Application Of Solid-state Fermentation Research Articles

Phytochemical Profile and Bioactivity of Bound Polyphenols Released from Rosa roxburghii Fruit Pomace Dietary Fiber by Solid-State Fermentation with Aspergillus niger.

This study aimed to investigate the phytochemical profile, bioactivity, and release mechanism of bound polyphenols (BPs) released from Rosa roxburghii fruit pomace insoluble dietary fiber (RPDF) through solid-state fermentation (SSF) with Aspergillus niger. The results indicated that the amount of BPs released from RPDF through SSF was 17.22 mg GAE/g DW, which was significantly higher than that achieved through alkaline hydrolysis extraction (5.33 mg GAE/g DW). The BPs released through SSF exhibited superior antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities compared to that released through alkaline hydrolysis. Chemical composition analysis revealed that SSF released several main compounds, including ellagic acid, epigallocatechin, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, quercetin, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid. Mechanism analysis indicated that the disruption of tight structure, chemical bonds, and hemicellulose was crucial for the release of BPs from RPDF. This study provides valuable information on the potential application of SSF for the efficient release of BPs from RPDF, contributing to the utilization of RPDF as a functional food ingredient.

Prospects and application of solid-state fermentation in animal feed production – a review

Abstract Animal feed production has recently received significant attention in the food and livestock sectors due to its high nutritional value and substantial environmental potential. Extensive studies have been conceded to explore the effects of solid fermented feeds on different growth stages of animals but also on the health status of animals, the quality of animal products, and the composition of intestinal microflora to replace non-fermented feed production. The purpose of this review is to provide up-to-date existing trends, recent developments, and prospects of solid-state fermentation (SSF) practices for the production of animal feeds. Studies on enhancing nutritional factors by increasing the crude protein content, enzymes, and antioxidant activity of feed using physical processing methods on agro-industrial waste such as rapeseed meal, cottonseed, wheat bran, soybean meal, and legumes by mainly SSF are reviewed and discussed thoroughly.

Application of solid-state fermentation using mushrooms for the production of animal feed.

The increasing growth of agroindustrial activity resulting in excessive amounts of agriwaste has led to the accumulation of a large quantity of lignocellulosic residues all over the world, in particular in deforestation initiatives for the removal of invasive trees in South Africa. These lignocellulosic residues are rich in energy resources and consist of a mixture of natural polymers based on lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose. The use of lignolytic fungi such as mushrooms in solid-state fermentation could sufficiently degrade the indigestible lignocellulosic components and add medicinal and nutritional value to otherwise unusable, high-energy waste material, which in turn could yield a new method of producing energy-rich fodder for ruminant animals. The digestive type of animal for which the potential feed is developed must be identified and considered before deciding on the bioconversion method and process, as the outcomes for obtaining potentially high-quality feeds for nonruminant and ruminant animals are different. The current study presents data on the bioconversion of lignocellulosic substrate using solid-state fermentation with edible and medicinal mushrooms, Ganoderma lucidumand Pleurotus ostreatus, and a possible new species, to increase digestibility and nutritional value to be applied as ruminant animal feed. The solid-state fermentation process was optimized and the resulting product was analyzed for the degradation of the lignocellulosic components. Results indicated that the solid-state fermentation duration and mushroom species were key components in achieving significant degradation. Data obtained after 18 weeks of degradation indicated a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in the acid detergent fiber, acid detergent lignin, and neutral detergent fiber fractions of the biomass, with up to a 20% reduction in indigestible components. This increase in digestibility could contribute to increased energy availability for ruminant animals.

