Application Of Sodium Hypochlorite Research Articles

The Interaction of Two Widely Used Endodontic Irrigants, Chlorhexidine and Sodium Hypochlorite, and Its Impact on the Disinfection Protocol during Root Canal Treatment

In recent years, sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine digluconate have been the gold standard of irrigation solutions utilized within the disinfection protocol during root canal treatments. Nowadays, it is known that, during chemical disinfection of the root canal, consecutive application of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine digluconate leads to the formation of an orange-brown precipitate. This precipitate is described as being chemically similar to para-chloroaniline, which is suspected to have cytotoxic and carcinogenic effects. Concerns also exist regarding its influence on the leakage of root canal fillings, coronal restorations, and tooth discoloration. The purpose of this article is to review the literature on the interaction of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine digluconate on the tooth and its surrounding tissues, and to discuss the effect of the precipitate formed during root canal treatment. We further address options to avoid the formation of the precipitate and describe alternative irrigation solutions that should not interact with sodium hypochlorite or chlorhexidine digluconate.

Viability of seeds of two varieties of Coffea arabica L. using different pretreatments in the tetrazolium test

This research attempted to determine the efficacy of the tetrazolium test in the evaluation of the seed viability of two varieties of Coffea arabica L. (‘Castillo’ and ‘Cenicafé’). The fruits were obtained from crops located in the municipalities of Salazar de las Palmas and Arboledas (Norte de Santander - Colombia). The test was carried out with embryos manually extracted from the seeds using tweezers. Three pretreatments were established: distilled water, sodium hypochlorite (2.5 %), sucrose (10 %), and a control (no pretreatment). Embryos were placed in a cysteine solution (0.5 %) to prevent oxidation, then immersed in tetrazolium solutions with concentrations of 0.035 %, 0.075 %, and 0.1 % for a period of 6, 9, and 12 hours in darkness. The results of the viability test were validated with seed germination, using the wet paper towel method in darkness. The best viability percentages were found with the application of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO 2.5 %), with a high correlation with the germination percentage. The use of pretreatments improved the efficiency of the viability test and allowed the use of low concentrations of the reagent (0.035 %), giving the farmer a quick and less expensive alternative to determine germination capacity.

Evaluation of enamel deproteinization in bond strength of orthodontic accessories: A split-mouth randomized clinical trial

This split-mouth randomized clinical trial aimed to evaluate the influence of dental enamel deproteinization with sodium hypochlorite on orthodontic accessories breakages using 2 orthodontic adhesives. Forty patients with indications for orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances were randomly divided into 2 groups according to the orthodontic adhesive used: Transbond XT (3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif) (n= 20) and Orthocem (FGM Dental Products, Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil) (n= 20). A split-mouth trial was conducted in the maxillary teeth; the deproteinization process with 5% sodium hypochlorite was performed on the experimental side. The opposite side served as a control without deproteinization. The primary outcome was the number of orthodontic accessories breakages. The randomization was performed using the BioStat software (AnalystSoft Inc, Walnut, Calif). Single-blind was applied for patients. Orthodontic accessories were bonded according to the manufacturer's instructions. The accessories breakages were followed during the first 6 months of treatment. Intergroup comparisons were performed with t tests and 1 and 2-way analysis of variance. Thirty-nine patients concluded the trial. The Transbond XT group comprised 20 patients (9 male, 11 female), with a mean age of 20.77 ± 6.44 years. The Orthocem group included 19 patients (9 male, 10 female), with a mean age of 23.14 ± 7.98 years. The application of sodium hypochlorite before bonding did not influence the number of orthodontic accessories breakages (P= 0.867). The type of adhesive used, associated or not with the deproteinization, did not affect the number of orthodontic accessories breakages (P= 0.929). Enamel deproteinization with 5% sodium hypochlorite did not impact the number of orthodontic accessories breakages. In addition, the 2 bonding adhesives used showed similar clinical results, with or without the enamel deproteinization. The trial was registered at ensaiosclinicos.gov.br, ReBEC (no. RBR-39ntmjk). The protocol was not published before trial commencement. This research did not receive any grant from funding agencies.

