased the NH4+-N contents of topsoil by 10.9-17.8% and 16.1-36.2% after BF and SF1, respectively, than control treatment. Additionally, the floodwater of the WV-amended treatments had higher NH4+-N concentration than control during the first three days after N fertilization, which can be attributed to the stimulating effect of WV on soil urease enzyme activity. WV did not effectively reduce NH3 volatilization as hypothesized. Interestingly, four WV-amended had relatively reduced the yield-scale NH3 volatilization by 13.6% than the control. It is suggested that WV needs to be applied with BC at a moderate rate to achieve optimum rice yield and mitigate NH3 volatilization.

N2O and CH4 emissions from N-fertilized rice paddy soil can be mitigated by wood vinegar application at an appropriate rate

To understand the impacts of wood vinegar (WV), a by-product of biochar production, on N2O and CH4 emissions and their total global warming potential (GWPt) from N-fertilized rice paddy soil, a soil column experiment was conducted using three treatments: 240 kg urea-N ha−1 accompanied with 0, 5, and 10 t WV ha−1, respectively. Results showed that N2O and CH4 emission flux patterns were dominated by water regime of rice growth cycle, which was independent with WV application. The total N2O, CH4 emission loads and GWPt over rice season of three N received treatments were 6.41–8.85 kg ha−1, 127.7–405.0 kg ha−1, and 5.24–12.03 t CO2-e ha−1, respectively. Rice seasonal N2O and CH4 emissions were synchronously mitigated by 22.4% and 36.4%, respectively, when WV was applied at 5 t ha−1. Consequently, 5 t ha−1 WV treatment reduced 31.5% of GWPt compared with the urea treatment. In addition, 10 t ha−1 WV treatment exerted a more positive effect on suppressing N2O with 27.6% reduction. However, it increased GWPt by 57.2% because its CH4 emission load was increased by 101.8%. In conclusion, WV amendment applied at an appropriate rate (5 t ha−1) or combination with other CH4 control technologies were suggested to reduce both N2O and CH4 emissions and thereby the GWPt in N-fertilized rice paddy soil.

Daya Hambat Asap Cair Kayu Galam terhadap Serangan Jamur pada Eceng Gondok (Eichhornia crassipes) The Effect of Galam Wood Vinegar to The Growth of Fungi on Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)

Eichhornia crassipes is a kind of weed species that can be used as material of woven handicrafts for commercial purposes. Generally, the problems that occurred while using natural fiber material (Eichhornia crassipes) for woven handicraft products were very susceptible from moisture that triggered organisms attack such as fungal attack. The alternative materials that can be used to protect Eichhornia crassipes from fungal attack is galam wood vinegar. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of galam wood vinegar application to Eichhornia crassipes to against fungal attack and also to determine the optimum level of wood vinegar concentration to block the fungal attack on Eichhornia crassipes. The research used two treatments i.e: concentration variations A1 (20%), A2 (25%) and A3 (30%); and soaking time variations B1 (7 hours), B2 (10 hours) and B3 (15 hours). The results was compared with the controls (0%). The field test showed that the intensity of fungal attack in the Eichhornia crassipes treated by wood vinegar from week 6 to week 10 was ranged from 2-31%. Whereas the untreated Eichhornia crassipes from week 6 to week 10 was ranged from 31.5-56%. The laboratory tests showed that the average value of weight loss of treated water hyacinth due to the attack by Aspergillus niger and Penicillium sp. ranged from 5.848-10.553% and 6.664- 11.874%, while the the average value of weight loss of untreated water hyacinth were 18.945% and 14.325%. The treatment of wood vinegar to the Eichhornia crassipes in both field tests and laboratory tests showed significant effect in resisting fungal attack so that it can be used as a preservative for Eichhornia crassipes.Keywords: water hyacinth, galam wood vinegar, penicillium sp., aspergillus niger

