Application Of Steam Research Articles

Pipe Size Calculation for Steam Supply

Pipe designers and engineers often encounter complex mathematical equations to determine the diameter required for adequate steam discharge capacity at specific flow velocities. This article aims to simplify the calculation of steam pipe sizes. The formulas and factors derived herein can be utilized for determining pipe diameters in steam applications. Ultimately, the findings provide engineers and designers with practical tools to enhance the reliability and efficiency of steam system.

Multi-criteria study and machine learning optimization of a novel heat integration for combined electricity, heat, and hydrogen production: Application of biogas-fueled S-Graz plant and biogas steam reforming

The current research introduces an environmentally friendly heat design method by employing biogas fuel, aiming to yield electricity, hydrogen, and heating load simultaneously. The proposed arrangement consists of a biogas-powered S-Graz plant and a biogas steam reforming cycle. Although methane-fueled S-Graz plants for multigeneration purposes have been studied in previous studies, research on employing biogas fuel to launch a S-Graz plant and integrating a biogas steam reforming cycle with such a plant has yet to be examined. The model is simulated using the engineering equation solver software, and the study includes thermodynamic, exergoeconomic, and sustainability assessments to show the potential of the suggested configuration. By conducting a sensitivity study, a machine learning optimization method within MATLAB is implemented to exhibit the final optimal solution for the proposed arrangement. This optimization uses artificial neural networks and a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II algorithm in a triple-objective framework based on energy efficiency, sustainability index, and products’ specific cost. The optimization demonstrates that the mentioned objectives reach optimal values of 58.26 %, 4.56, and 15.56 $/GJ, respectively. Also, the optimal net output power and hydrogen production rate equal 5746 kW and 1.45 m3/s, respectively. Besides, the process determines the optimal exergy efficiency, total net present value, and payback period as 52.70 %, 50.3 M$, and 8.96 years, respectively. The total investment cost rate for this system also is found to be 219.8 $/h.

Experimental Study on Fiber Extraction after Saturated Steam Softening of Pleioblastus amarus

At present, bamboo fiber is mainly prepared by rolling and carding after employing the alkali boiling softening method, which is not friendly to the environment. In order to obtain a green and environmentally friendly pretreatment method for preparing bamboo fiber, this paper starts with the current bamboo softening technology and explores the impact of various experimental factors on fiber extraction of Pleioblastus amarus (bitter bamboo) after application of the saturated steam softening method through studying the relationship between saturated steam temperature, holding time, moisture content of bamboo strips, fiber yield, fiber fineness, and the mechanical properties of Pleioblastus amarus fiber. Single-factor experiments revealed that optimal softening fiber extraction effects were achieved within a steam temperature range of 150–180 °C, a holding time of 10–30 min, and a moisture content of 12%–22%. Based on these findings, an orthogonal experiment was designed using a factorial-level table. Through the analysis of range, variance, and orthogonal experiment results, combined with the fibrillation effect and the practical application of fibers, the optimal process parameters of the saturated steam softening method for fiber extraction were determined: saturated steam temperature 170 °C, holding time 20 min, and moisture content 12%. In contrast to the method of conventional mechanical fiber extraction after alkali boiling softening treatment, bamboo fibers processed utilizing the optimized conditions of the saturated steam softening technique showcase a substantial 63% elevation in fiber yield, a notable 18% reduction in fiber fineness, a commendable 28% enhancement in fiber tensile strength, an equivalent tensile modulus, and a marked 53% decrease in elongation at break. The softening process can provide a green and environmentally friendly treatment method for bamboo fiber extraction and greatly promote the scope of application of Pleioblastus amarus.

Evaluation of comparative efficacy of Hijama bila shart (dry cupping) and Bukhoor (steam application) in the management of low back pain

Evaluation of comparative efficacy of Hijama bila shart (dry cupping) and Bukhoor (steam application) in the management of low back pain

Mechanical and Drying Shrinkage Performance Study of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete Prepared from Titanium Slag under Different Curing Conditions.