Cytotoxicity and Efficacy in Debris and Smear Layer Removal of HOCl-Based Irrigating Solution: An In Vitro Study.

In the present study we evaluated the cytotoxicity of super-oxidized water on human gingival fibroblasts and its efficacy in debris and smear layer removal from root canal walls. Cultured gingival fibroblasts were exposed to super-oxidized water (Sterilox), which was diluted in Iscove’s modified Dulbecco’s medium (IMDM) at 30%, 40%, 50%, 60% and 70% concentrations. The control group was maintained in IMDM. The cell viability was evaluated by means of an MTT assay after incubation periods of 1 h, 2 h, 24 h and 48 h. Pathological cellular changes were also observed under fluorescence and phase contrast microscopes. The efficacy in debris and smear layer removal was evaluated in comparison to the conventional application of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Forty maxillary premolars were randomly divided into two equal groups (n = 20) and shaped with ProTaper NEXT rotary instruments using Sterilox or NaOCl/EDTA for irrigation. Afterwards, roots were split longitudinally and examined under a scanning electron microscope. The results revealed that super-oxidized water and sterile distilled water have acceptable biological properties for endodontic applications at concentrations up to 50% (p > 0.05). Moreover, super-oxidized water is equally effective in debris and smear layer removal as compared to NaOCl/EDTA (p > 0.05).

The effects of disinfection with Er, Cr:YSGG laser, application of CPP-ACP and sodium hypochlorite on shear bond strength.

The effects of commonly used antimicrobial and anticariogenic agents on the adhesion of pit and fissure sealants were investigated in this study. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of erbium, chromium: yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet (Er, Cr:YSGG) laser disinfection, casein phosphopeptides-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) containing paste and sodium hypochlorite application before the placement of a resin-based pit and fissure sealant on the shear bond strength of primary tooth enamel. The shear bond strength test evaluated the bond strength of sealants on the buccal enamel surfaces of primary molar teeth. The study groups were pit and fissure sealant without any preapplication, pre application of disinfection with Er, Cr:YSGG laser, disinfection with Er, Cr:YSGG laser and CPP-ACP containing paste, sodium hypochlorite, sodium hypochlorite and CPP-ACP containing paste and CPP-ACP containing paste. The pit and fissure sealants were placed using 4 mm diameter, 2 mm height cylindrical plastic tubes. Shear force was applied to each sample. The surfaces of the broken samples were detected under stereomicroscope and were grouped as adhesive, cohesive, and mixed. The results of the study were evaluated using the SPSS 16.0 package program for statistical analysis. The groups where sodium hypochlorite and sodium hypochlorite with CPP-ACP were applied showed the lowest bond strength (p < 0.05). It was observed that most of the failures in these groups were adhesive-type failures. No significant difference was observed between the shear bond strengths of the other groups (p < 0.05). Er, Cr: YSGG laser and CPP-ACP containing paste are alternative methods for pre-application of fissure sealants.

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ПРОЦЕСІВ ОЧИЩЕННЯ ВОДИ ВІД ІОНІВ МАНГАНУ ПРИ ВИКОРИСТАННІ РОЗЧИНІВ НАТРІЙ ГІПОХЛОРИТУ

The creation of effective demanganization technologies by the development of new and intensification of known processes of manganese removal from natural waters are currently of increasing importance.The search for promising ways to demanganize water to regulatory values is a topical issue for the modern water treatment domain.Recent publications of methods for extraction of manganese ions from water by sorption, membrane, ion exchange methods were reviewed. The prospects of application of oxidative methods for water demanganation are shown.The purpose of the article is to investigate the manganese ions removal methods from water during their oxidation by sodium hypochlorite and to establish the dependence of the efficiency of demanganization on the consumption of oxidizing agent and the concentration of manganese ions in water.The study presents the application of sodium hypochlorite as an oxidant in the purification of artesian water from manganese ions. It was determined in static conditions that the degree of manganese removal is affected by both its initial concentration in water and the dose of sodium hypochlorite. Water purification process is more efficient with initial manganese concentrations above 5 mg/dm3. At a manganese ion concentration 30 mg/dm3, its complete removal was achieved in 4 hours of settling at a stoichiometric ratio of manganese and sodium hypochlorite in water and at any excess of oxidant. The process of manganese ions oxidation in artesian water by sodium hypochlorite depending on its dose and contact time was studied. The dose of oxidant for the removal of manganese ions from artesian water was also determined. Thus, the research allowed to improve the methods of water purification from manganese ions during their oxidation by sodium hypochlorite and found that the water purification efficiency increased both with increasing consumption of oxidizing agent and increasing the concentration of manganese ions in water.