Application of Wood Vinegar for Fungal Disease Controls in Paddy Rice

A survey of an outbreak of fungal diseases of rice variety Phitsanulok2 (PLS91014-16-1-5-1) was conducted in Thailand during June 2014 to January 2015 using aW-random sampling pat-tern. The study revealed the incidence of several diseases including brown spot (Bipolaris oryzae), narrow brown leaf streak (Cercospora oryzae), and dirty panicle (Alternaria padwickii, C. oryzae, Curvularia lunata, Fusarium semitectum, and B. oryzae). This study evaluated the ef-ficacy of wood vinegar for control of these fungal diseases. A compleel randomized design was used, using the above variety in 3 replications. In the laboratory we found wood vinegar to be effective in inhibiting growth of representative pathogens such as C. lunata,B. oryzae,F. semi-tectum, and A. padwickii, the causal agent of dirty panicle disease. The field results confirmed the efficacy of wood vinegar under greenhouse conditions, with significantly reduced disease incidence of brown spot and dirty panicle, and significantly enhanced germination, seedling vigor,shoot height, root length, and fresh weight, when compared with the untreated control. However, seed treatment and 6 foliar sprays of wood vinegar under field conditions at Ang Thong showed no significant differences from the conventional treatment in suppression of brown spot, narrow brown leaf streak, and dirty panicle. The result demonstrates a promising alternative approach to control of key rice diseases.

Effects of Rhizosphere Microorganisms and Wood Vinegar Mixtures on Rice Growth and Soil Properties

Environment-friendly growth enhancers for rice are being promoted to reverse the negative impact of intensive chemical-based and conventional rice farming on yield sustainability and environmental problems. Several rhizosphere microorganisms and pyroligneous acids (PA) had demonstrated beneficial influence on growth, yield and grain quality of rice. Since most of the previous study had evaluated the effect of PGPR and PA on paddy rice singly, the effect of combined application of these on the growth and yield of paddy rice and on some soil chemical properties were determined. A four factorial pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of PGPR, PA in combination with fertilizers and on different soil types. There were 54 treatment combinations including the control with three replications under complete randomized design. Plant growth parameters were evaluated using standard procedures during tillering and heading stages. Rice yield and some soil chemical properties were determined at harvest. Results showed that inoculation of Bacillus licheniformis and Fusarium fujikuroi enhanced plant growth by increasing the plant height which could be ascribe to its ability to promote IAA and GA production in plants. Inoculation of Rhizobium phaseoli enhanced chlorophyll content indicative to its ability to improve the N nutrition. However, these plant growth benefits during the vegetative stage were override by the fertilizer application effect especially during the maturity stage and grain yield. High fertilization rates on coarse-textured soil without nutrient loss resulted to high available nutrients and consequently high yield. Wood vinegar application however improved nutrient availability in soil which could be beneficial for improving soil quality. Further evaluation is necessary to fully assess the potential benefits that could be derived from inoculation of these organisms and wood vinegar application in different soil environment especially under different field conditions.

Effect of Pistia stratiotes, cattle manure and wood vinegar (pyroligneous acid) application on growth and yield of organic rainfed rice

The effect of soil incorporation of water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) and cattle manure and of wood vinegar (pyroligneous acid) foliar application on growth and yield of rainfed rice was studied with a four replications split plot in a farmer’s field in Thailand. P. stratiotes incorporation significantly increased the grain yield over nonincorporation with P. stratiotes. Cattle manure incorporation alone or combined with wood vinegar application significantly increased grain yield over wood vinegar and no-fertilizer application. Incorporation of P. stratiotes combined with cattle manure and wood vinegar application could not provide sufficient N to the rice crop, but it adequate for P and K. Plots with cattle manure incorporation combined with wood vinegar application exhibited the maximum K, P and N content in soil after harvest.