Dark fermentative hydrogen production: Potential of food waste as future energy needs

Globally, food waste (FW) is found to be one of the major constituents creating several hurdles in waste management. On the other hand, the energy crisis is increasing and the limited fossil fuel resources available are not sufficient for energy needed for emerging population. In this context, biohydrogen production approach through valorization of FW is emerging as one of the sustainable and eco-friendly options. The present review explores FW sources, characteristics, and dark fermentative production of hydrogen along with its efficiency. FW are highly biodegradable and rich in carbohydrates which can be efficiently utilized by anaerobic bacteria. Based on the composition of FW, several pretreatment methods can be adapted to improve the bioavailability of the organics. By-products of dark fermentation are organic acids that can be integrated with several secondary bioprocesses. The versatility of secondary products is ranging from energy generation to biochemicals production. Integrated approaches facilitate in enhanced energy harvesting along with extended wastewater treatment. The review also discusses various parameters like pH, temperature, hydraulic retention time and nutrient supplementation to enhance the process efficiency of biohydrogen production. The application of solid-state fermentation (SSF) in dark fermentation improves the process efficiency. Dark fermentation as the key process for valorization and additional energy generating process can make FW the most suitable substrate for circular economy and waste based biorefinery.

Application of Solid-State Fermentation for the Improving of Extruded Corn Dry-Milling By-Products and Their Protein Functional Properties.

In this study, the effect of solid-state fermentation (SSF) with Lactobacillus sakei MI401 and Pediococcus acidilactici PA-2 strains on functional properties of extruded (130 °C; 25 rpm) corn-milling by-products (CMB) and their albumin, globulin, and prolamin fractions was evaluated in order to produce stabilized and functionalized food/feed stock. Extrusion resulted in a considerable reduction of microbial contamination of CMB by five log cycles, increased damaged starch, water-absorption capacity, and lowered protein and fat contents by 12.4% and 37%, respectively. The application of SSF for the extruded CMB have been shown to improve the water absorption, foaming, and emulsifying capacity of albumins and globulins and also increased the digestibility and free radical scavenging activity of prolamins. The essential amino acid content (EAA) in CMB and antioxidant activity of prolamins was lowered after extrusion but significantly increased after SSF. The combination of the abovementioned treatments can be confirmed as a prospective functionalization of CMB, capable of potentially enhancing its safety and improving nutritional, biochemical, and technological properties of proteins.

Conversion of brewers' spent grain into proteinaceous animal feed using solid state fermentation.

Brewers' spent grain (BSG) represents the 85% of the total residue produced during the beer brewing process, with a global annual production volume exceeding 30 Mtons. The current study concerns the application of solid state fermentation (SSF) as a bioprocess where the nutritional value of BSG is improved for further use as animal feed with increased value. The investigated SSF procedure was initiated by the edible fungi Pleurotus ostreatus, which constitutes a natural source of proteins, β-glucans, and various metabolites (vitamins, nutrients, etc.). Herein, the SSF of BSG resulted in a significant increase of protein content by 49.49%, a 10-fold increase of 1,3-1,6 β-glucans, and a respective reduction of cellulose by 11.42%. The application of this method is expected to provide some useful information on the utilization of BSG as substrate for fungi-initiated SSF, a bioprocess allowing the significant reduction of the environmental impact caused by the beer brewing industry and simultaneously producing animal feed with higher protein content and improved nutritional characteristics. Such studies contribute to confront the unavailability of proteinaceous animal feed observed in the last decade.

Fermentation of Agri-Food Waste: A Promising Route for the Production of Aroma Compounds

Food waste and byproducts are generated along the entire food processing and storage chain. The large amount of waste deriving from the whole process represents not only a great economic loss but also an important ethical and environmental issue in terms of failure to recycle potentially reusable materials. New, clear strategies are needed to limit the amount of waste produced and, at the same time, promote its enhancement for further conversion and application to different industrial fields. This review gives an overview of the biological approaches used so far to exploit agri-food wastes and byproducts. The application of solid-state fermentation by different microorganisms (fungi, yeasts, bacteria) to produce several value-added products was analyzed, focusing on the exploitation of lactic acid bacteria as workhorses for the production of flavoring compounds.