This research investigates the effects of various curing regimes, the incorporation of titanium slag, and the utilization of quartz sand on the strength properties and shrinkage behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC). By using low-heat silicate cement to prepare UHPC, this study conducted standard curing and steam curing, and comprehensively analyzed the macro and micro performance of UHPC under different curing conditions. The findings indicate that the application of steam curing markedly enhances the mechanical attributes of UHPC while efficiently decreasing its drying shrinkage. In the comparative tests, we found that the compressive strength of concrete that had undergone 2 days of steam curing was 9.15% higher than that of concrete cured for 28 days under standard conditions. In addition, under the same curing conditions, titanium slag sand had higher mechanical properties than quartz sand. Under standard curing conditions, the 28-day compressive strength of UHPC using titaniferous slag aggregate was 12.64% higher than that of UHPC using standard sand. Through the data analysis of XRD, TG, and MIP, we found that the content of Ca(OH)2 in the hydration products after steam curing was reduced compared to the standard curing conditions, and the pore structure had been optimized. The UHPC prepared with titanium slag sand has greater advantages in mechanical properties and drying shrinkage, and has a smaller pore structure than the UHPC prepared with quartz sand. Moreover, the use of titanium slag sand offers ecological and economic benefits, making it a more sustainable and cost-effective option for high-performance construction applications.

Application of Steam and Scientific Approaches in Various Learning Models

Competitive and productive are the keys to victory to become a developed country, this is the basic capital for the Indonesian people to win the global battle and this has been owned since the time of our ancestors. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of applying the STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics) approach in various learning models and examine its impact on students' creativity, initiative, and innovation. The application of STEAM learning with an integrated implementation with the application of application-based science fields in children's daily lives through a scientific approach, thus enabling learners to create, take initiative, and innovate individually, because STEAM content is learning with cross-disciplinary connections through exploration opportunities so that it is expected that there is a link between science, technology, engineering, arts, and mathematics by utilizing existing facilities in the surrounding environment to solve problems in building positive knowledge.

Efficacy of steam and diatomaceous earth dust against the tropical bed bug Cimex hemipterus (F.) under laboratory and field conditions.

Over the past two decades, bed bugs (Cimex spp.) have resurged as common urban pests around the world. The search for efficient and safe control measures has become a key interest among researchers, manufacturers, and pest control professionals. In this study, we evaluated and compared the efficacy of steam, diatomaceous earth (DE) dust, and a combination of both against tropical bed bugs (Cimex hemipterus (F.)) under laboratory and field conditions. In the laboratory study, the mortality of bed bugs after 2 days of exposure to DE dust was 100%. When bed bugs stayed on the surface of an object or in cracks, a brief steam treatment (1 s) caused 100% mortality. However, when bed bugs were hidden under a fabric cover, steam application for 10 s only caused 89 ± 6% mortality. Bed bugs that survived steam treatment exhibited reduced feeding activity. In a 14-week long study, there was no significant difference in the reduction rate of bed bugs between steam treatment and DE dust treatment. A 37-week long control study showed that steam and steam plus DE dust treatments eliminated 97-100% of the infestations. Applying steam and DE dust are effective strategies for eliminating natural tropical bed bug infestations. Continuous follow-up monitoring and treatment until no bed bugs are found are crucial in completely eliminating the infestation of tropical bed bugs. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Preparation and Performance of High-Temperature-Resistant, Degradable Inorganic Gel for Steam Applications