Wood vinegar and fermented bioextracts: Natural products to enhance growth and yield of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

Wood vinegar (WV) or pyroligneous acid and fermented bioextracts (FB) from plants or animal residues, have been used in agriculture in an attempt to reduce the dependence on the use of chemicals. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of WV and FB on growth and yield of tomato, cv. Delta, in pot and field experiments. The study was undertaken between December 2008 and May 2009. A split-plot design with four replications was used. The main-plot treatments comprised high and low application rates of chemical fertilizer, while the sub-plot treatments were water, diluted FB (1:500 by volume), WV (1:800 by volume) applied as soil drench and foliar spray, in nine treatment combinations which included untreated control treatment. The foliar spray and soil drench treatments were applied at 10 day-intervals after transplanting (30 days after emergence). The results of two experiments were in agreement, with rates of chemical fertilizer clearly increasing the yield of tomato (P<0.01). The application of WV and FB, alone or in combination, showed small increases in total plant dry weight, fruit number, fruit fresh weight and fruit dry weight, but significantly enhanced total soluble solutes of tomato fruit (P<0.01). Wood vinegar and fermented bioextracts had similar effects on the growth and yield of tomato. However, when used in combination, there was an additive effect. Wood vinegar and fermented bioextracts can be used in the form foliar sprays or as a soil drench, there being no significantly difference in the effects found in any traits, between the methods of application.

Extraction of chromium, copper, and arsenic from CCA-treated wood by using wood vinegar

In the present study, wood vinegar was used to extract chromium, copper, and arsenic from chromated copper arsenate (CCA)-treated wood. The extraction efficiency for CCA elements was evaluated using various concentrations of wood vinegar, extraction temperatures, and extraction periods. The extraction efficiency for CCA elements increased with increasing the concentration of wood vinegar and the extraction conditions, resulting in maximal removal rate of copper (95.7%), followed by arsenic (92.7%) and chromium (86.3%). Since wood vinegar afforded high levels of copper extraction, its use was extended to copper-based preservative-treated wood, wherein significant extraction of copper up to 97.6% and 95.7% was obtained from alkaline copper quats (ACQ)- and copper azole (CuAz)-treated sawdust, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on the application of wood vinegar for the extraction of metal elements from CCA-treated wood.

Study on Removing the Floating Oil on the Surface of Wood Vinegar

Pure wood vinegar is widely used in industry, agriculture and other areas as regulators, but the wood vinegar which produced usually is filled with oil on the surface .The paper mainly study on removing the floating oil on the surface of wood vinegar,choosing the best surfactant called Tween 80 to removing the floating oil and making wood vinegar in a steady system. By this way, it will not appear oil on the surface of wood vinegar for more than half an year, which will broaden the commercial application of wood vinegar

EFFECT OF MYCORRHIZAE AND WOOD VINEGAR ON THE SEEDLINGS GROWTH OF FIVE PROVENANCES OF Paraserianthes falcataria

The objective of the study was to increase the growth of 5 provenances albizia (Paraserianthes falcataria L. Nielsen) in the nursery. The experimental design was Split Plot Design, with 5 provenances of albizia as main plot and 3 treatment (wood vinegar application, mychorrizae application and control) as sub plot. Each sub plot consited of 45 seeds as sample,. Growth parameter observed was delta height: that is different beetween measurement at the early application (3 weeks age of seedling ) and at the last measurement (10 weeks age of seedling). The data obtained then analyzed by using analysis of variance of continued with Duncan test. The result showed that mychorrizae and wood vinegar application have significant effect on the growth of albazia seedling. The best performance was shown at wood vinegar application (height average 75,48 cm and height delta 66,62 cm), mychorrizae application (height average 66,44 cm and height delta 59,22 cm) and control (height average 58, 92 cm and height delta 52, 48 cm) respectively. Provenance differences were also significant. The best performance were shown at provenance of Candiroto, Kediri, Ciamis, Wamena dan Subang. Height delta each provenance after 7 weeks application were 67,65 cm, 62,93 cm, 60,15 cm 53,37 cm dan 53,11 cm; while the total height at the 10 weeks age of seedling were 74,44 cm, 69,33 cm, 69,14 cm, 61,02 cm dan 60,80 cm respectively.