Application Of Time Research Articles

Application of time–temperature–transformation and time–pressure–transformation diagrams for cooling- and decompression-induced crystallization to estimate the critical cooling rate required to form glassy obsidian

The formation of glass from silicic magmas during eruption is an enigmatic process. To understand the formation of obsidian, we used time–temperature–transformation (TTT) and time–pressure–transformation (TPT) diagrams to estimate the critical cooling and decompression rates needed to form glassy obsidian. The TTT diagram is a contour map of the crystallized volume fraction as a function of the crystallization temperature and time. A contour line for a given crystal fraction in a time versus temperature diagram has a cone shape, with the “nose” of the curve corresponding to the minimum time and corresponding temperature required to generate a specific crystal fraction. We also present a TPT diagram, based on the TTT diagram, and liquidus curve for decompression-induced crystallization. We applied the TTT diagram to the Tokachi–Ishizawa obsidian from Shirataki, Hokkaido, Japan, and used it to estimate the critical cooling rate that would have been required to form its glassy texture by cooling-induced crystallization during eruption. For decompression-induced crystallization, we used the TPT diagram to estimate the critical decompression rate needed to form glassy obsidian. Based on our calculation results, the critical cooling and decompression rates are highly dependent on the interfacial energy between crystals and melt. We compared the estimated critical cooling and decompression rates with those estimated from microlite number density and a one-dimensional solution of the heat conduction equation. Our calculation results reveal that glassy obsidian can be formed during an eruption, particularly under conditions of high interfacial energy.

Is it possible to reduce treatment costs in distal radius torus fractures?

Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of parental information on the number of radiological examinations, the number of orthopedics outpatient visits, the duration of early orthopedic outpatient admission, the fracture recovery scores of reduction, and the cost of treatment of torus fractures in children in in the emergency service.Material and Method: A total of 85 patients having stable torus fractures, aged between 0-16 years have been included to the longituidinal study during the period of first of April 1, 2020 and first of September, 2022. A total of 44 patients whose parents are not informed were evaluated in the emergency department and were transfered to the Orthopedics polyclinic (No Information group- No-INF), whereas 41 patients were evaluated by the Orthopedist in the emergency department and their parents were informed directly (Information group- INF). The groupd were compared in terms of the duration of the first admission to the orthopedic polyclinic, the number of applications to the orthopedic polyclinic, the number of radiological examinations performed, whether reduction has been performed, fracture healing scores and current treatment costs and correlation was analyzed. Results: The MAYO Wrist Score (p=0.80), age (p=0.712), gender (p=0.815), and complications (p=0.482) did not differ significantly between the No-INF and INF groups. Patients in the INF group whose parents have been directly informed in the emergency department had lower orthopedic polyclinic application rates (p<0.001), longer delay for the first orthopedic polyclinic admission (p<0.001) and a lower probability and/or less number of X-Ray evaluation(p<0.001). Correlation between the variables such as Patient’s Modified MAYO Wrist Scores, the number of orthopedic polyclinic visits, the first orthopedic polyclinic admission time, the reduction procedure and the number of X-Rays was not ststistically significant (p>0.05). Findings show that additional tests and procedures such as radiography has increased the costs of 6-41% in the present study. Conclusion: It can be concluded that adequate information in the emergency services for parents of children with stable torus fractures might provide a reduction in treatment costs due to lower orthopaedic polyclinic admission and reduced radiographic examination. Wrist MAYO scores have not been affected application of reduction, radiographic evaluation, polyclinic admission and time.

Battery of In Vitro Bioassays: A Case Study for the Cost-Effective and Effect-Based Evaluation of Wastewater Effluent Quality

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) represent an important input of contaminants in the environment. Therefore, it is critical to continuously monitor the performance of WWTPs to take appropriate action and avoid an influx of contaminants in the environment. In this study, a battery of seven in vitro bioassays covering a selected spectrum of toxicity effects is proposed for quality control of wastewater effluents. The bioassays address mixture toxicity, which is the combined adverse effect of multiple contaminants and can act as an early warning system. The proposed battery was applied to samples from 11 WWTPs of representative technology from the Danube River Basin (DRB). The order of toxic effects in terms of extent of exceedance of effect-based trigger values (EBTs) was PAH (PAH activity) > PXR (xenobiotic metabolism) > ERα (estrogenic activity) > PPARγ > Nrf2 (oxidative stress) > anti-AR > GR. A mitigation plan for WWTP operators based on EBT exceedance is proposed. This study demonstrates that the proposed effect-based monitoring battery is a complementary tool to the chemical analysis approach. A regular application of such time- and cost-effective bioanalytical tools in the WWTPs of the DRB is proposed to provide a ‘safety net’ for aquatic ecosystems.