Summary To address the problems of steam channeling caused by the nonhomogeneity and fluid compatibility of the reservoir in heavy oil reservoirs and the permanent damage to the reservoir easily caused by traditional plugging agents, this study adopted polyaluminum chloride (PAC) as the main agent, urea as the coagulant promoter, and thiourea as the stabilizer and prepared a high-temperature-resistant (up to 350°C) degradable inorganic aluminum gel with excellent performance. Initially, scanning electron microscope (SEM) tests were conducted on gels with and without urea. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS)-mapping analysis of gels immersed in water with different mineralization levels for 5 days was then performed. The results revealed that the addition of urea led to a tighter and more complete crosslinked structure, significantly enhancing the mechanical strength of the gel. As water mineral content increased, the gel’s microstructure became denser and smoother. Metal cations on the cross-sectional surface increased gradually and distributed uniformly, further confirming the mechanism of the synergistic salt effect of soluble strong electrolytes and urea in strengthening the gel. Finally, the plugging and degradable properties of the gel were evaluated, and the results showed that the plugging percentage of the gel could still reach 97.6% after aging at 350°C for 30 days, and the gel had excellent plugging and diversion in dual sandpack experiments where the permeability ratio was less than 44. At 250°C, the degradation percentage of the gel was more than 98% at 5 days under the nonacid degradation system and 94% at 5 days under the acid degradation system. The gel showed good degradability and effectively reduced the damage to the reservoir.

Ambient Temperature and Relative Humidity Remained Stable after Prolonged Application of Superheated Steam in Enclosed Spaces

Ambient Temperature and Relative Humidity Remained Stable after Prolonged Application of Superheated Steam in Enclosed Spaces

Study on the influence of steam state on seepage, production, migration and deposition of offshore heavy oilfields

In this paper, the influence of steam state on seepage, production, migration and deposition are refined, and the superiority of superheated steam is confirmed. Firstly, the relative permeability of oil-water and oil-steam in offshore cores was measured to analyze flowing characteristics. Then the cyclic steam stimulation of long core was conducted with supersaturated, saturated and superheated steam, and the recovery capacity was quantified, the difference in composition of produced oil was analyzed. Finally, the CT scanning and digital core 3D reconstruction were performed to visualize the influence of steam state on migration of heavy oil components. The results show that the temperature has a significantly higher effect on seepage capacity than permeability, which can effectively broaden the co-seepage range and reduce residual oil saturation. The total recovery of superheated steam is 12 % and 7 % higher than the other two steam respectively, and the main recovery cycle is the former four rounds, which accounts for over 85 % of total recovery. The retention of heavy components can reduce porosity by 4 %∼7 %, superheated steam can alleviate blockage and increase the porosity by over 2 %. This work is expected to provide valuable insights into the application of superheated steam in offshore heavy oilfields.

The Correlation Between STE(A)M Education and Teachers' Digital Competence

The current article discusses teachers' digital competence and possible ways to enhance it through STEAM approach. It also provides examples and parameters related to using the potential of digital technologies in the application of STEAM, including the development of educators' knowledge and skills in all areas of digital competence. An analysis of the results of a survey among 200 Bulgarian teachers on their attitude towards STEAM learning and the competences developed through the approach is presented.

History Learning Innovation with Steam Approach

So far, history lessons are only textual in nature. For this reason, teachers must start preparing students to face the rapidly changing technological developments. Meanwhile, the need for human resources in the future is to be able to think analytically, collaboratively, and interdisciplinary. For this reason, this research will raise the application of STEAM through Project Based Learning as an innovation in learning history. Researchers use qualitative methods. First, reflection aims to bring students into the context of the problem and provide inspiration to students. At the research stage, more learning processes occur. In this stage, the teacher also guides the discussion more and determines whether students have developed conceptual and relevant understanding. The discovery stage connects research and information known in project preparation. Students begin to study independently and determine what is still unknown. At this stage, the students collaborate to find solutions. At the application stage, students test products made from previously determined conditions. The results obtained are used to improve the previous step. The final step is communication. The communication process is carried out to convey ideas. At this stage, the teacher and colleagues conduct a final assessment. In addition, teachers are also expected to be able to provide appreciation and constructive feedback. The results showed that STEAM in Project Based Learning for history learning proved to be effective in encouraging students' creativity, collaboration, and communication skills. However, this method requires careful planning. Some students are also not familiar with project learning.

