Application Of Ultrasonic Sensors Research Articles

Application of Ultrasonic Sensor and IR Sensor in Automatic Alcohol Hand Sanitizer

Application of Ultrasonic Sensor and IR Sensor in Automatic Alcohol Hand Sanitizer

Application of ultrasonic sensor and Arduino in analysing motion of damped pendulum

An easy-to-setup experiment designed to measure the period and air drag coefficients of a damped pendulum is reported. The setup is made up of a solid metal ball and cylindrical shells of various sizes to create air drag. An ultrasonic position sensor (HC-SR04) and an Arduino Uno board were located beneath the pendulum’s lowest position. The pendulum was released from a fixed height at a small initial angle. The periods of the oscillations involving different cylindrical shells were obtained from the time series plots of the pendulum’s position when the pendulum moves back and forth above the sensor. The drag coefficients were measured from five different values of string length. The coefficient was proportional to the size of the cylindrical shells and in agreement with the drag equation for a small Reynolds number.

Fabrication and characteristics of electret using fine silica powder and its application of ultrasonic sensor

Electrets were prepared by spin-coating the dispersion of fine silica powders, and their charge retention characteristics were investigated. Finer silica aggregates were formed on the PTFE surface layer by spin-coating the dispersed solution of fine silica powder than those formed by spray-coating colloidal silica. Electrets using fine silica powder also showed better charge retention characteristics than those using colloidal silica. Such an improvement in the charge retention might be due to the suppression of discharge in the excessive gap caused by coarse silica aggregates. Then, ECSs were fabricated using the prepared electrets, and their transmitting and receiving characteristics of airborne ultrasound were also investigated. The peak sensitivity of the ECS using a spin coating of fine powdered silica dispersion was slightly improved from those using spray coating of colloidal silica. On the other hand, the peak frequency and frequency band were greatly improved using spin coating of fine powdered silica dispersion. Therefore, ECS using fine silica powder is expected to be applied as a broadband airborne ultrasonic sensor.

Fabrication and Characteristics of Electret using Fine Silica Powder and Its Application of Ultrasonic Sensor

Fabrication and Characteristics of Electret using Fine Silica Powder and Its Application of Ultrasonic Sensor

Application of Ultrasonic Sensors in the Vehicle Collision Avoidance and Early Warning System

In order to improve the vehicle safety performance, the ultrasonic range finder is applied to the development of an automatic brake system. In a low-speed driving or reversing motion, the ultrasonic sensors can detect whether there are obstacles at front or back of the vehicle, optimize the ranging algorithm and build up a collision avoidance model. The temperature sensor can be used to measure the ambient temperature in real-time manner, correct the ultrasonic ranging result, display the distance between vehicle and obstacle and warn of the driver, and in case of emergency, automatically control the vehicle to start the emergency brake device. The ultrasonic collision avoidance and early warning system based on the microcontroller can help the driver have a good knowledge of the surrounding conditions of the vehicle and thus being of great significance for ensuring driving safety.

Application of ultrasonic sensor for measuring distances in robotics

Ultrasonic sensors allow us to equip robots with a means of perceiving surrounding objects, an alternative to technical vision. Humanoid robots, like robots of other types, are, first, equipped with sensory systems similar to the senses of a human. However, this approach is not enough. All possible types and kinds of sensors should be used, including those that are similar to those of other animals and creations (in particular, echolocation in dolphins and bats), as well as sensors that have no analogues in the wild. This paper discusses the main issues that arise when working with the HC-SR04 ultrasound rangefinder based on the STM32VLDISCOVERY evaluation board. The characteristics of similar modules for comparison are given. A subroutine for working with the sensor is given.

Ultrasonic Tomography System for Flow Monitoring: A Review

Despite decades of research, the study into the application of ultrasonic sensors in process tomography continues to be a subject of significant scientific interest. In this paper, we present a contemporary review of ultrasonic tomography (UT) systems for the application of liquid–gas multiphase flow. The evolution of this topic over the years and an overview of the UT system, measurement strategies, data acquisition, and image reconstruction techniques are described.

A low-cost embedded controller design for selective spraying vehicle

This paper presents the design and the prototype implementation of a low cost embedded controller for a greenhouse selective spraying vehicle. The objective was to develop a tailored and modular control system composed by: main controller module, ultrasonic detection module and valve driving module. The ultrasonic sonar module is used for detecting the crop lines. It allows avoiding application of plant protection products in zones without crop coverage. On the other hand, the developed embedded unit incorporates a nonlinear pressure controller, which is used to regulate the working pressure of spraying systems. Laboratory tests demonstrated that the application of ultrasonic sensors with embedded pressure controller gives a possibility to achieve an important improvement in pesticide application tasks. The main benefits can be obtained in reduction of greenhouse soil contamination, which is achieved by an intelligent spraying algorithm using a low-cost solution based on the developed system.