Enhancing the Fatigue of Mechanical Systems Such as Dispensers Entrenched on Generalized Life-Stress Models and Sample Sizes

To lengthen the life of a mechanical system, parametric accelerated life testing (ALT) is recommended as an established way to help identify structural imperfections and reduce fatigue-related failures. It involves (1) a parametric ALT scheme, (2) fatigue design, (3) ALTs with alterations, and (4) an estimate of whether design(s) achieve the BX lifetime. The application of a quantum-transported time to failure prototype and a sample size expression is also suggested. The improvements in the reliability of a water dispenser made of stainless steel or polypropylene (PP) in a bottom-mount domestic refrigerator was used as a case study. In the first ALT, the hinge and front corner of the dispensing system was cracked. The water dispenser lever was altered by increasing the thickness of its ribs and fillets. In the second ALT, the altered dispensing lever system cracked because there was an insufficient thickness in its front corner for impact loading. The critical design factors for improving reliability were corner fillet rounding and rib thickening in a dispenser lever. As there were no difficulties in the third ALT, the dispenser life was verified to have a B1 life of 10 years.

New Insights into the Application of High-Pressure Processing and Storage Time and Temperature to Sliced Iberian Chorizo.

Producing dry-cured meats with relatively high aw and pH allows companies to cut costs to the detriment of microbial control. The purpose of this study was to evaluate for the first time the effect of High Processing Pressure (HPP) and storage temperature on the microbial counts, instrumental color, oxidation and sensory characteristics of sliced Iberian chorizo with high aw and pH. First, 600 MPa was applied for 480 s to sliced chorizo with aw: 0.88 and pH: 6.01, and the treated and untreated samples were stored at 4 or 20 °C for 90 or 180 days. HPP, storage time and storage at 20 °C were successful at decreasing the microbial counts that were initially high. HPP and the storage temperature had a limited detrimental effect, whereas the storage time had a marked adverse effect on oxidation and some sensory traits. Despite the high aw and pH, no safety issues arose initially or during the storage at 4 or 20 °C. In conclusion, for chorizo with high aw and pH favoring high microbial counts, HPP may be an effective hurdle without a noticeable detrimental effect, and the economically convenient storage at 20 °C might be beneficial despite causing moderate quality loss.

Clinical application of ultrashort echo time (UTE) and zero echo time (ZTE) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in the evaluation of osteoarthritis.

Novel compositional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging techniques have allowed for both the qualitative and quantitative assessments of tissue changes in osteoarthritis, many of which are difficult to characterize on conventional MR imaging. Ultrashort echo time (UTE) and zero echo time (ZTE) MR imaging have not been broadly implemented clinically but have several applications that leverage contrast mechanisms for morphologic evaluation of bone and soft tissue, as well as biochemical assessment in various stages of osteoarthritis progression. Many of the musculoskeletal tissues implicated in the initiation and progression of osteoarthritis are short T2 in nature, appearing dark as signal has already decayed to its minimum when image sampling starts. UTE and ZTE MR imaging allow for the qualitative and quantitative assessments of these short T2 tissues (bone, tendon, calcified cartilage, meniscus, and ligament) with both structural and functional reference standards described in the literature [1-3]. This review will describe applications of UTE and ZTE MR imaging in musculoskeletal tissues focusing on its role in knee osteoarthritis. While the review will address tissue-specific applications of these sequences, it is understood that osteoarthritis is a whole joint process with involvement and interdependence of all tissues. KEY POINTS: • UTE MR imaging allows for the qualitative and quantitative evaluation of short T2 tissues (bone, calcified cartilage, and meniscus), enabling identification of both early degenerative changes and subclinical injuries that may predispose to osteoarthritis. • ZTE MR imaging allows for the detection of signal from bone, which has some of the shortest T2 values, and generates tissue contrast similar to CT, potentially obviating the need for CT in the assessment of osseous features of osteoarthritis.