Explore links among marketing knowledge, data literacy, skill improvement, and learning attitude in STEAM application for hospitality and tourism education

With the increasing attention in developing data literacy competency to enhance students’ employability in tourism and hospitality education. This study proposes a behavior changing process which conducting the concepts of marketing knowledge, data literacy competency, skill improvement, learning attitude and perception of advantage to performing Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Math (STEAM) activities. By considering and incorporating these findings into their teaching approaches, instructors can enhance students' learning experiences and outcomes in the field of tourism and hospitality. The proposed theoretical and educational implications offer valuable guidance for educators seeking to promote STEAM education effectively.

Students’ Perspectives about Science Technology Engineering Art and Math in Application to Physics Measurement Equipment Projects

This research aims to describe student perspectives about STEAM in application to Measurement Physics Measuring Instrument Projects. Research focuses on 23 students enrolled in the Physics Education Study Program at the Palangka Raya State Islamic Institute. The research used descriptive qualitative-quantitative and utilize a Likert scale to conduct a survey. Five projects implemented in this research are DC voltmeter project, galvanometer project, project to determine spring constants, vernier caliper project made from bamboo, sensory equipment project to detect water levels. The integration of STEAM with each project is a holistic methodology that commences with empathetic identification of a problem, followed by ideation through testing, and culminating in the acquisition of knowledge from prototypes and literature to inspire further innovation. According to the results, the five projects described for the science component ( ), technology component ( ), engineering component ( ), art component ( ), and mathematics component ( ). In conclusion, five projects strongly approved as constructive project with STEAM application.

Application of pressurized steam and forced hot air for cleaning broiler transport container flooring

In the United States, cleaning poultry transport containers prior to arrival at the broiler grow-out farm is not currently a widely adopted practice in the industry. However, previous studies have shown that transport containers have an important role in cross-contamination before the broilers arrive at the processing plant. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of pressurized steam followed by forced hot air to clean transport container flooring and compare it to conventional cleaning procedures. Fiberglass and plastic flooring were cut into even pieces and inoculated with chicken intestinal contents containing Salmonella Infantis or Campylobacter jejuni. The cleaning treatments were pressurized steam, forced hot air, pressurized steam followed by forced hot air, water pressure washing, water pressure washing before and after disinfectant, and no cleaning. Counts for Salmonella, Campylobacter, Escherichia coli, coliforms, and aerobic bacteria were assessed. All reductions were made in comparison to noncleaned samples. Forced hot air applied by itself was not efficient in reducing Campylobacter, coliforms, and E. coli; and limited reductions (less than 1 log10 CFU/cm2) were observed for Salmonella and aerobic bacteria. Then, for all bacteria types evaluated, pressurized steam by itself showed reductions of 2.4 to 3.5 log10 CFU/cm2. Samples that were cleaned with a single-pressure water wash showed reductions of 4.0 to 4.6 log10 CFU/cm2 for all bacteria types. For Salmonella, Campylobacter, and E. coli, the greatest reductions were observed when samples were cleaned with pressurized steam followed by forced hot air (4.3-6.1 log10 CFU/cm2) or water washed before and after disinfectant (4.5-6.2 log10 CFU/cm2), and these treatments did not differ from each other. Pressurized steam followed by forced hot air was shown to be an efficient cleaning procedure to reduce poultry-associated pathogens on transport cage flooring, with the benefit of using less water than conventional water cleaning. Processors may be able to adapt this process to reduce potential cross-contamination and lessen the level of pathogens entering the processing plant.

Steam application with paraquat to control goat weed (Scoparia dulcis) in citrus orchards

Reducing herbicide use in horticultural crop production can ameliorate adverse environmental effects but may also impact weed control effectiveness, especially as it pertains to difficult-to-control weeds. This challenge can be addressed by integrating a non-chemical strategy such as steam application with herbicide application. In this study, steam, as a non-chemical approach, was combined with post-emergence herbicide (paraquat) application for goatweed (Scoparia dulcis) management in citrus orchards. Two field trials based on randomized complete block design were conducted in citrus orchards in Immokalee, FL, in 2018 and 2021. Steam was applied to goatweed at a flow rate of 53 L ha−1 for 5–6 s. Twenty-four hours after steam application, low and high paraquat rates (0.3366 and 1.010 kg ai ha−1) were applied. In addition, the same rates of paraquat were applied without steam for comparison. Untreated checks (UTC) of no herbicide or steam applications were also included in the experiment as a control. Based on visual injury ratings, a combination of steam + low dosage of paraquat was as effective as the high dosage of paraquat alone and steam + high dosage of paraquat at 1, 8, and 16 days after treatment application (DAT) in 2018 trial and 1, 8, 16 and 22 DAT in 2021 trial.However, based on one site-year of biomass data, the percentage of dead weed biomass out of total biomass was statistically similar among all the treatments. Results from this study demonstrate that combining a low rate of paraquat applied in tandem with the steam application has the potential to provide effective goatweed control in citrus orchards.