Effects of Solid-State Fermentation and the Potential Use of Cassava By-products as Fermented Food

By-products such as cassava bagasse and leaves are discarded though they contain high amounts of carbohydrates, proteins, fat and minerals. The application of solid-state fermentation (SSF) to substrates containing these by-products could improve the bioavailability of nutrients while reducing the amounts of anti-nutritive factors such as cyanide. To evaluate the possibility of using by-products from cassava some techniques, such as colorimetric methods, gas chromatography and high performance of liquid chromatography were applied to evaluate the total cyanide, carbohydrate contents, to characterize the fatty acid profiles, and estimate the essential amino acids after the fermentation process. After the SSF process, the cyanide content was significantly decreased. The profile of essential amino acids showed high concentrations of histidine, isoleucine, valine, methionine and phenylalanine. Some important unsaturated fatty acids were found, such as linoleic acid (18:29,12); α-linolenic acid (18:39,12,15); 11-eicosenoic acid (20:1) and 13,16-docosadienoic acid (22:2). The evaluation of the protein quality showed a significant increase in its bioavailability. The results support the conclusion that currently not used agricultural by-products could become sources of food that provide important quantities of essential nutrients.

An Application of Solid State Fermentation and Elicitation with Some Microbial Cells for the Enhancement of Prodigiosin Production by Serratia marcescens

The present study provides an evidence for the successful utilization of interspecies interactions to enhance antibiotic production in solid state fermentation that previously established in liquid cultures. Ground corn, wheat bran, rice husk and soya bean ground were examined in order to choose the substrate that support the prodigiosin production from Serratia marcescens. Results revealed that maximum production of prodigiosin was obtained in wheat bran medium, starting from early hours of incubation and reaching its maximum of product yield 47.5 mg.gds-1 (mg per gram of dry substrate) after 48 h of incubation. An enhancement by 2.3-fold in prodigiosin production was obtained as a result of introducing, separately, live and dead prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbial cells as elicitors to S. marcescens medium. The highest prodigiosin production (240mg.gds-1) was obtained when S. marcescens was cultured in wheat bran medium supplemented with sunflower oil (0.5ml.g-1 substrate) and live cells of Bacillus subtilis (0.4ml.g-1 substrate) as elicitor.

A Life Cycle Assessment on the Dehairing of Rawhides: Chemical Treatment versus Enzymatic Recovery through Solid State Fermentation

SummaryThe leather industry needs to switch from the traditional chemically based dehairing process to an environmentally friendly one so that the overall burdens to the environment are reduced. The primary goal of the work was thus to compare the chemical leather dehairing process to an enzymatically based one using the enzymes that are extracted after the application of solid state fermentation (SSF) on hair wastes generated after dehairing. The environmental burdens of the dehairing stage were determined using a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach by comparing the two aforementioned management scenarios. The first scenario was the commonly used technology in which hair is removed via a chemical process and then composted in open piles. This scenario included two subscenarios where hair waste is either incinerated or landfilled. In the second scenario, the proteolytic enzymes extracted during the SSF of the residual hair are used to dehair the new rawhides instead of chemicals. Industrial and laboratory data were combined with international databases using the SimaPro 8.0 LCA software to make comparisons. The environmental impacts associated with the enzymatic dehairing were significantly lower than the ones associated to the conventional chemical dehairing process. This difference is attributed to the impacts associated with the original production of the chemicals and to the electricity consumed in the conventional method. A sensitivity analysis revealed that the results are affected by the amounts of chemicals used during dehairing.

Design of solid state bioreactor for industrial applications: An overview to conventional bioreactors

Abstract Industrial fermentation is the process that has been used in the production of a variety of bio-products that have a broad area of applications. Among the processes, the Solid State Fermentation (SSF) is vital, and its utilization has been growing every day. It is used in many industries including fertilizers, pharma, and food, where it has gained its importance as a substitute for the Submerged Fermentation (SmF). One primary application of SSF is in the production of enzymes that can be used for therapeutic purposes, whose yield is low and cost is higher in case of conventional methods. The major advantage of using SSF is the fact that raw materials for this process are obtained from agricultural wastes and to an extent some industrially produced wastes can be utilized. The usage of SSF is limited because of its inability to be used in large-scale production and in the extraction of the required products. The primary requirement is to overcome any difficulties that are associated with the currently used industrial bioreactors. Important factors that have to be considered is that every reactor has its own significance, and they can give a much better result when compared to other bioreactors; an extensive study has to be done to determine which bioreactors have a better capability on any particular enzyme. The main aim of this review is to study the limitations (e.g. heat transfer) of the conventional bioreactors that are available and how to overcome these limitations shall be addressed in the review.