Discrete time quasi-sliding mode-based control of LCL grid inverters

Application of a discrete time (DT) sliding mode controller (SMC) in the control structure of the primary controller of a three-phase LCL grid inverter is presented. The design of the inverter side current control loop is performed using a DT linear model of the grid inverter with LCL filter at output terminals. The DT quasi-sliding mode control was used due to its robustness to external and parametric disturbances. Additionally, in order to improve disturbance compensation, a disturbance compensator is also implemented. Also, a specific anti-windup mechanism has been implemented in the structure of the controller to prevent large overshoots in the inverter response in case of random disturbances of grid voltages, or sudden changes in the commanded power. The control of the grid inverter is realized in the reference system synchronized with the voltage of the power grid. The development of the digitally realized control subsystem is presented in detail, starting from theoretical considerations, through computer simulations to experimental tests. The experimental results confirm good static and dynamic performance.

Research on variation test of atomic time based on pulsar observation

Pulsar time (PT) has high long-term stability, and its establishment process is completely different from that of atomic time (AT). Therefore, pulsar-based time scale can be used as an independent test for the fluctuation of atomic time scale. In this paper, the test results of the fluctuation of atomic time using pulsar time are presented in combination with the real clock difference data. In order to test the fluctuation of atomic time, the timing model parameters of four pulsars are used to simulate the pulse times of arrival (TOAs) data with TT(BIPM19) as the reference, and then the reference time is changed from TT(BIPM19) to TT(TAI). Based on this, the classical weighted average algorithm and the Wiener filtering algorithm are used to extract the variations of the atomic time relative to the pulsar time. The test results obtained by the two methods are compared, and it shows that the Wiener filtering algorithm is better than the weighted average algorithm for the extraction of the fluctuation of the atomic time. The wavelet threshold denoising method is added to the clock difference signal extracted by the Wiener filtering algorithm to deduct the high-frequency noise. After denoising, PT is closer to TT(BIPM19), which further improves the ability of PT to detect the fluctuation of AT. For the TOA measurement accuracy of 100 ns, the difference between PT and TT(BIPM19) can be kept roughly within 40 ns. This paper studies the method of further improving the accuracy of PT under the premise of given TOA measurement accuracy, which is of great significance for the next step to use PT for more effective application of time keeping.

The Effect of Mix Impact Aerobic Exercise on Cardiovascular Improvement at Penggemar Senam Pagi Sungai Kambang Ceria (PSPSKC) Community

The circulatory system or cardiovascular system is an organ system that functions to move substances to and from cells. The term cardiovascular ability has the same meaning as several other terms such as cardiac endurance, aerobic fitness, and cardiorespiratory endurance. In the Penggemar Senam Pagi Sungai Kambang Ceria (PSPSKC) community, there is a lack of physical activity, a lack of application of the right time to do sports and less precise in choosing sports exercises that can improve cardiovascular. Because the members need to have good cardiovascular endurance to support daily activities.This type of research is an experimental research with a one group pre-test post-test design. The instrument used is the Harvard step test. The population in this study were the entire Senam Pagi Sungai Kambang Ceria (PSPSKC) community which amounted to 64 people. Sampling in this study using purposive sampling technique, namely the technique of determining the sample with a specific purpose. The sample in this study were 10 people from the Penggemar Senam Pagi Sungai Kambang Ceria (PSPSKC) community aged 20-30 years. The results of the research on the initial test (pre-test) got an average result of 57.3 while in the final test (post-test) it was 65.3. Meanwhile, from the results of hypothesis testing using the t-test, the results of t (4.457)> from the t value (1.833) with a significance level of = 0.05 (5%). From these data, it can be concluded that there is a significant effect of Mix Impact aerobic exercise on cardiovascular improvement in the Penggemar Senam Pagi Sungai Kambang Ceria (PSPSKC) community.