Exhaust steam utilization in waste-to-energy strategies: From district heating to desalination

This study undertakes a comprehensive comparative analysis of different Municipal Solid Waste incineration systems, specifically targeting their energy recovery efficiencies, while also presenting a pioneering exploration of exhaust steam applications in such systems for desalination. The systems evaluated encompass electricity-only generation, air-cooled condensing steam, water-cooled condensing steam, and exhaust steam utilization for both District Heating (DH) scenarios (I, II, III) and Desalination. An energy balance model is employed to simulate and quantify the energy flows and efficiencies within these systems. The results show a wide variance in energy recovery efficiency, ranging from 11.2% for electricity-only to 66.8% for use of exhaust steam in Desalination. Notably, the DH (I) system, which incorporates heat recovery for district heating, showed a significantly higher energy recovery efficiency (57.5%) than the electricity generation-focused systems. The enhanced DH systems (II and III), which integrate condensing and two-stage extraction mechanisms, further improve energy recovery to 59.4% and 58.3% respectively. A sensitivity analysis, accounting for advancements in district heating systems, revealed a potential efficiency increase of up to 5%. The site assessment underscores the Persian Gulf, East Asia, Island Nations, and the European Mediterranean as prime candidates for WtE-desalination cogeneration, while Australia, South & Southeast Asia, the United States, and the Non-European Mediterranean demonstrate notable potential, each presenting unique attributes and challenges that influence their suitability. The efficiency and appropriateness of these systems are strongly influenced by specific external factors such as waste composition, local demand for energy and water, and geographical location.

Preplant Application of Allyl Isothiocyanate Controls Weeds and Pathogens in Eastern North Carolina Strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa cv. Camarosa) with and without Addition of Soil-applied Steam

Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) is a colorless aliphatic oil that naturally occurs in many plants of the cabbage and mustard family (Brassicaceae). It has antimicrobial activity and is used as pesticide for a variety of applications. However, AITC as a soil disinfectant has exhibited inconsistent weed and pathogen control, mainly because of its higher viscosity and low vapor pressure (5 mmHg at 25 °C). Steam, however, effectively controls soil-borne pathogens if soil temperatures of 65 °C or more are reached for a minimum duration of 30 minutes. We hypothesized that steam applications targeting lower temperatures, when combined with soil-injected AITC, will provide sufficient weed and pathogen control. We further hypothesized that the combination of AITC and steam will lead to higher strawberry yields compared with either of the components on their own. Two strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa cv. Camarosa) trials were conducted during two consecutive seasons (2020–21 and 2021–22). The trials were conducted at the Central Crops Research Station in Clayton, NC, USA, and the Horticulture Research Station in Castle Hayne, NC, USA. Eight treatments and a nontreated control were established in a randomized complete block design (four replicates each). The treatments were Pic-Clor 60, AITC, AITC followed by 60 minutes of steam injection, AITC followed by 30 minutes of steam injection, AITC followed by 10 minutes of steam injection, 60 minutes of steam injection, 30 minutes of steam injection, and 10 minutes of steam injection. Soilborne pathogen control efficacy was assessed using wet Pythium sp. plating assays. Weed control was assessed through weed seed/tuber germination assays. Our results showed that combining ATIC with steam did not reduce weed or pathogen levels or improve yield when compared with AITC alone or Pic-Clor 60. Moreover, treatment comprising steam alone did not provide sufficient control. However, AITC alone controlled weeds and pathogens as effectively as Pic-Clor 60 during both years and both locations of the study. These results showed that AITC alone could be a potential alternative soil disinfectant for Eastern North Carolina strawberry production.

