Application Of Ultrasonic Treatment Research Articles

Interfacial multilayer self-assembly of protein and polysaccharides: Ultrasonic regulation, stability and application in delivery lutein

In this study, the layer-by-layer adsorption behavior of sodium caseinate, pectin, and chitosan on the oil-water interface was illustrated using multi-frequency ultrasound. We investigated the impact of ultrasound on various factors, such as particle size, zeta potential, and interfacial protein/polysaccharide concentration. It was observed that ultrasound has significantly decreased droplet size and increased the surface area at the interface, hence promoting the adsorption of protein/polysaccharide. In the sonicated multilayer emulsion, the concentrations of interface proteins, pectin, and chitosan increased to 84.82 %, 90.49 %, and 83.31 %, respectively. The findings of the study indicated that the application of ultrasonic treatment had a significant impact on the emulsion's surface charge and the prevention of droplet aggregation. As a result, the stability of the emulsion system, including its resistance to salt, temperature, and storage conditions, has been significantly improved. Moreover, the emulsion showed an increase in the retention rate of lutein by 21.88 % after a high-temperature water bath and by 19.35 % after UV irradiation. Certainly, the multilayer emulsion treated with ultrasound demonstrated a superior and prolonged releasing behavior. These findings demonstrated the suitability of the ultrasound treatment for the preparation of emulsions to deliver bioactive compounds.

Effects of Ultrasonic Treatment on Grain Refinement and Gas Removal in Magnesium Alloys

The effects of ultrasonic treatment on grain refinement and hydrogen removal in three kinds of magnesium alloys—Mg-3Ca, Mg-6Zn-1Ca, and AZ80 alloys—were investigated in this study. After ultrasonic treatment, the grains of the magnesium alloys were refined to varying degrees. The degassing effect was characterized by measuring the densities and hydrogen content of ingots. The results indicated that the application of ultrasonic treatment in these magnesium alloys was able to remove hydrogen and obviously refine the microstructure. In this experiment, both the measurement of the density of the ingots and the solid-state hydrogen measurement reflected the degree of degassing. The highest degassing efficiencies were 53.8%, 67.5%, and 34.9% for the Mg-3Ca, Mg-6Zn-1Ca, and AZ80 alloys, respectively. The lowest hydrogen content of the AZ80 alloy reached 8.2 cm3/100 g, and the corresponding tensile strengths were 174 Mpa, 79 Mpa, and 6.2%, which represented increases of 41.5%, 38.6%, and 87.9%, respectively. The cavitation effect and acoustic streaming effect with an appropriate ultrasonic treatment duration resulted in grain refinement, degassing, and the uniform dispersion of second phases. This can significantly improve mechanical properties and provide a basis for industrial production.

Promotion of hydrophobic-hydrophilic separation of coal gasification fine slag through ultrasonic pre-treatment

Coal gasification fine slag (CGFS) is a solid waste byproduct generated during the coal gasification process. However, the high content of residual carbon hinders its potential for resource utilization. The urgent need for an efficient carbon extraction and ash reduction technology is evident. Hydrophobic–hydrophilic separation (HHS) is a technology that enriches hydrophobic particles in the oil phase while hydrophilic particles are in the water phase by stirring, and the different hydrophobic particles are separated by the separation of the oil and water phases. The molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the adsorption of n-heptane onto the residual carbon surface occurred spontaneously and was primarily driven by van der Waals forces. Ultrasonic pre-treatment pulp could enhance the effect of HHS. The fluctuation in tailings ash did not exceed 2% while the concentrate ash was reduced from 31.81% to 18.93% with a continual increase in ultrasonic power. The application of ultrasonic treatment on CGFS facilitated the separation of Carbon-ash molten state, as well as the elimination of ash materials particles residing within the pores of the residual carbon matrix and on its surface. Notably, many residual carbon particles are concentrated in the particle size range of 0.045–0 mm. The heightened hydrophobicity exhibited by particles within this size range enhanced the capture of oil droplets, thereby promoting the efficiency of HHS. This research aims to provide technical support and theoretical foundation for utilizing ultrasonic pretreatment as a means to enhance the HHS efficiency of CGFS.