Piezoelectric properties of PCW-PNN-PZT ceramics sintered at low temperature

ABSTRACTIn this study, in order to develop the composition ceramics for ultrasonic sensor application, Pb0.985Bi0.01(Co1/2W1/2)0.03(Ni1/3Nb2/3)0.09(ZrxTi1-x)0.88O3+0.25wt% CuO (abbreviated as PCW-PNN-PZT) system ceramics were prepared with the variations of x and then their phase microstructure, piezoelectric and dielectric characteristics were investigated with the variations of x. The compositions near the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) appeared when x = 0.495. Moreover, the PCW-PNN-PZT ceramics could be sintered at low temperature of 920°C by adding sintering aids CuO. At sintering temperature of 920°C and x = 0.495 specimen, the density (ρ), electromechanical coupling factor(kp), dielectric constant (ϵr), mechanical quality (Qm) and piezoelectric constant (d33) piezoelectric figure of merit (d33·g33) indicated the optimal value of 7.94 g/cm3. 0.65, 1959, 356, 486 pC/N, and 15.56 [pm2/N], respectively, suitable for ultrasonic sensor application. The CuO was proved to lower the sintering temperature of piezoelectric ceramics due to the effects of PbO and CuO liquid phase.

Application of Ultrasonic Sensors in Road Surface Condition Distinction Methods.

The number of accidents involving elderly individuals has been increasing with the increase of the aging population, posing increasingly serious challenges. Most accidents are caused by reduced judgment and physical abilities, which lead to severe consequences. Therefore, studies on support systems for elderly and visually impaired people to improve the safety and quality of daily life are attracting considerable attention. In this study, a road surface condition distinction method using reflection intensities obtained by an ultrasonic sensor was proposed. The proposed method was applied to movement support systems for elderly and visually impaired individuals to detect dangerous road surfaces and give an alarm. The method did not perform well in previous studies of puddle detection, because the alert provided by the method did not enable users to avoid puddles. This study extended the method proposed by previous studies with respect to puddle detection ability. The findings indicate the effectiveness of the proposed method by considering four road surface conditions. The proposed method could detect puddle conditions. The effectiveness of the proposed method was verified in all four conditions, since users could differentiate between road surface conditions and classify the conditions as either safe or dangerous.

PMW-PNN-PZT 세라믹스의 Bismuth 치환에 따른 미세구조 및 압전 특성

In this study, in order to develop the composition ceramics for ultrasonic sensor with high <TEX>$d_{33}*g_{33}$</TEX>, <TEX>$Pb_{1-3x/2}Bix(Mg_{1/2}W_{1/2})_{0.03}(Ni_{1/3}Nb_{2/3})_{0.09}(Zr_{0.5}Ti_{0.5})_{0.88}O_3$</TEX>(PMW-PNN-PZT) system ceramics were prepared using CuO as sintering aids. And then, their microstructure, piezoelectric and dielectric characteristics were systemetically investigated with bismuth substitution. The PMW-PNN-PZT ceramic specimens could be sintered at sintering temperature of <TEX>$940^{\circ}C$</TEX> by adding sintering aids. At x=0.015 specimen, the density, electromechanical coupling factor(<TEX>$k_p$</TEX>), dielectric constant, piezoelectric constant(<TEX>$d_{33}$</TEX>) and piezoelectric figure of merit(<TEX>$d_{33}*g_{33}$</TEX>) indicated the optimal properties of <TEX>$7.90g/cm^3$</TEX>, 0.67, 2,511, 628 pC/N, and <TEX>$17.7pm^2/N$</TEX>, respectively, for duplex ultrasonic sensor application.

저온소결 (Na,K,Li)(Nb,Sb,Ta)O3계 세라믹스의 미세구조 및 압전특성

In this paper, piezoelectric ceramics with the composition of (Na0.525K0.4425Li0.0375)(Nb0.8975Sb0.065Ta0.0375)O3 + 0.3 wt% CoO + x CuO (0.005≤x≤0.025) (abbreviated to NKL-NST) were fabricated for ultrasonic sensor application. The effects of CuO addition and sintering on the microstructure and the piezoelectric properties of the NKL-NST ceramics were systematically studied. Excellent piezoelectric properties such as electromchanical coupling factor(kp) = 0.415, piezoelectric constant (d33) =166 pC/N and piezoelectric figure of merit d33*g33= 5.47 pm/N were obtained from the 2.5 mol% CuO doped NKL-NST+0.3 wt%CoO ceramics sintered at 1,000°C for 3 h.