Uso do resíduo de laranja lima e da casca de coco verde na produção de enzimas

Com uma economia baseada na produção agrícola, o Nordeste brasileiro apresenta grandes volumes de resíduos que, quando não adequadamente dispostos, geram problemas ambientais e de saúde, devido à atração de insetos e roedores e o mau cheiro oriundos do processo de degradação. Como alternativa para minorar tais problemas e agregar valor aos resíduos, com a formação de produtos de interesse comercial, surgem os processos biotecnológicos. A aplicação da fermentação semi-sólida (FSS) é uma destas alternativas, destacando-se por ser um processo simples e de baixo custo. Avaliou-se neste trabalho o uso de resíduos agroindustriais como substrato para a produção de enzimas hidrolíticas por fermentação semi-sólida a partir do fungo Aspergillus niger, conduzidas em frascos Erlenmeyers de 250 mL suplementados com meio mineral, de forma a se ter um conteúdo final de umidade em torno de 60%. A cinética de crescimento foi acompanhada através de medida das atividades enzimáticas, acidez, pH, açúcares redutores (AR) e açúcares redutores totais (ART). Os resultados obtidos mostraram boa eficiência na produção de poligalacturonase ao utilizar resíduos de casca de coco verde, bagaço de laranja lima e a mistura dos dois resíduos como substrato, sendo a maior atividade poligalacturonásica 52,48 U/g, 22, 52 U/g e 38,68 U/g, respectivamente, com fraca atividade de pectinase em ambos. Obtiveram-se baixos valores para as atividades de avicelase e carboximetilcelulase para todos os resíduos, o que indica a necessidade de um pré-tratamento alcalino para promover maior indução enzimática.

Solid State Fermentation: Comprehensive Tool for Utilization of Lignocellulosic through Biotechnology

Lignocellulosics are widely available natural products which are the tremendous source for the production of enzymes being used for the numerous applications in food, feed, paper, textile and agro-biotechnological industries, ethanol production, bioremediation processes and many more. Enzyme productions from microorganisms are stimulated aggressively through solid state fermentation which meets the demand of getting rid of agro-industrial waste and strengthen the consumption of renewable resources through biotechnology. Though well-developed techniques for enzyme production by submerged fermentation has been found very successful at the industrial sectors; solid state fermentation helps to overcome to the issues of production cost and high yield. Additionally the availability of the substrate with very much economical rate can compensate the overall economic expenses which promote the application of solid state fermentation at industrial level. However several reports regarding fermentation techniques and their pre-treatments are available, the present review will discuss about utilization of lignocellulosics through solid state fermentation for production of enzymes and their enhanced applications in different sectors in recent years.

Efficient conversion of high concentration of glycerol to Monacolin K by solid-state fermentation of Monascus purpureus using bagasse as carrier

High concentration of glycerol was used as the sole carbon source for efficient production of Monacolin K (MK) by solid-state fermentation (SSF) of Monascus purpureus 9901 using agricultural residue (bagasse), as an inert carrier. A comparative study showed that MK production in SSF was about 5.5 times higher than that of submerged fermentation when 26% of glycerol was used, which may be due to the formation of glycerol concentration gradients in the inert carrier and less catabolite repression in SSF. For enhancement of MK yield in SSF, the effects of different influential variables, such as glycerol concentration, nitrogen source and its concentration, initial moisture content, inoculum size and particle size of bagasse, were systematically examined. All the factors mentioned above had an effect on the MK production in SSF to some extent. The maximal yield of MK (12.9mg/g) was achieved with 26% glycerol, 5% soybean meal, 51% initial moisture content, 20% inoculum size and 1mm particle size of bagasse. The results in this study may expand our understanding on the application of SSF using agricultural residue as carrier for production of useful microbial metabolites, especially the efficient conversion of high concentration of glycerol to MK by Monascus purpureus.