Methods to improve the quality of low-salt meat products: a meta-analysis

AbstractLow-salt meat (salt content <2%) is gaining popularity for its lower health risks, while the food industry faces technical challenges in improving its quality. Twenty-one studies involving meat quality improvement measures in low-salt meat products were included in this meta-analysis. The outcomes of these studies were assessed to derive conclusions about their effects on meat hardness and cooking losses. The results demonstrated that higher power ultrasound treatments (300–1500 W) significantly increased the hardness of low-salt meat, while a similar outcome was also achieved by low-strength (50–200 MPa) high-pressure processing (HPP) treatment, which was beneficial for alleviating the undesirable too-soft texture of the low-salt meat products. Furthermore, when salt reduction was greater than 50%, the application of ultrasonic treatment and HPP of 50–200 MPa significantly reduced the cooking losses, and the addition of hydrocolloids also increased the cooking yield of the salt-reduced meat products. Among all the interventions, HPP exhibited the most significant effects in low-salt meat quality improvement, which warrants future studies on the combination of this method with salt reduction strategies in the reduction of salt content in processed meat products.

Microstructure refinement in biodegradable Zn-Cu-Ca alloy for enhanced mechanical properties, degradation homogeneity, and strength retention in simulated physiological condition

• The first application of ultrasonic treatment (UST) for microstructure refinement in biodegradable Zn alloy. • UST processing eliminated the cracked and segregated CaZn 13 phase in Zn-Cu-Ca alloy after hot rolling. • The UST-processed Zn-Cu-Ca alloy indicated improved mechanical properties. • The corrosion of UST-Zn-Cu-Ca alloy is more uniform than the non-UST counterpart under the similar corrosion rate. • The uniform degradation mechanism favour the strength retention of UST-Zn-Cu-Ca alloy in vitro . Zn-1.0Cu-0.5Ca (TA15) alloy has shown promising characteristics of enhanced mechanical properties and biodegradability for absorbable cardiovascular stents, endovascular devices, and wound closure devices applications. In this study, the TA15 alloy for bioabsorbable biomedical applications is investigated. In the conventionally cast TA15 (TA15-C) alloy, CaZn 13 phase are present as a large dendritic network with an average size of 73.25 ± 112.84 μm. Hot rolling of the TA15-C alloy has broken the long and dendritic network of the CaZn13 phases, however, the refined phases are observed as segregations and the distribution is non-uniform. These segregated CaZn 13 suffered heavy localised corrosion which lead to poor mechanical properties in the as-fabricated condition and after biodegradation. Ultrasonic treatment (UST) during casting is identified as an effective technique for the refinement and redistribution of CaZn 13 particles in TA15 alloy, which successfully reduce the size of the CaZn 13 phase to 10.91 ± 4.65 μm in the as-solidified condition. After hot rolling, the UST processed TA15 (TA15-UST) shows improved mechanical properties due to grain refinement and the reduction in microstructural defects, i.e. the broken CaZn 13 phase. Results of 8-week immersion corrosion tests showed that both alloys possess very similar corrosion rate. However, TA15-UST has markedly improved corrosion homogeneity compared to TA15-N which favours the retention of mechanical properties even after prolonged exposure to physiological fluids.