Proses Bleach Washing pada Kain Denim yang Dicelup dengan Zat Warna Indigo Menggunakan Natrium Hipochlorit (NaOCl)

The process of bleach washing on denim fabrics produces a paler or lighter shabby effect. The shabby effect is produced by using an oxidizing agent. The application of sodium hypochlorite can cause a decrease in color aging of denim fabrics and high tensile strength. The pH condition also affects the occurrence of oxycellulose damage which will affect the final result. Inappropriate pH will cause a very high oxidation process and produce a less shabby effect and can cause a decrease in tensile strength. Therefore, the concentration of NaOCl and pH must be adjusted properly so that optimal results are obtained. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of optimum concentration of sodium hypochorite (NaOCl) and pH on the physical properties of denim fabric. After the process of bleach washing process experiment was carried out, a test was carried out based on two-factor Anova statistical data and the optimum visual test fabric results were obtained at a NaOCl concentration of 2 g/L using alkaline pH (10-11). The test values were obtained as follows: color fastness to rubbing are 3-4 for dry, 2-3 for wet, tensile strength 67.4 kg in warp direction, 43.1 in weft direction, fabric stiffness in warp direction 430.48, weft direction 344.54. The factory standard for a tensile strength of 65 kg warp direction, 40 kg weft direction, color fastness to rubbing 3 for dry rubbing and 2 for wet rubbing.&#x0D; Keywords: bleach washing, denim, sodium hypochlorite, oxycellulose, color fastnes &#x0D;

Effects of culture medium type and plant growth regulators on in vitro culture of Sorbus persica Hedl.

Sorbus persica Hedl. is an Iranian endemic slow-growing tree (fam. rosaceae) and is endangered. It is important in terms of the gene storage, environmental protection, and medicinal uses. To in vitro propagate this species by the lateral bud culture, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design in three levels of culture medium and three levels of cytokinin with three replications. For shooting, the DKW, WPM, and MS culture media containing the cytokinins BAP, Kin, and 2ip, and for rooting, the complete and modified DKW, WPM, and MS culture media containing the auxins NAA and IBA separately and in a consecutive application were investigated. The results showed that the best sterilization treatment was a consecutive application of sodium hypochlorite 20% (v/v, 15 min) and mercuric chloride 0.1% (3 min) in summer. The best proliferation and longitudinal growth of shoots was observed in the MS medium containing IBA (0.01 mg l-1), Kin (0.25 mg l-1), and BAP (3 mg l-1) growth regulators. Also, the best rooting was obtained in the DKW medium with a quarter of the concentration of macroelements containing the NAA+IBA hormones (0.3+0.3 mg l-1).

Sodium Hypochlorite 0.005% Versus Placebo in the Treatment of Mild to Moderate Acne: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial.

Acne vulgaris is a common inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous follicle that affects many teenagers and young people. There is an obvious need for topical treatments with good tolerability and efficacy for the management of acne lesions. This study determined the therapeutic efficacy of topical sodium hypochlorite solution (0.005%) in the treatment of mild to moderate acne lesions. This placebo-controlled randomized controlled trial compared 0.005% sodium hypochlorite to placebo administered topically on each side of the patients' faces 3 times a day for 1 month. The numbers of papules and pustules were recorded at baseline, 1, 2 and 4 weeks after initiation. The total number of papules and pustules decreased after topical application of sodium hypochlorite 0.005% for 1 month. Topical sodium hypochlorite solution (0.005%) can be effective in the treatment of mild to moderate acne, and its clinical efficacy was evaluated between the male and female groups and between the hormonal and non-hormonal ones. Our study was registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT) with the code number IRCT20200701047976N1.