Application of RC delay time for thermal non-destructive characterization

Application of RC delay time for thermal non-destructive characterization

Influence of Takt Time Planning on Construction Efficiency

Creating continuous workflow and reducing variability of construction processes is one of the essential principles of Takt Time system. The Takt Time Planning is a powerful lean tool that creates a continuous flow of people, materials, and resources, therefore it is recognized as a technology with great potential for process innovation in construction. A takt is a demand-driven pace or rhythm of work, which ensures that professionals work at the same speed to free up workspace within standard time frames, leading to a more optimized production process. The main purpose of this article is to explore the practical application and influence of Takt Time Planning on the productivity and efficiency of construction projects by providing an overview of selected case studies. Results show that Tact Time helps to establish a continuous flow and, as a result, reduce waste, reduce the duration and number of inventory buffers, and therefore reduce costs of construction projects.

Ellagic acid on the quality of the adhesive interface of class I composite resin restorations after aging

Objective: To evaluate the effect of ellagic acid on the inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase by analyzing the quality of the adhesive interface with bond strength measures in periods of 24 hours and six months of storage. Method: 40 healthy human third molars were prepared with class I cavities (5x4x3mm). The teeth were divided into four experimental groups: Group 1- without application of ellagic acid and storage time of 24 hours; Group 2- with ellagic acid/24 hours; G3- without ellagic acid/six months; Group 4- with ellagic acid/six months. Then, the cavities were restored with Single Bond Universal adhesive and Z350 composite resin, with and without the previous application of ellagic acid. Subsequently, hourglass-shaped specimens were obtained and subjected to the bond strength (BS) test (n = 10) in a universal testing machine. The bond test was performed after 24 hours and six months of storage. For the standard evaluation (n = 3) the samples were infiltrated with silver nitrate and placed in a developing solution for analysis in a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The data obtained were analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test, showing a statistically significant difference. Results: The highest bond strength values were found for the 24-hour groups followed by the groups with six months of storage. For nano-infiltration, groups G1 and G2 showed lower infiltration than groups G3 and G4. Conclusion: The previous application of ellagic acid did not affect the BS of the adhesive interface of the adhesive system analyzed, regardless of storage time.

Challenging normalcy through stardom: childhood celebrity, disability, and Patty Duke’s Helen Keller

ABSTRACT What is it about girl stars, from Shirley Temple to Jodie Foster, that intensely and ambivalently capture the cultural imagination? I argue that child stars, often described as transitioning into adulthood too quickly or staying too long in childhood, challenge damaging social norms of bodily and behavioural development in ways that are sympathetic to disability experience. I use disability studies’ theory of ‘crip time’ and Kathryn Bond Stockton’s notion of the political potential of children ‘growing sideways’ alongside the case study of Patty Duke to demonstrate this productive subversiveness. Duke’s star persona, centred on her portrayal of the young deaf, blind, and uncommunicative Helen Keller in William Gibson’s Broadway play and Arthur Penn’s subsequent film, reveals the parallel developmental non-normativity of disability and child stardom.Through contradictory primary and paratextual evidence surrounding The Miracle Worker and Duke’s stardom, the application of crip time to notions of childhood celebrity, and a contextual understanding of public discourse surrounding childhood during the 1960s, I find that Duke and her characterisation of Keller embody a rejection of conventional understandings of ‘growing up’. Duke’s ambivalent childhood celebrity fractures the constructed ideal of normal development, revealing possibilities for valuable experience beyond the pressures of ableist notions of linear growth.

Isoparametric Unfitted BDF--Finite Element Method for PDEs on Evolving Domains

We propose a new discretization method for PDEs on moving domains in the setting of unfitted finite element methods, which is provably higher-order accurate in space and time. In the considered setting, the physical domain that evolves essentially arbitrarily through a time-independent computational background domain is represented by a level set function. For the time discretization, the application of standard time stepping schemes that are based on finite difference approximations of the time derivative is not directly possible, as the degrees of freedom may become active or inactive across such a finite difference stencil in time. In [C. Lehrenfeld and M. A. Olshanskii, ESAIM Math. Model. Numer. Anal., 53 (2019), pp. 585--614], this problem is overcome by extending the discrete solution at every time step to a sufficiently large neighborhood so that all degrees of freedom that are relevant at the next time step stay active. But that paper focuses on low-order methods. We advance these results by introducing and analyzing realizable techniques for the extension to higher order. To obtain higher-order convergence in space and time, we combine backward differentiation formula (BDF) time stepping with the isoparametric unfitted finite element method (FEM). The latter has been used and analyzed for several stationary problems. However, for moving domains the key ingredient in the method, the transformation of the underlying mesh, becomes time dependent, which gives rise to some technical issues. We treat these with special care, carry out an a priori error analysis, and present two numerical experiments.

