Application Of Sucrose Research Articles

Fruit Maturity and Quality of Splice-grafted and One-cotyledon Grafted Watermelon

Splice grafting with both cotyledons removed from the rootstock may significantly increase watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. and Nakai] grafting efficiency, eliminate rootstock regrowth, and reduce costs of watermelon transplant production. We evaluated the efficacy of antitranspirant and sucrose treatments on the survival of splice-grafted transplants and assessed the effects of grafting method and rootstocks on fruit yield and quality. First, in a greenhouse experiment, four commercial antitranspirants, applied to rootstock seedlings before splice grafting, increased transplant survival 21 days after grafting (DAG) from 7% to 35% to 68% (P < 0.0001). In a second greenhouse experiment, survival of splice-grafted seedlings was 91% for plants that received 2% sucrose solution + antitranspirant, compared with 67% for plants receiving 2% sucrose alone and 25% for plants that received only water (P < 0.0001). Finally, in a field experiment we compared splice- vs. one-cotyledon grafting with two rootstocks (‘Shintosa Camelforce’ and ‘Tetsukabuto’) vs. nongrafted plants. At 54 days after transplanting (DAT), survival of all grafted transplants averaged 96% with a plant vigor rating of 7.7/10 (10 = most vigorous), compared with 84% survival (5.8/10 vigor rating) for nongrafted transplants. Flowering was delayed by an average of 2 days for splice-grafted watermelon (37 DAT) vs. one-cotyledon grafted and nongrafted plants (P < 0.0001), but harvest date was the same for all treatments (70 DAT). Fruit were harvested 0, 7, and 14 days after fruit reached physiological maturity, and there was no difference in total yield or fruit quality between grafted and nongrafted treatments, with two exceptions. Fruit with splice-grafted ‘Shintosa Camelforce’ rootstock had the firmest flesh (8.2 N) compared with nongrafted transplants (5.3 N), and lycopene increased from 16.7 µg·g−1 at physiological maturity to as high as 31.4 µg·g−1 when harvested 7 days after physiological maturity (P = 0.0002). These results indicate that application of sucrose with antitranspirant to rootstock seedlings before grafting can increase the survival of splice-grafted watermelon, and splice-grafted watermelon perform similarly to one-cotyledon grafted and nongrafted watermelon plants in field production.

Equine saliva components during mastication, and in vivo pH changes in the oral biofilm of sound and carious tooth surfaces after sucrose exposure

BackgroundThe role of saliva composition and dietary sugar in development of infundibular caries in equine cheek teeth is not fully understood. This study analysed electrolyte and urea concentrations in saliva in relation to different forage and measured pH changes after sucrose application in vivo in sound and carious cheek teeth.ResultsForage type had no effect on the equine saliva electrolyte concentrations, which varied considerably both intra- and inter-individually. Chewing resulted in increased values for all electrolytes except bicarbonate. Compared with stimulated human saliva, horse saliva after mastication, contained higher amounts of potassium, calcium and bicarbonate, and less phosphate. The in vivo pH measurements showed a lower resting pH and a more pronounced pH drop after sucrose application in carious teeth compared to sound teeth.ConclusionsNo large differences were found between the composition of equine saliva and human saliva. A more pronounced acidogenicity was found for the carious than sound teeth. Thus, the caries process in equine cheek teeth seems to follow the same pattern as in human teeth, caused by acid production by oral microorganisms after sugar consumption.

Evidence for macromolecular crowding as a direct apoptotic stimulus.

Potassium loss and persistent shrinkage have both been implicated in apoptosis but their relationship and respective roles remain controversial. We approached this problem by clamping intracellular sodium and potassium in HeLa or MDCK cells using a combination of ionophores. Although ionophore treatment caused significant cell swelling, the initial volume could be restored and further reduced by application of sucrose. The swollen cells treated with ionophores remained viable for at least 8 h without any signs of apoptosis. Application of sucrose and the resulting shrinkage caused volume-dependent intrinsic apoptosis with all its classical features: inversion of phosphatidylserine, caspase activation and Bcl-2-dependent release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. In other experiments, apoptosis was induced by addition of the protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine at various degrees of swelling. Our results show that: (1) persistent shrinkage can cause apoptosis regardless of intracellular sodium or potassium composition or of the state of actin cytoskeleton; (2) strong potassium dependence of caspase activation is only observed in swollen cells with a reduced density of cytosolic proteins. We conclude that macromolecular crowding can be an important factor in determining the transition of cells to apoptosis.