Can Probiotics Emerge as Effective Therapeutic Agents in Apical Periodontitis? A Review

Apical periodontitis (AP) is a biofilm-associated disease initiated by the invasion of dental pulp by microorganisms from the oral cavity. Eradication of intracanal microbial infection is an important goal of endodontic treatment, and this is typically accomplished by mechanical instrumentation and application of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine. However, these agents are tissue-irritating at higher concentrations and cytotoxic. Certain probiotics have been found effective in controlling marginal periodontitis, as evidenced by reduction of pathogenic bacterial loads, gains in clinical attachment levels, and reduced bleeding on probing. In vitro studies have shown inhibitory activity of some probiotics against endodontic pathogens. Similarly, in vivo studies in rats have demonstrated a positive immuno-modulatory role of probiotics in AP, as manifested by decreased levels of proinflammatory markers and increased levels of anti-inflammatory markers. A role for probiotics in effecting a reduction of bone resorption has also been reported. This review provides an outline of current research into the probiotic management of AP, with a focus on understanding the mechanisms of their direct antagonistic activity against target pathogens and of their beneficial modulation of the immune system.

Are different pulp treatment techniques and associated medicaments effective for the treatment of extensive decay in primary teeth?

Data sources Cochrane Oral Health's Trials Register and Central Register of Controlled Trials, Medline Ovid, Embase Ovid, Web of Science, Open Grey, US National Institutes of Health Ongoing Trials Register and World Health Organisation International Clinical Trials Registry Platform. There were no restrictions on language or publication dates.Study selection Two reviewers selected randomised clinical trials (RCTs) comparing different pulp interventions in extensively decayed primary teeth, which combined a pulp treatment technique and a medicament.Data extraction and synthesis Data were extracted independently by two reviewers recording year of publication, country of origin, inclusion/exclusion criteria, description of interventions, sample size, mean age, duration of follow-up and outcome data. Risk of bias was assessed by two reviewers. Meta-analysis was performed on RCTs comparing different medicaments for the same pulp technique or different pulp treatment techniques with each other.Results Eighty-seven RCTs were included in qualitative synthesis, yielding 59 studies for meta-analysis. The 87 RCTs involved 7,140 randomised teeth with 17 split-mouth RCTs and 70 parallel arm design. In total, 125 different comparisons were examined using clinical and radiological failure rates; 75 compared different pulpotomy agents or techniques, 25 compared different pulpectomy agents, four compared pulpotomy and pulpectomy, and 21 compared different agents for direct pulp capping. Where possible, data were compared for 6, 12 and 24 months. For pulpotomy, mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) appears least likely to fail over those time periods. For pulpectomy, results were inconclusive comparing failure rates between various agents; however, two RCTs found a lower failure rate for zinc oxide-eugenol (ZOE) compared with Vitapex. For direct pulp capping, there was a low number of studies undertaking the same comparisons; calcium silicates (eg MTA and Biodentine) hold future promise.Conclusions Overall, evidence quality ranged from moderate to very low. For pulpotomy, MTA may be the best pulpotomy medicament in primary molars. Formocresol is effective but generally accepted as toxic. Biodentine, enamel matrix derivatives, laser application or Ankaferd Blood Stopper (a plant-based haemostatic agent used to control gastrointestinal bleeds) appear to be second choices. If all of these are unavailable, an application of sodium hypochlorite may be the safest option. For pulpectomy, evidence was inconclusive; however, ZOE paste may be more effective than Vitapex, but no further conclusions could be made. For direct pulp capping, the evidence was of low to very low quality. The best alternative may be a tricalcium silicate, especially MTA. Future RCTs may change these findings.