Value added waste of Jatropha curcas residue: Optimization of protease production in solid state fermentation by Taguchi DOE methodology

The oil extraction of Jatropha curcas created the large amount of the by-product from its seeds. An application of solid-state fermentation (SSF) was considered to be of value to these raw materials. This study investigated the potential of a utilization of deoiled J. curcas seed cake as substrate for protease productions by Aspergillus oryzae. While various parameters for SSF was conventionally individually optimized, five parameters were simultaneously examined based on Taguchi method. The effect of three different levels of five factors, including moisture content of substrate, inoculums size, incubation temperature, type of porous substrate and incubation time were examined. The optimum conditions for the protease production by A. oryzae obtained from this experiment were 45% moisture content of substrate, 10% inoculums size, 30°C incubation temperature, deoiled J. curcas seed cake mixed with cassava bagasse ratio 4:1 as porous substrate at 84h of incubation time. By adjusting the conditions to these optimum levels, the protease production increased up to 4.6 times as many as the protease yield from the non-optimizing experiment. The use of statistical approach, Taguchi method, provided a satisfactory outcome in defining the optimum conditions for protease production by A. oryzae. Further, the utilization of deoiled J. curcas seed cake as substrate for SSF was proven as the suitable practice for this agricultural waste, in order to develop for an industrial use.

Application of solid-state fermentation to food industry—A review

Solid state fermentation (SSF) has become a very attractive alternative to submerged fermentation (SmF) for specific applications due to the recent improvements in reactor designs. This paper reviews the application of SSF to the production of several metabolites relevant for the food processing industry, centred on flavours, enzymes (α-amylase, fructosyl transferase, lipase, pectinase), organic acids (lactic acid, citric acid) and xanthan gum. In addition, different types of biorreactor for SSF processes have been described.

Combined discrete particle and continuum model predicting solid-state fermentation in a drum fermentor.

The development of mathematical models facilitates industrial (large-scale) application of solid-state fermentation (SSF). In this study, a two-phase model of a drum fermentor is developed that consists of a discrete particle model (solid phase) and a continuum model (gas phase). The continuum model describes the distribution of air in the bed injected via an aeration pipe. The discrete particle model describes the solid phase. In previous work, mixing during SSF was predicted with the discrete particle model, although mixing simulations were not carried out in the current work. Heat and mass transfer between the two phases and biomass growth were implemented in the two-phase model. Validation experiments were conducted in a 28-dm3 drum fermentor. In this fermentor, sufficient aeration was provided to control the temperatures near the optimum value for growth during the first 45-50 hours. Several simulations were also conducted for different fermentor scales. Forced aeration via a single pipe in the drum fermentors did not provide homogeneous cooling in the substrate bed. Due to large temperature gradients, biomass yield decreased severely with increasing size of the fermentor. Improvement of air distribution would be required to avoid the need for frequent mixing events, during which growth is hampered. From these results, it was concluded that the two-phase model developed is a powerful tool to investigate design and scale-up of aerated (mixed) SSF fermentors.

New developments in solid state fermentation: I-bioprocesses and products

The last decade has witnessed an unprecedented increase in interest in solid state fermentation (SSF) for the development of bioprocesses, such as bioremediation and biodegradation of hazardous compounds, biological detoxification of agro-industrial residues, biotransformation of crops and crop-residues for nutritional enrichment, biopulping, and production of value-added products, such as biologically active secondary metabolites, including antibiotics, alkaloids, plant growth factors, etc. enzymes, organic acids, biopesticides, including mycopesticides and bioherbicides, biosurfactants, biofuel, aroma compounds, etc. SSF systems, which during the previous two decades were termed as a ‘low-technology’ systems, appear to be a promising one for the production of value-added ‘low volume-high cost’ products such as biopharmaceuticals. SSF processes offer potential advantages in bioremediation and biological detoxification of hazardous and toxic compounds. With the advent of biotechnological innovations, mainly in the area of enzyme and fermentation technology, many new avenues have opened for the application of SSF. This review discusses more recent developments in the area of SSF leading to the developments of bioprocesses and products.