MODERN TECHNOLOGIES FOR FINISHING BEARING ROLLWAYS

The most promising methods for improving the quality of the surfaces of the raceways of ball bearing rings with multipoint contact are pulse hardening ultra-sonic treatment and superfinish with an inclined abrasive bar. (Research purpose) The research purpose is studying modern technologies for improving the quality of the surfaces of the raceways of ball bearing rings with multipoint contact; to carry out mathematical modeling of the process of forming a rational geometric shape of a complex raceway surface during the application of ultrasonic treatment and superfin-ish with an inclined abrasive bar. (Materials and methods) It was noted that achieving a rational geometric shape of a complex raceway surface without the use of advanced processing devices is extremely difficult. It was determined that in the case of pulsed hardening ultrasonic treatment, the initial velocity V0 is reported to the steel ball in contact with the oscillating wall of the waveguide. Upon impact with the treated sur-face, the ball penetrates into it to a certain depth ∆сж, as a result, the surface of the treated part is exposed to a short-term compressive force Fсж. It was revealed that dur-ing the superfinish process, the workpiece rotates around its axis with an inclined abrasive bar, and an abrasive bar is pressed against the surface of the rolling track of the workpiece with force P. The oscillation axis of the bar is inclined at an angle to the axis of the workpiece. (Results and discussion) It was shown that the technologies of ultrasonic processing and superfinish with an inclined abrasive bar were tested on thrust-radial rolling bearings and ball bearings with multipoint contact. (Conclusions) In the first variant, during the smoothing process, the surface layer of the raceway of the ball bearing rings is deformed, the part and the tool are heated to higher tempera-tures, which in turn leads to rapid tool wear. In the second variant, the technology of processing the complex profile of the raceway of ball bearing rings requires special control. It is necessary to improve superfinish operations in the direction of increasing their technological capabilities.

Development of Chemometric Models Based on a LC-qToF-MS Approach to Verify the Geographic Origin of Virgin Olive Oil.

In the presented study a non-targeted approach using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-qToF-MS) combined with chemometric techniques was used to build a statistical model to verify the geographic origin of virgin olive oils. The sample preparation by means of liquid/liquid extraction of polar compounds was optimized regarding the number of multiple extractions, application of ultrasonic treatment and temperature during concentration of the analytes. The presented workflow for data processing aimed to identify the most predictive features and was applied to a set of 95 olive oils from Spain, Italy, Portugal and Greece. Different strategies for data reduction and multivariate analysis were compared. Stepwise variable selection showed for both applied multivariate models—linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and logit regression (LR)—to be the most suitable variable selection strategy. The 10-fold cross validation of the LDA showed a classification rate of 83.1% for the test set. For the LR models the prediction accuracy of the test set was even higher with values of 90.4% (Portugal), 86.2% (Italy), 93.8% (Greece) and 88.3% (Spain). Moreover, the reduction of features allows an easier following up strategy for identification of the unknowns and defining marker substances.

Ultrasound-assisted fabrication of gluten-free dough for automatic producing dumplings

Nowadays celiac disease is becoming more common. It is the autonomic genetic disease that is accompanied by damage to the intestines due to a reaction to eating some proteins. People who are suffering from celiac disease cannot eat food containing gluten, including dough made from gluten-containing seeds. But the gluten-free dough has commonly bad rheological properties and cannot be used for automatic molding the dumplings. In this article, we propose the ultrasonic-assisted technology to fabricate the gluten-free dough with improved rheological properties acceptable for automatic molding of the dumplings. Application of ultrasonic treatment at a frequency of 35 kHz during the dough preparation leads to the homogenization of the dough structure and changing the rheological properties of the dough.The ultrasound induces mechanical, physical and chemical/biochemical changes of the dough components through cavitation. The sonication causes a doubled dough volume increase followed by an additional mass yield of the dumplings equal 2–10% per kilogram of dough. Besides extra beneficial economic effect, our technology provides an additional sterilization effect of the fabricated dough.

Modelling of Ultrasonic Concentrators for Processing of Volume Nanostructured Materials

The article is devoted to studying of stress and displacement amplitude distribution in ultrasonic concentrators of different forms. The modelling of different forms of ultrasonic concentrators was considered in detail that allowed to choose an optimal form of concentrator providing maximum amplitude of vibrational speed and uniform stress amplitude distribution across the concentrator section. The modelling was carried out for purpose of the subsequent application of ultrasonic treatment to nanostructured materials. Numerical calculation in the environment of MatLab is carried out and diagrams of dependences of stress and displacement amplitude distribution of conic, exponential, ampoule and two-ampoule forms of concentrators are constructed. Visual distribution models of stresses on the section of concentrators and elastic displacements of material in samples of these forms are constructed, resonance frequencies of longitudinal fluctuations of ultrasonic half-wave concentrators are found in the program Abaqus complex.