The Immediate and Long-Term Effects of Tube and Mask+Tube Phonation in Water Exercises and Their Duration as Measured by Electroglottographic and Nasometric Parameters

This study investigated the immediate effects and their persistence (at 15 minutes) of various durations of semi-occluded vocal tract exercise (SOVTE) (standard tube into water and modified mask+tube into water exercises) as measured by electroglottographic (EGG) and nasometric parameters. The study included 30 women aged 19 through 28 years with healthy voices, and it comprised five randomly implemented procedures (Ps): P1-tube phonation into water for 5 minutes; P2-tube phonation into water for 10 minutes; P3-tube+ventilation mask phonation into water for 5 minutes; P4-tube+ventilation mask phonation into water for 10 minutes; P5-phonation with ventilation mask for 5 minutes. Fifteen-minute voice rest breaks were provided between each procedure. Nasometric and electroglottographic measurements were taken before, during, immediately after and at 5, 10, and 15 minutes after the exercises, and the recorded measurements were analyzed. The immediate effects of P3 and P4 on voice quality showed better performance than the other procedures. Among all the procedures, P1 had the smallest effect on voice quality in terms of nasometric and EGG parameters and the least degree of effect permanence. In all the fluctuating SOVTE procedures except P1, the nasalance scores decreased (P1, P2, P3, and P4: fluctuating SOVTE; P5: steady SOVTE). The tube phonation exercises modified by the addition of a ventilation mask were highly advantageous in terms of EGG parameters. In addition to this, regardless of the mode of application of the retention time, it was observed that the positive effect (ie, lower vertical laryngeal position) of the exercises applied for 10 minutes was higher than the exercises applied for 5 minutes.

Unfreezing of molecular motions in protein-polymer conjugates: a calorimetric study

Protein-polymer conjugates are a promising class of biohybrids. In this work, the dynamics of a set of biodegradable conjugates myoglobin-poly(ethyl ethylene phosphate) (My-PEEP) with variations in the number of attached polymers and their molar mass in the dry-state, have been investigated to understand the role of polymer on protein dynamics. We performed Differential Scanning Calorimetry measurements between 190 and 300 K, observing the large-scale dynamics arising from reorganization of conformational states, i.e. within the 100 s timescale. The application of an annealing time during the cooling scans was used to investigate the non-equilibrium glassy-state of the samples, observing the relaxation enthalpy at different annealing temperatures. This procedure permitted to extensively describe the transition broadness and the system relaxation kinetics in the glassy state. The samples show an experimental behaviour different from the theoretical predictions, suggesting the establishment of interactions among the protein and the polymer chains. The different behaviour of the conjugates and the physical mixture (composed of the protein and the polymer physically mixed) highlighted the importance of the covalent bond in defining the system dynamics.Graphical abstract

Relevance of Risk Management in the Delivery of Construction Projects in Developing Countries

Construction projects suffers poor performance due to poor risk management in its process in developing countries. A strict set of understanding regulations must be followed during the construction process to avoid these risks. Unfortunately, it is uneasy in construction projects to completely avoid risks as they are bound to be unknown factors that arises over the course of project execution. Risk management in construction projects is inherently risky but technically complex than projects in industries. It is one of the major rules undertaken by a project manager for an effective management of a construction projects. An effective management approach to projects is required as most times risk is handled through application of contingencies or time that are not determined based on comprehensive analysis of the risks that can affect a particular project. This paper establishes the relevance of risk management in the delivery of construction projects in developing countries. It further gives an overview of performance and addresses the problem inherent in risk managements in construction projects that will allow for achieving a successful project delivery within the context of time frame, minimizing cost overruns and optimizing project quality. The paper recommends that in order to improve the chance of success in construction projects and reduce the potential risks, risk management must be an important part of the decision-making process for a construction enterprise.