Arabidopsis under ammonium over-supply: Characteristics of ammonium toxicity in relation to the activity of ammonium transporters

Because of highly intensive farming practices, crop plants could suffer relatively long terms of ammonium (NH+4) excess stress introduced by overdose application of nitrogen fertilizers. However, the lack of sufficient understanding of plant responses to NH+4 excess stress impairs the detection of effective solutions to this problem. The present work examined the biological influences of over-supplied NH+4 in Arabidopsis thaliana using two mutant lines each with an ammonium transporter (AMT) gene (AtAMT1;1 or AtAMT1;3) knocked out. Our results indicated that lacking one of the major components of root NH+4 -absorbing systems significantly alleviated the toxicity effects on Arabidopsis plants by reducing the accumulation of free NH+4, suggesting that persistent absorption of NH+4 through AMT was the main cause of excessive accumulation of free NH+4 in the plants. Shading treatment led to a reduced transpirational driving force and thereby constrained the accumulation of toxic NH+4 in the plants, finally resulting in higher NH+4 -promoted growth in the wild type (WT). Under the shading treatment, the amt1;1 and amt1;3 mutant plants acquired insufficient NH+4 and showed reduced growth when compared with the WT. Furthermore, the foliar application of sucrose notably alleviated the inhibitory effects on plant growth in the WT but had no effect on either the amt1;1 or amt1;3 mutant plants, indicating that carbon scarcity associated with NH+4 excess is probably a major cause of NH+4 toxicity in plants. Accordingly, increasing carbon source could be a potentially effective approach that alleviates the inhibition caused by NH+4 excess and increases nitrogen use efficiency under NH+4 over-supply.

The nature of cell volume sensor in shrinkage‐induced apoptosis

Potassium loss and persistent shrinkage have been both implicated in apoptosis, but their relationship and respective roles remain obscure. We approached this problem by clamping intracellular sodium and potassium in HeLa, MDBK or MDCK cells by a combination of ionophores and ouabain. Although ionophores cause significant cell swelling, the initial volume can be restored and further reduced by applying external sucrose. We showed that swollen cells treated with ionophores remain viable for at least 4–8 hours without developing any signs of apoptosis. Application of sucrose and the resulting shrinkage caused volume‐dependent intrinsic apoptosis with all its classical features: inversion of phosphatidylserine, caspase activation, cytochrome c release from mitochondria. Furthermore, overexpression of Bcl‐2 prevents mitochondrial loss of cytochrome c in shrunken cells. All these responses occurred to approximately the same degree regardless of whether the cells were kept in a high potassium/zero sodium or in a high sodium/zero potassium buffer, with only a slight enhancement under potassium‐free conditions. However, apoptosis induced by protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine in ionophore‐treated and swollen cells was strongly inhibited by as little as 5 mM potassium. Addition of 50 mM sucrose to restore the initial cell volume eliminated potassium dependence of staurosporine‐induced caspase activation. We have eliminated potassium as a stimulus in shrinkage induced apoptosis and are left with the choice between macromolecular crowding and cytoskeleton, which according to our unconfirmed preliminary data may be cytoskeleton. Thus, our results show that: (1) persistent shrinkage (presumably mediated through macromolecular crowding) acts as a direct proapoptotic signal independently of potassium; (2) strong potassium dependence of caspase activation is only observed in swollen cells with reduced cytoplasmic density.

Involvement of abscisic acid, ABI5, and PPC2 in plant acclimation to low CO2.