Dielectric and piezoelectric properties of low temperature sintering PMW-PNN-PZT ceramics doped with CuO and Bi for duplex ultrasonic sensor

ABSTRACTIn this study, in order to develop the composition ceramics for duplex ultrasonic sensor application, PMW-PNN-PZT system ceramics were prepared using CuO as sintering aids and their phase microstructure, piezoelectric and dielectric characteristics were minutely investigated with the amount of Bi substitution. The PMW-PNN-PZT ceramic specimens could be sintered at sintering temperature of 920°C by adding sintering aids CuO without secondary phase. At 0.5 mol% Bi substituted specimen, the density, electromechanical coupling factor(kp), dielectric constant, mechanical quality factor(Qm), piezoelectric constant(d33) and piezoelectric figure of merit (d33·g33) indicated optimal properties of 7.93 g/cm3, 0.676, 2265, 70, 611 pC/N, 18.64(pm2/N), respectively, for duplex ultrasonic sensor application.

SnO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;가 첨가된 저온소결 (Na,K,Li)(Nb,Sb,Ta)O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;계 세라믹스의 유전 및 압전 특성

In this paper, in order to develop excellent Pb-free composition ceramics for ultrasonic sensor. The -doped ()(abbreviated as NKL-NST) ceramics have been synthesized using the ordinary solid state reaction method. The effect of -doping on their dielectric and piezoelectric properties was investigated. The ceramics doped with 0 wt% have the optimum values of piezoelectric constant(), piezoelectric figure of merit(), planar piezoelectric coupling coefficient() and density : , , . suitable for duplex ultrasonic sensor application.

Ultrasound Tomography: Preliminary Result

This paper presents the initial result of an investigation into the application of ultrasonic sensors for a tomographic imaging system. Transmitters and receivers are mounted permanently on the inner part of the vertical flow pipe. To overcome the problems of objects blocking each other, four pairs of sensors are used, mounted around the area of interest, and views from different angles are obtained. The results obtained show that the system is capable of detecting particle flow. Key words: Ultrasound tomography

Application of ultrasonic sensors in a smart environment

A key application of sensor networks in smart environments is in monitoring activities of people. We develop several scenarios in which ultrasonic sensors are used for monitoring of patients and the elderly. In each scenario, we apply different algorithms for data fusion and sensor selection using quality-based or time division approaches. We have devised trajectory-matching algorithms to classify trajectories of movement of people in indoor environments. The trajectories are divided into several routine classes and the current trajectory is compared against the known routine trajectories. The initial results are quite promising, and show the potential usability of ultrasonic sensors in monitoring indoor movements of people, and in capturing and classifying trajectories.

Application of Ultrasonic Sensors in the Study of Physical Foaming Agents for Foam Extrusion

The extrusion foaming process involves several critical steps, in which the physical foaming agent plays a significant role: plasticization, solubility, nucleation and bubble growth. Although these aspects can be studied by different techniques, a novel method based on ultrasonic sensors has proven to provide valuable information with respect to the thermoplastic foaming process. This technique can be either used off-line as a characterization tool to improve our understanding of the foaming agent characteristics, or it can be installed in-line, on the extrusion line, as a control device. Review of the different applications of this technique will be covered in this paper, with numerous examples given to the mixture of PS with CO2. The degree of plasticization of the polymer as a function of the blowing agent concentration will be addressed first, followed by the detection of the conditions prone to induce nucleation, in terms of pressure, temperature, type of nucleating agents and flow conditions. The evaluation of the kinetics of bubble growth will also be explored.

Ultrasonic sensor properties characterized by a PC-controlled scanning measuring system

The use of ultrasonic sensors for process control is currently widespread for flow, level or distance measurements. Recently, interest has increased, too in the application of ultrasonic sensors to concentration measurements in complex liquids. In this application there are high demands for a defined and stable quality of the properties of both the sensor transfer function and the sound field characteristic. For a detailed investigation and characterization of ultrasonic sensor properties, an efficient PC-controlled measuring system was developed by the Institut für Automation und Kommunikation (IFAK). In this contribution, this high performance approach is presented to make visible the vibrating ultrasonic sensor surface as well as the sound field in front of acoustic sensors in liquids.

High-accuracy measurement of pulse amplitudes for new applications of ultrasonic sensors

The paper presents a high-accuracy method to measure the peak-to-peak value of short pulses that are received by piezoceramic transducers, opening new applications for ultrasonic sensors. By employing a digital technique, 12-bit accuracy is achieved for a transducer with 2 MHz centre frequency. In the first step the signal is digitized; in the second step a fast digital comparator determines the peak-to-peak value. The complete digital part could be integrated in a single integrated circuit.

メカトロニクスを革新する小形・マイクロセンサ 超音波センサのロボット計測への応用

超音波センサを用いたロボット用計測システムを4つのタイプに分類し,このうち外部からロボット自体の絶対的な位置を計測するタイプの例として,筆者が開発した電気火花放電を発信器として用いる計測システムを紹介した.また超音波センサを小形化する意義について検討し,最近のシリコンプロセスによる研究についても簡単に紹介した.マイクロマシンの研究が進み機構が小さくなるとその振動は超音波領域になることが多く,それを検出する意味からも超音波センサの今後一層の小形・マイクロ化が望まれる.