Raising Intensity and Modeling the Process of Inulin Extraction from Raw Materials of Plant Origin

The key and most energy-consuming process in obtaining inulin is the extraction process. The effectiveness of technology as a whole depends on this procedure. The present research is devoted to studying statics and kinetics of inulin water extraction from artichoke with the purpose of intensification, optimization and modeling of extraction process. Analysis of technical and patent literature has allowed to reveal the ways of aggregation of inulin extraction, in particular, by influence of ultrasonic oscillations on the object of processing. To study the statics of the extraction process, i.e. equilibrium states of the system of interacting substances with the purpose of determining equilibrium concentrations at different temperatures with the use of ultrasonic radiation, kinetic laws of the process and to select rational operating parameters and extraction process intensification, a series of experiments and experimental data processing were carried out. On the basis of the obtained data the process modeling is carried out and the model of mass transfer while inulin extraction is calculated. After have been analyzed the obtained results, in particular, fields of inulin concentration in Jerusalem artichoke and kinetic curves of extraction, it was concluded that in the process of extraction there are slight gradients of concentrations observed, which cause "soft" extraction modes. Furthermore, ultrasonic treatment application at the frequency of radiation 20-22 kHz reduces the duration of the extraction process and significantly increases specific output of inulin. The equations obtained are necessary not only to determine the duration of extraction and its rational mode parameters, but also to model the extraction process mathematical results. These research results can be used in the field of food science and industry, as well as in the development and design of food equipment.

The application of ultrasonic treatment and a bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate-based novel ionic liquid for cadmium extraction

The application of [N4444]AOT can significantly decrease the bioavailability of Cd in soil without changing the soil properties.

Сорбционная очистка растворов от ионов тяжелых металлов с применением цеолита, модифицированного углеродными нанотрубками

The processes of heavy metal ions sorption – copper and zinc, with the use of natural zeolite modified by multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWСNT) with functionalized surface of polar groups (carboxyl, carbonyl, hydroxyl) by ultrasonic action have been investigated. The most effective is the functionalization of the carbon nanotube surface by carbonyl groups (MWСNT–СООН) in the treatment of native MWСNT with a compound of concentrated sulfuric and nitric acids. Carbonyl and hydroxyl groups are also fixated on the surface of nanotubes. The processes of adsorption of zinc and copper ions from solutions on the original and modified zeolite have been studied. For the intensification of sorption processes the application of ultrasonic treatment is the most effective. In this case, the diffusion restrictions in the adsorption layer are removed, the concentration is equalized by mixing the liquid. The dependence of the degree of extraction of ions of zinc and copper from the content of MWCNT–COOH in the zeolite has been studied. At the optimum concentration of 0.1 wt. % MWCNT–COOH, the degree of extraction for zinc is 97.8 %, for copper it is 96.4 %. A further increase in the concentration of nanotubes in zeolite insignificantly increases the degree of extraction. The optimal duration of ultrasonic treatment is 100 s. Under these conditions with the use of unmodified zeolite, the degree of extraction of zinc and copper ions amounts to 72.4 and 68.3 per cent, respectively. Without the influence of ultrasound the results that are close in degree of extraction can be obtained by zeolite treatment of solutions of zinc and copper salts for 2–4 h. The adsorption isotherms at various concentrations of the zinc and copper cations in a solution have been represented, and the basic parameters of the processes have been determined. Modification of zeolite by carbon nanotubes increases the degree of extraction by 20–25 %, the sorption capacity for zinc by 3 times, for copper it increases by 3.5 times. In the case of modification with the use of ultrasonic influence the specific surface of the sorbent increases by 2.3 times. The spent zeolite can be regenerated by treatment with acids for not less than 6 cycles with reduction of extraction degree to 25 %. The scheme of obtaining and sorption purification with the use of modified zeolite by nanotubes has been suggested.