LAMA PENYIMPANAN DAN PERBEDAAN KONSENTRASI ZPT ATONIK TERHADAP PROSENTASE TUNAS TUMBUH TEBU Var. BULULAWANG YANG BERSUMBER DARI BUD SET.

Vigor and healthy sugarcane seeds determine the health and percentage of plant life when transferred to the field. Sugarcane (Sacharum officinarum L.) is a graminae plant whose stems are used as the main raw material for sugar. Sugar self-sufficiency is still a big challenge because there are still sugarcane problems, including the availability of seeds, seed quality. This study aims to determine the effect and interaction between storage time and differences in the concentration of Atonic PGR on the percentage of shoots growing in sugarcane seeds Var. Bululawang. This research was conducted at the Sendang Sari Ngajum screen house from May to July 2021. The design used Factorial RAK consisting of 2 factors, duration of storage differences (P), control (P0), 3 days (P1), 6 days (P2) , and 9 days and Atonic Concentration (A) namely Control (A0), A1 (3 ml/L), A2 (6 ml /L) . The data obtained were analyzed using Dsaastat and if there was a significant difference, it was continued with the 5% BNJ test. The results of the analysis showed that the application of atonic PGR and storage time had a significant effect on the percentage of shoots growing only at the beginning of growth, namely until the age of 2 WAP, while at the age of 4 to 6 WAP there was no significant difference with the treatment applied.

Efficient removal of antibiotics from water resources is a public health priority: a critical assessment of the efficacy of some remediation strategies for antibiotics in water.

This review discusses the fundamental principles and mechanism of antibiotic removal from water of some commonly applied treatment techniques including chlorination, ozonation, UV-irradiation, Fenton processes, photocatalysis, electrochemical-oxidation, plasma, biochar, anaerobicdigestion, activated carbon and nanomaterials. Some experimental shortfalls identified by researchers such as certain characteristics of degradation agent applied and the strategies explored to override the identified limitations are briefly discussed. Depending on interactions of a range of factors including the type of antibiotic compound, operational parameters applied such as pH, temperature and treatment time, among other factors, all reviewed techniques can eliminate or reduce the levels of antibiotic compounds in water to varying extents. Some of the reviewed techniques such as anaerobic digestion generally require longer treatment times (up to 360, 193 and 170 days, according to some studies), while others such as photocatalysis achieved degradation within short contact time (within a minimum of 30, but up to 60, 240, 300 and 1880 minutes, in some cases). For some treatment techniques such as ozonation and Fenton, it is apparent that subjecting compounds to longer treatment times may improve elimination efficiency, whereas for some other techniques such as nanotechnology, application of longer treatment time generally meant comparatively minimal elimination efficiency. Based on the findings of experimental studies summarized, it is apparent that operational parameters such as pH and treatment time, while critical, do not exert sole or primary influence on the elimination percentage(s) achieved. Elimination efficiency achieved rather seems to be due more to the force of a combination of several factors.

Deciphering the iPBS retrotransposons based genetic diversity of nanoparticles induced in Vitro seedlings of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)

The phytochemicals contained in hemp are highly significant and can be modified or altered by employing in vitro elicitors like nanoparticles (NPs). Application of NPs type, concentration, and treatment time regulate the germination, growth, and phytohemicals. In vitro sterilized seeds of cannabis were augmented on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with silver (Ag) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles at different concentrations (0, 200, 400, 800, 1200 and 1600mg/L) for one month. Results revealed that supplementation of NPs resulted in reduced germination (%), root length and longer shoots and seedling fresh wt compared to control. Maximum germination was recorded on MS medium supplemented with 1600mg/L TiO2NPs (92.50%) followed by 1600mg/L AgNPs (80.00%). Supplementation of 800mg/L AgNPs yielded longer shoots, roots, seedlings fresh weight, and chlorophyll-b contents compared to all other treatments. Whereas, maximum chlorophyll-a, carotenoids, and MDA contents were attributed to 1200mg/L TiO2NPs. PCR results using eight iPBS-retrotransposons primers yielded a total of 101 bands with 98 polymorphic bands. Whereas, minimum (0.28) and maximum (0.42) gene diversity was associated with 2095 and 2228 primers.