Application of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for ammonia removal in wastewater effluent of PT. HS

&lt;table width="508" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="380"&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Abstract.&lt;/strong&gt; PT HS is a world’s leading toy manufacturing company with more than 6,000 workers. Due to the high number of workers in PT. HS, it will impact to domestic activities (toilet discharge). Based on the annual report for wastewater effluent, noted that parameter ammonia from PT HS’s wastewater effluent was exceeding the industrial estate limit which the average of ammonia concentration is 50 mg/L. Whereas, In the industrial estate regulation contain of several standard parameters that must be comply by the company such as ammonia standard which has maximum 10 mg/L for the wastewater effluent. &lt;strong&gt;Objectives:&lt;/strong&gt; The objectives of this experiment are to know the optimum dose of NaOCl 9% on ammonia removal and to know the concentration of residual chlorine after the treatment process. &lt;strong&gt;Method and results&lt;/strong&gt;: This research use the experimental method to get the primary data. After the experiment in the laboratory, the results proved that the sodium hypochlorite exposure reduces ammonia concentration in water samples with 82,2% removal efficiency from 50 mg/L to 8,9 mg/L ammonia concentration reduced with 110 mg/L of NaOCl 9% solution within 30 minutes contact time and it resulted the residual chlorine 0.72 mg/L. &lt;strong&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/strong&gt; The chlorination process was effective to reduce the ammonia concentration. Also, the residual chlorine was still in the standard limit which not exceeds from 1 mg/L. The result also shows that the dose variations of sodium hypochlorite influence ammonia removal efficiencies. Also, mostly the total residual chlorine forecast will increase with the increasing sodium chlorine dose.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;

Sodium Hypochlorite as an Adjunct to Nonsurgical Treatment of Periodontitis: A Systematic Review.

To evaluate effects of the adjunctive subgingival application of sodium hypochlorite on clinical outcome following nonsurgical periodontal treatment. A search protocol was developed to answer the following focused question: 'in patients with periodontitis, does adjunctive subgingival application of sodium hypochlorite have additional clinical benefits compared to subgingival debridement alone?' Randomised controlled clinical trials (RCTs) published up to January 30, 2020, with at least 6 months of follow-up, in which sodium hypochlorite was used as an adjunct in nonsurgical periodontitis treatment were included. The search was limited to the English language. Out of 355 studies retrieved, the search resulted in two publications that fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The adjunctive application of sodium hypochlorite did not provide additional beneficial effect in terms of changes in the evaluated clinical outcomes (i.e. probing depth values [PDs], clinical attachment level gain [CAL] and bleeding on probing [BOP]) when compared to mechanical instrumentation alone over the 12-month investigation period (p > 0.05). The available data have failed to show any additional clinical benefit following the use of sodium hypochlorite in conjunction with nonsurgical periodontal therapy.

Sodium Hypochlorite Treatment: The Impact on Bacteria and Endotoxin Concentrations in Drinking Water Pipes of A Pig Nursery

Poor drinking water quality can affect pigs’ health and performance. The disinfection of water may enhance microbial water quality. In this study, bacteria and endotoxins in sodium hypochlorite-treated and -untreated water from one pig nursery were analyzed. Water samples were taken from incoming water and from compartments with treated and untreated water at the beginning and end of pipes and from nipples. The farm was visited 14 times to measure total bacteria counts and concentrations of Pseudomonas spp. and endotoxins. Additionally, the occurrence of coliform bacteria was analyzed. A mixed model analysis revealed significant reductions in total bacteria counts and Pseudomonas spp. in treated water at the beginning of pipes and at nipple drinkers. The differences between bacteria concentrations at the end of pipes had no clear trend. Endotoxin concentrations were approximately equal at the beginning of pipes and at nipple drinkers but were found to have differences at the end of pipes. The occurrence of coliform bacteria was significantly reduced in treated water. The application of sodium hypochlorite can significantly reduce bacteria in water pipes. Endotoxin concentrations were mostly unaffected by water treatment. Disinfection of the dead-end pipe sections failed, and thus these parts should be regarded as potential contamination sources.