The Influence of Ultrasonic Cavitation on the Formation of Fe-Rich Intermetallics in A383 Alloy

The effect of ultrasonic treatment (UST) on the formation of Fe-rich intermetallics (including sludge) in the A383 alloy is investigated for different processing temperatures in the present study. Differential scanning calorimetry is used to analyze the precipitation temperature of the sludge phase. The results revealed that the sludge will precipitate at a temperature above that of the Al matrix and the precipitation temperature decreases with an increasing cooling rate. UST cavitation applied at different temperatures (600 °C to 750 °C) during the solidification process breaks the sludge into small island-like pieces. However, the aggregation trend of the sludge is not changed. Sludge with small size and uniform distribution is obtained when UST is applied at 600 °C, which is lower than the precipitation temperature of the sludge. At the highest temperature (850 °C), the application of UST has no effect on the formation of either sludge or α-Fe intermetallics. At 750 °C, UST promotes the formation of the sludge when applied at 750 °C.

Preparation and Performance of Porous Polymer Electrolytes Doped with Nano-Al₂O₃.

Porous polymer electrolytes (PPEs) doped with nano-Al2O3 were prepared by a joint application of ultrasonic treatment and control evaporation in vacuum oven. The morphology, pore size distribution, thermal, electrochemical and mechanical properties of the PPEs were investigated. The porosity distribution of PPEs was uniform and their pore size was relatively modest. The total resistance (Rt) of PPEs with 10% Al2O3 is only 9 Ω at 80 °C. The maximum tensile strength of the PPEs membranes reached to 24.43 MPa. The results show that nano-Al2O3 can improve the comprehensive performance of PPEs without compromising their conductivity and diplayed the good application prospects of Al2O3-modified PPEs for lithium-ion batteries.

Application of ultrasonic treatment and synthesized collagen hydrolyzate in the surgical treatment of experimental osteomyelitis

Chronic osteomyelitis is one of their complex health problems, since it accounts for up to 6% of cases in the structure of the pathology of the musculoskeletal system, relapses of the disease occur in 30%, and disability is 90% of cases.The aim of the study was to improve the results of treatment of experimental chronic osteomyelitis by applying ultrasound sanation and synthesized collagen hydrolyzate.Materials and methods. The study was carried out on 210 white rats, which were divided into 5 groups: 2 control rats and 3 experimental ones. In the 1st control group, no treatment was performed. In the 2nd control and experimental groups, the hearth was surgically sanitized. In the 1 st experimental group, the focus was performed by ultrasonic treatment. In the 2nd experimental group, the bone cavity was filled with a synthesized hydrolyzate of collagen. In the third experimental group, the combined use of ultrasound sanitation of the focus and filling it with synthesized collagen hydrolyzate was carried out. To assess the dynamics of treatment, the analysis of the general condition of animals, hematological and morphometric studies was performed.Results and their discussions.The dynamics of the general state of animals, the antioxidant defense system, the mineral metabolism, and the evaluation of the histoarchitectonics of bone tissue have been studied. It was noted that against the backdrop of the inflammatory process in chronic osteomyelitis, all the studied indicators indicate a reduced regenerative capacity. Using the developed treatment methods based on ultrasound sanitation, synthesized collagen hydrolyzate, as well as their combination, accelerated relief of inflammatory phenomena, normalization of AOS, mineral metabolism, and regenerative abilities of bone tissue were observed.Conclusions. The developed complex method of treatment based on combined application of ultrasound sanation and synthesized collagen hydrolyzate allowed to shorten the healing period of the wound defect, normalize the general condition of animals, free radical oxidation and mineral metabolism parameters, and accelerate the regenerative capabilities of bone tissue.