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) plays a pivotal role in the photosynthetic CO2 fixation of C4 plants. However, the functions of PEPCs in C3 plants are less well characterized, particularly in relation to low atmospheric CO2 levels. Of the four genes encoding PEPC in Arabidopsis, PPC2 is considered as the major leaf PEPC gene. Here we show that the ppc2 mutants suffered a growth arrest when transferred to low atmospheric CO2 conditions, together with decreases in the maximum efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) and lower levels of leaf abscisic acid (ABA) and carbohydrates. The application of sucrose, malate, or ABA greatly rescued the growth of ppc2 lines under low CO2 conditions. Metabolite profiling analysis revealed that the levels of glycine and serine were increased in ppc2 leaves, while the abundance of photosynthetic metabolites was decreased under these conditions. The transcript levels of encoding enzymes involved in glycine or serine metabolism was decreased in ppc2 in an ABI5-dependent manner. Like the ppc2 mutants, abi5-1 mutants had lower photosynthetic rates and Fv/Fm compared with the wild type under photorespiratory conditions (i.e. low CO2 availability). However, the growth of these mutants was similar to that of the wild type under non-photorespiratory (low O2) conditions. The constitutive expression of ABI5 prevented the growth arrest of ppc2 lines under low CO2 conditions. These findings demonstrate that PPC2 plays an important role in the acclimation of Arabidopsis plants to low CO2 availability by linking photorespiratory metabolism to primary metabolism, and that this is mediated, at least in part, through ABA- and ABI5-dependent processes.

Sugar enhances waterlogging-induced adventitious root formation in cucumber by promoting auxin transport and signalling.

Waterlogging is a severe environmental stress that causes severe crop productivity losses. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) survives waterlogging by producing adventitious roots (ARs) that enhance gas exchange. Little is known about the role of light and sugars in the waterlogging-induced production of ARs. The role of these factors in AR production was therefore studied in cucumber seedlings grown in the absence or presence of waterlogging and different light conditions. The effect of photosynthesis was studied by removing the shoots of the seedlings and replacing them with exogenous applications of sucrose or stachyose. Shoot removal inhibited AR emergence and elongation. However, the exogenous application of sugars fully restored AR emergence and partially restored root elongation. The exogenous application of a synthetic auxin restored AR emergence but not AR elongation. Transcriptome profiling analysis was used to determine the effects of light on gene expression in the hypocotyls under these conditions. The levels of transcripts encoding proteins involved in auxin transport and signalling were higher in the light and following the exogenous application of sucrose and stachyose. These results show that the waterlogging-induced emergence of ARs is regulated by the interaction between sugars and auxin, whereas AR elongation depends only on sugars alone.

The postharvest ripening of strawberry fruits induced by abscisic acid and sucrose differs from their in vivo ripening

In this study, we compared the chemical composition of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) fruits that were ripened in vivo (attached to plant) to those ripened during postharvest storage. The effects of the application of abscisic acid (ABA) and sucrose on the postharvest ripening were also evaluated. The results suggested that the postharvest ripening process was dependent on the signal triggered by ABA and differed from in vivo ripening, resulting in fruits with altered chemical composition and firmness. The application of sucrose in unripe strawberries resulted in the induction of ripening, which is dependent on ABA and its derivatives. This induction was more pronounced during the first days of storage and associated with the application of mannitol rather than water, suggesting that mannitol negatively regulated the postharvest strawberry ripening. These results provide further insights into the role of ABA and sucrose in the regulation of postharvest ripening of strawberry.

Does pre-culture in sugar-rich media affect carbohydrate content and post-thawing recovery rate of cryopreserved potato (Solanum phureja) shoot tips?

Shoot tips of Potato (Solanum phureja) were cryopreserved with the encapsulation-dehydration method, including: coating of shoot tips in calcium alginate beads, pre-culture in a solution containing 0.75 M of sugar (0.1 M of sucrose +0.65 M of another cryoprotectant sugar), and dehydration (for 4.5 h) on silica gel to reduce water content to 21–27%. Regrowth of shoot tips was assessed after freezing in liquid nitrogen. After cryopreservation, coated shoot tips were cultivated on a medium enriched with growth substances to measure concentrations of soluble carbohydrates. Maltose and trehalose ensured a better cryopreservation (88% and 91% of regrowth, respectively). Regrowth rates of potato shoot tips in the presence of polyols were very low and no recovery was obtained after freezing of shoot tips that were pre-cultivated in monosaccharides. Concentration of soluble carbohydrates increased in shoot tips pre-cultivated in sucrose, trehalose or glucose, especially when sucrose was applied as the cryoprotectant. The application of sucrose helped potato shoot-tips to acquire a certain tolerance to dehydration and cryofreezing. The analysis of soluble carbohydrates in potato shoot tips confirmed the accumulation of sugars during the pre-culture process, principally in the form of sucrose. The statistical analysis showed that soluble carbohydrate contents in shoot tips increased when total carbohydrates increased in the cultivation medium. The modelling approach indicated that the contents of soluble carbohydrates increased when pre-cultivation of potato shoot-tips was conducted in sucrose media compared to the control and other sugars.