Effect of sodium hypochlorite on adhesive charactersitics of dentin: A systematic review of laboratory-based testing

ObjectiveThe purpose of this review was to systematically summarize the outcomes of laboratory-based studies investigated the effect of sodium hypochlorite application on bond strength of dentin to various materials. DataA comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library and OpenThesis database. Then a manual search was also carried out for references from identified articles. SourcesThe search followed the “Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA)” statement. Two independent reviewers evaluated the collected studies for their eligibility according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data abstraction and evaluation of risk of bias was then performed. Study selectionA total of 164 articles were assessed for eligibility. Only 69 met the inclusion criteria. Most included studies presented a low (15.9%) to medium (68.1%) risk of bias. Only 15.9% presented high risk of bias. Because of heterogeneity of the included studies, Meta-analysis was not performed. ConclusionThe outcome from low or high risk of bias studies revealed that sodium hypochlorite has no effect on bond strength of coronal or root canal dentin. While that from medium risk studies showed a reduction in bond strength of dentin.

Pharmacological Correction of Experimental Acute Toxic Hepatitis

The aim of study was to develop new methods of treatment of acute toxic hepatitis. To achieve this objective, the authors investigated dynamics of pathological changes in the hepatic tissue under acute intoxication followed by the pharmacological correction with sodium hypochlorite.Material and methods. The study included 45 male rats that were subjected to the experimental simulation of acute toxic hepatosis. Group 1 included intact animals; group 2 included animals that were intragastrically administered allyl alcohol resulting in acute toxic hepatosis; group 3 included rats with acute toxic hepatosis caused by allyl alcohol introduction that was corrected by sodium hypochlorite; group 4 included animals with acute toxic hepatosis corrected by essentiale N; group 5 included animals with acute toxic hepatosis corrected by the combined application of sodium hypochlorite and essentiale N. On the 6th day the animals were removed from the experiment with the followed histological examination of the hepatic tissue.Results. The introduction of allyl alcohol was accompanied by significant changes in hepatocytes expressed by dystrophic, necrotic processes and circulatory disorders of the hepatic lobules. Pharmacological correction by sodium hypochlorite, essential H, or their combination did not result in the complete histological recovery of hepatocytes; however, the degree of fatty degeneration decreased significantly under the influence of sodium hypochlorite or its combination with essentiale N.Conclusions. The application of sodium hypochlorite as a monotherapy or in combination with essential N in acute toxic hepatitis has allowed to relieve the severity of fatty liver disease. 0.03% solution of sodium hypochlorite can be effective as both - an independent method for treating acute toxic hepatitis, and in combination with other hepatoprotectors.

Pulp treatment for extensive decay in primary teeth.

Pulp treatment for extensive decay in primary teeth.

Biofilm Formation by Coagulase-Positive Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Mozzarella Cheese Elaborated with Buffalo Milk and its Effect on Sensitivity to Sanitizers