Optimization Study of Injection and Production Parameters for Shallow- and Thin-Layer Heavy Oil Reservoirs with Nitrogen Foam-Assisted Steam Flooding

Shallow- and thin-layer heavy oil reservoirs are characterized by their shallow burial, thin thickness, high viscosity, and scattered distribution. After years of steam injection development, several issues have emerged, including a highly comprehensive water cut in the reservoir and serious steam channeling. Therefore, there is an urgent need to change the development approach to enhance crude oil recovery. It has been discovered that developing heavy oil reservoirs through nitrogen foam-assisted steam flooding can effectively address the challenges encountered in pure steam development. This paper takes H Oilfield Block A as a case study, analyzes the geological characteristics and development status of the reservoir in this block, and predicts the recovery of steam injection development in this block using the injection-production characteristic curve method. Furthermore, by establishing a reservoir geological model and fitting it to the historical behavior of the target reservoir, the nitrogen foam-assisted steam flooding injection and production parameters were optimized. The optimal parameters are as follows: optimal steam injection intensity of 2.0 t/(d·ha·m), optimal production/injection ratio of 1.2:1, optimal nitrogen foam slug injection volume of 0.15 PV, optimal nitrogen/steam ratio of 2:1, and intermittent injection between 3 and 4 foam slugs. It is anticipated that this optimized scheme will result in a predicted increase in final recovery of 13.55%. The findings of this study hold significant importance in guiding the application of nitrogen foam-assisted steam flooding in shallow and thin heavy oil reservoirs.

A STEAM Application: Constructing A Palaeontology Library for Students With Visual Disability

Bu çalışmanın amacı, STEAM (bilim-teknoloji-mühendislik-sanat-matematik entegresi) uygulaması
 olarak görme engelli öğrenciler için bir paleontoloji (fosil bilim) kütüphanesi yapılandırmaktır. Bu
 bağlamda multidisipliner bir uygulama olarak bilime sanatı entegre etmek suretiyle bir paleontoloji
 kütüphanesi yapılandırılmıştır. Çalışma 2021-2022 öğretim yılında Ankara ilinde ortaokul düzeyinde
 görme engelli öğrencilere eğitim veren bir kurumdaki sekiz görme engelli öğrenciyle yürütülmüştür.
 Mevcut çalışma bir nitel desen olan durum çalışması temelindedir. Uygulama süreci öncesinde görme
 engelli öğrencilere dokunmaları suretiyle nitelikli öğrenme yaşanmışlıkları elde edebilecekleri yedi adet
 Marmara deniz canlısı fosili yapılandırılmıştır. Fosiller toksik (zehirli) olmayan bir kimyasal bileşimle, geri
 dönüşümsel malzemelerden ileri dönüşümsel olarak, katmanlı ve aslına uygun biçimde 35x50 cm boyutunda yapılandırılmıştır. Uygulama sürecinde görme engelli öğrencilere sosyobilimsel bir etkinlik olarak bu fosil kütüphanesi açılmış ve dokunmaları suretiyle fosilleri aktif biçimde deneyimleyerek öğrenmeleri sağlanmıştır. Veri toplama aracı görme engelli öğrencilerin fosil yaşanmışlıklarına dair geri dönütlerini araştırma ekibinin not ettikleri çalışma yapraklarıdır. Verileri çözümlemede içerik analizi kullanılmıştır. Çalışma sonunda görme engelli öğrenciler STEAM felsefesi temelinde bilim ve sanat harmanlanmasıyla ilk defa fosil modellerine dokunmuşlar, dokunarak deniz canlılarını öğrenmişler, canlılar ve eski yaşantıları arasında benzetmeler yapmışlar ve süreci ilginç, heyecan verici, kısmen güzel ve şaşırtıcı bulmuşlardır.