Exogenous Application of Sucrose Promotes Postharvest Ripening of Kiwifruit

Sucrose is an important component of fruit flavor, but whether sucrose signaling affects the postharvest ripening process of kiwifruit is unclear. The aim of this article was to study the effect of sucrose application on postharvest kiwifruit ripening to clarify the effect of sucrose in this process. Our present study found that exogenous sucrose can promote ethylene synthesis, which increases the ethylene content during fruit ripening, thereby accelerating the ripening and softening of kiwifruit after harvest. A significantly higher expression of AcACS1 and AcACO2 was found in sucrose-treated fruits compared to that in mannitol-treated fruits. Blocking the ethylene signal significantly inhibited the sucrose-modulated expression of most selected ripening-related genes. Sucrose transport is essential for sucrose accumulation in fruits; therefore, we isolated the gene family related to sucrose transport in kiwifruit and analyzed the gene expression of its members. The results show that AcSUT1 and AcTST1 expression increased with fruit ripening and AcSUT4 expression decreased with ripening, indicating that they may have different roles in the regulation of fruit ripening. Additionally, many cis-elements associated with phytohormones and sugar responses were found in the promoter of the three genes, which suggests that they were transcriptionally regulated by sugar signal and phytohormones. This study demonstrates the effect of sucrose on postharvest ripening of kiwifruit, providing a good foundation for further research.

Effect of ‘in air’ freezing on post-thaw recovery of Callithrix jacchus mesenchymal stromal cells and properties of 3D collagen-hydroxyapatite scaffolds

Through enabling an efficient supply of cells and tissues in the health sector on demand, cryopreservation is increasingly becoming one of the mainstream technologies in rapid translation and commercialization of regenerative medicine research. Cryopreservation of tissue-engineered constructs (TECs) is an emerging trend that requires the development of practically competitive biobanking technologies. In our previous studies, we demonstrated that conventional slow-freezing using dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO) does not provide sufficient protection of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) frozen in 3D collagen-hydroxyapatite scaffolds. After simple modifications to a cryopreservation protocol, we report on significantly improved cryopreservation of TECs.Porous 3D scaffolds were fabricated using freeze-drying of a mineralized collagen suspension and following chemical crosslinking. Amnion-derived MSCs from common marmoset monkey Callithrix jacchus were seeded onto scaffolds in static conditions. Cell-seeded scaffolds were subjected to 24 h pre-treatment with 100 mM sucrose and slow freezing in 10% Me2SO/20% FBS alone or supplemented with 300 mM sucrose. Scaffolds were frozen ‘in air’ and thawed using a two-step procedure. Diverse analytical methods were used for the interpretation of cryopreservation outcome for both cell-seeded and cell-free scaffolds. In both groups, cells exhibited their typical shape and well-preserved cell-cell and cell-matrix contacts after thawing. Moreover, viability test 24 h post-thaw demonstrated that application of sucrose in the cryoprotective solution preserves a significantly greater portion of sucrose-pretreated cells (more than 80%) in comparison to Me2SO alone (60%).No differences in overall protein structure and porosity of frozen scaffolds were revealed whereas their compressive stress was lower than in the control group. In conclusion, this approach holds promise for the cryopreservation of ‘ready-to-use’ TECs.

ABA and sucrose co-regulate strawberry fruit ripening and show inhibition of glycolysis.

Abscisic acid (ABA) and sucrose play an important role in strawberry fruit ripening, but how ABA and sucrose co-regulate this ripening progress remains unclear. The intention of this study was to examine the effect of ABA and sucrose on strawberry fruit ripening and to evaluate the ABA/sucrose interaction mechanism on the strawberry fruit ripening process. Here, we report that there is an acute synergistic effect between ABA and sucrose in accelerating strawberry fruit ripening. The time frame of fruit development and ripening was shortened after the application of ABA, sucrose, and ABA + sucrose, but most of the major quality parameters in treated-ripe fruit, including fruit weight, total soluble solids, anthocyanin, ascorbic acid, the total phenolic content, lightness (L*), chroma (C*), and hue angle (h°) values were not affected. Meanwhile, the endogenous ABA and sucrose levels, and the expression of ABA and sucrose signaling genes and ripening-related genes, such as NCED1, NCED2, SnRK2.2, SuSy, MYB5, CEL1, and CEL2, was all significantly enhanced by ABA or sucrose treatment alone, but in particular, by the ABA + sucrose treatment. Therefore, improving the ripening regulation efficiency is one synergetic action of ABA/sucrose. Another synergetic action of ABA/sucrose shows that a short inhibition of glycolysis occurs during accelerated strawberry ripening. ABA and sucrose can induce higher accumulation of H2O2, leading to a transient decrease in glycolysis. Conversely, lower endogenous H2O2 levels caused by reduced glutathione (GSH) treatment resulted in a transient increase in glycolysis while delaying strawberry fruit ripening. Collectively, this study demonstrates that the ABA/sucrose interaction affects the ripening regulation efficiency and shows inhibition of glycolysis.