Background: The buffalo milk mozzarella cheese is a new product in the market, with high consumer acceptance and excellent prospects for trade. The cheese is rich in nutrients, which favors the proliferation of microorganisms that can cause food-borne diseases in the consumer. Staphylococcus aureus can cause gastro-enteritis in humans by the production of enterotoxins in food. One problem that may hinder the elimination of undesirable microorganisms in the food industry is the formation of biofilms. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus isolated from buffalo mozzarella cheese on sensitivity to sanitizers.Materials, Methods &amp; Results: Fifty samples of buffalo mozzarella cheese were analyzed to investigate the presence of S. aureus. The isolates were obtained through microbiological analysis and identified by PCR. The similarity of the strains was compared through rep-PCR. The distinct strains were tested for biofilm formation in microtiter plates. Soy Tripticase Broth (TSB) was placed in each well of the microtiter plate and overnight cultures of each strain was added. Wells without bacterial culture were used as controls. A villous cap was then placed on the plate and incubated for 48 h at 37°C. During incubation, the biofilms formed on the surface of the villi of the caps. For quantification of biofilm formation, material that remained attached to the cap was stained with crystal violet, the stained biofilm was extracted and the OD570 of each well was measured. Each strain was classified as non-biofilm forming, weak forming, moderately formed or formative strong. Strong forming and non-biofilm forming strains were tested on high density polyethylene, stainless steel and glass surfaces. Plates of 4 cm² of the different materials were placed in TSB where the culture of each isolate was inoculated separately. At each 48 h incubation the plates were washed to remove unbound cells and re-inserted into TSB without the inoculum. After five replicates of the procedure, sterile swabs were passed over the entire surface of each plate for counting in Baird-Parker agar. They were also tested for sensitivity to sodium hypochlorite and iodine after biofilm formation. The biofilm plates were immersed in flasks containing sanitizers, where they remained for 10 min. At the established contact time, the plates were immersed in neutralizing solution for 30 s. After washing with PBS, a sterile swab was passed on the surface of each plate and counts on Baird-Parker agar were performed. The bands profiles obtained on rep-PCR were identical when compared to isolates from the same sample, indicating that each sample was contaminated with only one S. aureus strain. From the twenty S. aureus strain identified, two isolates were classified as strong biofilm formers, seven as moderate formers, ten weak formers and one as non-biofilm builder. The two strong forming strains produced biofilm on the three surfaces tested. The application of sodium hypochlorite and iodine sanitizers promoted a reduction of approximately 2 log bacterial populations on all surfaces of both the biofilm and non-forming strains.Discussion: Most strains of S. aureus isolated from buffalo milk mozzarella cheese have the ability to form biofilm on the surfaces of equipment and utensils that have stainless steel, glass or high density polyethylene components. Although biofilm forming strains are no longer resistant to sanitizers sodium hypochlorite and iodine than non-forming sanitizers, they reach higher concentrations in the biofilm, resulting in larger bacterial populations remaining after application of the sanitizers. These results support the recommendation that the good hygienic practices adopted by industries processing buffalo milk mozzarella cheese should include specific measures to control the Staphylococcus aureus contamination.

Experimental clinical substantiation of application of immobilized forms of sodium hypochlorite in treatment of infected pancreatonecrosis

OBJECTIVE. The study substantiated the possibility of application of sodium hypochlorite for treatment of infected pancreatonecrosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS. The experimental study was conducted on 288 rats. Clinical research was carried out on 94 patients who were divided into two statistically homogenous groups. «Levomecol» ointment was used in the first group for sanation of omental bursae (lesser sac). The immobilized form of sodium hypochlorite was applied for the second group. RESULTS. Anti-inflammatory activity of immobilized form of sodium hypochlorite exceeded this activity in case of «Levomecol» application in 1,2-1,4 times. Anti-microbial activity was higher in 1,6-1,8 times at different terms of treatment of experimental animals. The proposed method of treatment of infected pancreatonecrosis allowed doctors to decrease the number of postoperative complications in patients on 11,2 % and lethality - on 9,2 %. CONCLUSIONS. It was stated that the application of immobilized forms of sodium hypochlorite for sanation of the omental bursae was pathogenically justified and efficient.

Assessment of post-contamination treatments affecting different bonding stages to dentin.

Objectives:To assess the effect of cleansing treatments following saliva and blood contamination at different bonding stages to dentin.Materials and Methods:Labial surfaces of 168 permanent maxillary central incisors were ground flat exposing superficial dentin. Specimens were divided into: uncontaminated control (A), contamination after etching (B), contamination after adhesive application (C), contamination after adhesive polymerization (D). Groups were further subdivided according to cleansing treatments into: rinsing (B1, C1, D1), re-etching (B2, D3), sodium hypochlorite application (B3), ethyl alcohol application (C2), acetone application (C3), rinsing and rebonding (D2), re-etching and rebonding (D4). Composite microcylinders were bonded to treated substrates and shear loaded micro-shear bond strength (μSBS) until failure and treated surfaces were examined with scanning electron microscope. Debonded surfaces were classified as adhesive, cohesive or mixed failure. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test.Results:The μSBS values were ranked as follow; Group B: A > B3 > B2 > B1 > B, Group C: A > C3 > C2 > C1 > C, Group D: A > D4 > D1 = D2 ≥ D3. Debonded surfaces showed adhesive failure in Group B while cohesive failure in Groups C and D.Conclusions:Cleansing treatments differ according to bonding step; re-etching then rebonding suggested if etched substrate or polymerized adhesive were contaminated while acetone application decontaminated affected unpolymerized adhesive.