Role of ultrasonic treatment, inoculation and solute in the grain refinement of commercial purity aluminium

The present study investigates the influence of ultrasonic treatment on the grain refinement of commercial purity aluminium with a range of Al3Ti1B master alloy additions. When the aluminium contains the smallest amount of added master alloy, ultrasonics caused significant additional grain refinement compared to that provided by the master alloy alone. However, the influence of ultrasonics on grain size reduces with increasing addition of the master alloy which adds additional TiB2 particles and Ti solute with each incremental addition. Applying the Interdependence model to analyse the experimentally measured grain sizes revealed that the results of this study and those from similar experiments on an Al-2Cu alloy were consistent when the alloy compositions are converted to their growth restriction factors (Q) and that increasing Q had a major effect on reducing grain size and increasing grain number density. Compared with the application of ultrasonic treatment where an order of magnitude increase in the grain number density is achieved, an increase in the Ti content over the range of master alloy additions, causes the grain number density to increase by approximately three times.

Study of ultrasound-assisted sequential extraction procedure for potentially toxic element content of soils and sediments

For risk assessment of potentially toxic element (PTE) pollution of sediments and soils the fractionation by sequential extraction procedures are applied which require longtime leaching-shaking periods to achieve the dissolution equilibria. In this work an attempt is described for reduction the duration these leaching-shaking periods of the sequential extraction procedure proposed by Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) in 1993 by application of ultrasonic treatment. The fractionation of PTE content of BCR 701 certified reference sample was performed in three experiments: “A” experiment was the control, all extraction steps were performed with 16hours shaking according to the BCR prescription; “B” experiment: in each extraction step was applied 1hour preliminary ultrasonic treatment and after this 1hour shaking; “C” experiment: only 1hour ultrasonic treatment and no shaking was applied. It was experienced that by ultrasonic treatment can be efficiently increased the rate of dissolution when constant temperature of assisting medium was kept. 77% and 63% of element content extractable with the control “A” experiment can be extracted in “B” and “C” experiments, respectively. To achieve the 100% efficiency further experiments are in process.

Effects of ultrasonic treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-6Zn-0.5Y-2Sn alloy

The effects of the ultrasonic treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-6Zn-0.5Y-2Sn alloy were investigated. The results show that the ultrasonic treatment has significant effect on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-6Zn-0.5Y-2Sn alloy. The phases in Mg-6Zn-0.5Y-2Sn alloy are α-Mg, MgZn2, MgSnY, Mg2Sn, and a small amount of I-phase. With the application of ultrasonic treatment, I-phase nearly disappears, and with increasing the ultrasonic treatment power, the coarse dendrites gradually change into roundish equiaxed grains. The second phases at the α-Mg boundaries transform from coarse, semicontinuous and non-uniform to fine, discontinuous, uniform and dispersive. When the ultrasonic treatment power is 700 W, the best comprehensive mechanical properties of Mg-6Zn-0.5Y-2Sn alloy are obtained. Compared with the untreated alloy, the 0.2% tensile yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and elongation are improved by 28%, 30% and 67%, respectively.

Hydrazine-Assisted Liquid Exfoliation of MoS2 for Catalytic Hydrodeoxygenation of 4-Methylphenol.

A simple but effective method to exfoliate bulk MoS2 in a range of solvents is presented for the preparation of colloid flakes consisted of one to a few molecular layers by application of ultrasonic treatment in N2 H4 . Their high yield in solution and exposure of more active surface sites allows the synthesis of corresponding solid catalysts with remarkably high activity in hydrodeoxygenation of 4-methylphenol and this method can also be applied to other two dimensional materials.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg–6Zn–0.5Y magnesium alloy prepared with ultrasonic treatment

Ultrasonic effect on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of Mg–6Zn–0.5Y magnesium alloy was investigated. The results show that ultrasonic treatment can significantly modify the as-cast microstructure of Mg–6Zn–0.5Y alloy. With the application of ultrasonic treatment, the primary α-Mg phase transforms from coarse dendrites to nearly fine equiaxed grains, and the continuous I-phase at α-Mg boundaries is modified into discontinuous one. Interestingly, the area fraction of I-phase decreases after ultrasonic treatment. Besides, the tensile properties of Mg–6Zn–0.5Y alloy are apparently improved after ultrasonic treatment. Compared to those of the untreated alloy, the ultimate tensile strength and elongation of Mg–6Zn–0.5Y alloy are improved by 67 % and 56 %, respectively.