Sucrose Promotes Strawberry Fruit Ripening and Affects Ripening-Related Processes.

Strawberry is a typical nonclimacteric fruit, whose ripening mechanism needs to be further investigated. Sucrose has been recently proved as a signal molecule, participating in strawberry fruit ripening and related processes. While in the effects of sucrose application timing and concentration on ripening, fruit qualities remain unclear, as well as the transcriptome-wide details about the effects of sucrose on the gene expression involved in ripening-related processes. In this study, strawberry fruits at the degreening (DG), white (W), and initial-red (IR) stages were treated with different concentration of sucrose. The results showed that anthocyanin was increased while total polyphenol concentration (TPC) and total flavonoid concentration (TFC) were decreased during fruit development after sucrose treatment. Interestingly, It was showed that 100 mM sucrose application at the DG stage had the most obvious effects on fruit ripening; it made all the fruits turn into full-red (FR) around 4 days (d) earlier than the control, while it did not affect fruit quality traits and most bioactive compounds in the FR fruits. Subsequently, RNA sequencing (RNAseq) of the fruits collected at 8 days after 100 mM sucrose treatment was carried out. It was suggested that 993 genes were differentially expressed comparing with the control. Transcriptome-based expression analysis revealed that sucrose induced the expression of genes involved in the AsA and anthocyanin biosynthesis, while largely suppressed the expression of genes in TCA. The results obtained in this study provided more expression profiles of ripening-related genes under the treatment of sucrose, which will contribute to a better understanding for the mechanism underlying sucrose-induced fruit ripening.

Sucrose plays key role in amelioration of arsenic induced phytotoxicity through modulating phosphate and silicon transporters, physiological and biochemical responses in C3 (Oryza sativa L.) and C4 (Zea mays L.)

Sucrose is a precursor for several vital biomolecules and essential for growth of the plant. The present study investigated the interrelationship between sucrose (25 μM) and PO4 (iP) in amelioration of arsenic (iAs) [60 μM of AsIII and AsV] toxicity in C3 (Oryza sativa) and C4 (Zea mays) plants. Application of sucrose recovered the iAs induced phytotoxicity, morphological and physiological parameters in both C3 and C4 plant seedlings. Alternatively, iAs accumulation enhanced the endogenous level of sucrose in the seedlings. Also, sucrose suppressed the gene expression of low silicon transporters in both C3 and C4 plants, resulting in lower iAs uptake. Presence of iP, suppressed expression of root iP transporters which coincided with reduced iAs accumulation in maize root (23 %) over its AsIII, and that in shoots of both of C3 (12 %) and C4 (35 %) seedlings over AsV. However, the iP transporters in rice [OsPT-1, 6 & 9] and in maize (ZmPHT1;6, ZmPHT2;1, ZmPHT1;1), shoot and root, respectively, were upregulated with sucrose application, enhancing the iP accumulation. Sucrose application reduced the level of H2O2 and TBARS in both plants, while enhanced the thiolic compounds (GSH, cysteine and NPSH) and activities of antioxidant enzymes (APX, GPX and SOD) against iAs toxicity under both available and iP deprived conditions. The physiological parameters such as A, PhiPS2, gs and qP recovered whereas, NPQ was reduced with sucrose application, towards iAs treatments in both the seedlings. Overall, the results indicate that sucrose plays a vital role in the amelioration of iAs induced toxicity through modulation of iP and low silicon transporters, resulting in reducing the iAs accumulation, physiological parameters and antioxidants.

Ectopic Expression of Jatropha curcas TREHALOSE-6-PHOSPHATE PHOSPHATASE J Causes Late-Flowering and Heterostylous Phenotypes in Arabidopsis but not in Jatropha.

Trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P) phosphatase (TPP), a dephosphorylating enzyme, catalyzes the dephosphorylation of T6P, generating trehalose. In Jatropha, we found six members of the TPP family. Five of them JcTPPA, JcTPPC, JcTPPD, JcTPPG, and JcTPPJ are highly expressed in female flowers or male flowers, or both, suggesting that members of the JcTPP family may participate in flower development in Jatropha. The wide expression of JcTPPJ gene in various organs implied its versatile roles and thus was chosen for unraveling its biological functions during developmental process. We constructed an overexpression vector of JcTPPJ cDNA driven by the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter for genetic transformation. Compared with control Arabidopsis plants, 35S:JcTPPJ transgenic Arabidopsis plants presented greater sucrose contents in their inflorescences and displayed late-flowering and heterostylous phenotypes. Exogenous application of sucrose to the inflorescence buds of wild-type Arabidopsis repressed the development of the perianth and filaments, with a phenocopy of the 35S:JcTPPJ transgenic Arabidopsis. These results suggested that the significantly increased sucrose level in the inflorescence caused (or induced) by JcTTPJ overexpression, was responsible for the formation of heterostylous flower phenotype. However, 35S:JcTPPJ transgenic Jatropha displayed no obvious phenotypic changes, implying that JcTPPJ alone may not be sufficient for regulating flower development in Jatropha. Our results are helpful for understanding the function of TPPs, which may regulate flower organ development by manipulating the sucrose status in plants.

The Role of Different Nitrogen Sources Combined with Foliar Applications of Molybdenum, Selenium or Sucrose in Improving Growth and Quality of Edible Parts of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)

Two pots experiments, at two successive winter seasons, were carried out to investigate the effects of two nitrogen (N) sources (ammonium nitrate and urea) and foliar applications of molybdenum (Mo), sucrose (Suc) or selenium (Se) on the growth and quality of the edible parts of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L. cv. Balady). The results indicated that the growth and quality of spinach plants can be greatly determined by the applied N source. The edible parts of spinach plants that received urea as N source showed lower content of NO3-, soluble oxalate, insoluble oxalate and total oxalate plus higher level of P content, however, higher moisture content as well as lower accumulation of dry mass, vitamin C and Fe were also observed in both seasons. Among the tested foliar applications at different concentrations, the treatment with 10% sucrose showed superior effects for increasing spinach growth (increase fresh weight, dry weight and leaves area) and quality (increase the contents of N, P, K, Ca, Fe, total protein and chlorophyll, as well as decreasing the contents of soluble oxalate and total oxalate) relative to the control (distilled water) in both seasons. The interaction treatment of urea fertilizer with foliar application of 10% sucrose was the most efficient one in decreasing NO3- and soluble oxalate contents without reductions in growth (fresh and dry weights), the contents of vitamin C and minerals against the corresponding control in both seasons.

SUCROSE IN DETOXIFICATION OF COFFEE PLANTS WITH GLYPHOSATE DRIFT

<p class="Normal-UFLA"><span lang="EN-US">The weed’ control in coffee plants has great importance, as they compete for light, water and nutrients. The chemical control is the most used, emphasizing the glyphosate, however, when applied, drift can occur and consequently cause injuries to coffee. Many farmers use the sucrose application with the objective to reverse the damage caused by the herbicide drift, even without scientific basis to justify such action. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the sucrose application on the detoxification of coffee plants in the implantation phase with glyphosate drift. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, using a randomized block design, arranged in a 3 x 3 factorial scheme with 2 additional treatments, using 3 sucrose doses (2, 4 and 8%) with 3 application times (1, 24 and 168 hours after intoxication with 10% of the commercial glyphosate dose) with an additional one in which the plants were not intoxicated and not treated with sucrose and the other additional only with plants intoxicated by glyphosate. After 75 days conducting the experiment, growth, physiological and anatomical characteristics were evaluated. The application of sucrose in the reversal of intoxication of growth variables (height, leaf areaThe objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the sucrose application on the detoxification of coffee plants in the implantation phase with glyphosate drift. number of leaves, shoot dry weight and dry weight of the root system) was not efficient. For the physiological variables the application of 2% sucrose, one hour after glyphosate intoxication was the most efficient treatment.</span></p>

Genome-Wide Analysis of the D-type Cyclin Gene Family Reveals Differential Expression Patterns and Stem Development in the Woody Plant Prunus mume

Cyclins, a prominent class of cell division regulators, play an extremely important role in plant growth and development. D-type cyclins (CYCDs) are the rate-limiting components of the G1 phase. In plants, studies of CYCDs are mainly concerned with herbaceous plants, yet little information is available about these genes in perennial woody plants, especially ornamental plants. Here, twelve Prunus mume CYCD (PmCYCDs) genes are identified and characterized. The PmCYCDs were named on the basis of orthologues in Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa. Gene structure and conserved domains of each subgroup CYCDs was similar to that of their orthologues in A. thaliana and O. sativa. However, PmCYCDs exhibited different tissue-specific expression patterns in root, stem, leaf, bud, and fruit organs. The results of qRT-PCR showed that all PmCYCDs, except PmCYCD5;2 and PmCYCD7;1, were primarily highly expressed in leaf buds, shoots, and stems. In addition, the transcript levels of PmCYCD genes were analyzed in roots under different treatments, including exogenous applications of NAA, 6-BA, GA3, ABA, and sucrose. Interestingly, although PmCYCDs were induced by sucrose, the extent of gene induction among PmCYCD subgroups varied. The induction of PmCYCD1;2 by hormones depended on the presence of sucrose. PmCYCD3;1 was stimulated by NAA, and induction was strengthened when sugar and hormones were applied together. Taken together, our study demonstrates that PmCYCDs are functional in plant stem development and provides a basis for selecting members of the cyclin gene family as candidate genes for ornamental plant breeding.

MULTIPLIKASI EMBRIO SOMATIS TANAMAN ANGGREK (Dendrobium sp) DENGAN PEMBERIAN KINETIN DAN SUKROSA SECARA IN-VITRO

The objective of the study was to obtain the combination of sucrose and kinetin concentration reducted in the best effect on Dendrobium explant. This research was conducted in laboratory of tissues culture in Balai Benih Induk Dinas Pertanian and Peternakan Provinsi Riau Pekanbaru from April to June 2015. The experiment was designed using completely randomized design (CRD), factorial consisting of two factors with three replications, the first factor was sucrose with four level respectively 0, 25, 50,75 g L-1 medium. The second factor was kinetin with four level : 0, 0,1, 1,0, 10 mg L-1. The optimum interaction between effect of sucrose and kinetin for percentage of life explants, age bud formation, percentage of explant forming buds, the number of shoot, a percentage of explant producing root was 50 g L-1 sucrose and 1,0 mg L-1 kinetin. Application of sucrose significantly effect age of bud formation, percentage of explant forming buds, number of shoot, shoots high, percentage of explant producing root, number of root, root high, root and shoot ratio (T/R Ratio). Sucrose at 50 g L-1 medium being the best consentration and Kinetin 1,0 mg L-1 being the best consentration.

Application of sucrose modulates the expressions of genes involved in proline and polyamine metabolism in maize seedlings exposed to drought

Sucrose, proline, and polyamines are compatible solutes accumulating in plant tissues and increasing cellular osmolarity under environmental stresses. These compatible solutes and hydrogen peroxide can function as signaling molecules in plants. There has been very little evidence how the supply of sucrose changes the biosynthesis of compatible solutes. This study aimed to assess the cross-talk among sucrose, H2O2, and compatible solutes on the expression of genes encoding key enzymes in the pathways of proline and polyamine metabolism in drought stressed maize seedlings. Drought stress (induced by polyethylene glycol solution) increased the expressions of genes encoding pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS), arginine decarboxylase (ADC), and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (SAMDC), while decreased proline dehydrogenase (ProDH), diamine oxidase (DAO), and polyamine oxidase (PAO) expressions. Addition of sucrose to the stressed seedlings increased the P5CS, ADC and SAMDC expressions more than drought stress alone and reduced more the ProDH, DAO, and PAO expressions. Moreover, exogenous sucrose increased leaf water potential and the content of proline, polyamines, and total soluble sugars, whereas decreased H2O2 content and membrane damages under the drought stress conditions. Consequently, exogenous sucrose contributed to the preservation of water status and the amelioration of damage in maize seedlings under the drought stress.