Application Of Protective Measures Research Articles

Computer Security of NPP Instrumentation and Control Systems: Protective Measures against Computer Threats

The main principles and methods of protection against computer threats, methodology used for computer security, policy, plan and computer security program are considered in the paper. The recommendations on the application of protective measures against computer threats in Ukraine depending on a computer security degree are made. The paper presents the analysis of different approaches to computer security assurance described in documents of the International Atomic Energy Agency, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission and International Electrotechnical Commission.

ДЕРЖАВНЕ РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ БАНКІВСЬКОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ В УКРАЇНІ

The article is devoted to the analysis of scientific approaches to the interpretation of the concepts of "state regulation", "state regulation of banking", "banking regulation" and the measures on which the state regulation of banking is based. An analysis of the scientific literature in various fields allows us to conclude that scholars ambiguously interpret the term "state regulation of banking." Most often, state regulation of banking is seen as a system of measures by which the state through authorized bodies regulates the activities of banks. The domestic legislator considers the concept of "banking regulation" as one of the functions of the National Bank of Ukraine, which is to create a system of norms governing the activities of banks, determine the general principles of banking, banking supervision, liability for violations of banking legislation. The main purpose of banking regulation is security and financial stability of the banking system, protection of the interests of depositors and creditors. The importance of state regulation of banking as an integral part of public policy is emphasized. Effective state regulation of banking activities should ensure stable and uninterrupted operation of the banking system, guarantee the provision of quality services by banks to depositors and borrowers and protect their interests. Preventive and protective measures on which the state regulation of banking activity in Ukraine is based are considered. Preventive measures should be implemented through the approval of mandatory regulations. The application of protective measures should provide protection against the already threatening situation for the bank. Attention is also paid to the forms in which state regulation of banks by the National Bank is carried out. Such forms are administrative regulation and indicative regulation.

Organization of engineering works during demolition of a road section

When using explosive ordnance for the demolition of elements, materials and facilities, organization is very important in the preparation of works as well as during demolition itself. In the Army of Serbia, for this kind of works, there are specialized expert units within Land Forces engineering battalions or brigades. The organization of the engineering work given in the article is a purposeful solution, regarding the use of movable property and stress imposed on people as well, when performing demolition of a concrete structure - road section. Lack of literature is a big drawback, especially lack of norms for demolition works. Except for some unofficial lectures for internal use, most of the literature dates back to the seventies or early eighties. A special emphasis in this paper is given to the application of protective measures in the use of explosives.

Epidemiological Characteristics of Carrying Viral Hepatitis B Antigen in the Population of the Nišava District

Summary The aim of this paper was to determine the trend of diseases and epidemiological characteristics of viral antigen carrying of hepatitis B for better implementation of prevention and control of the disease activity. The annual reports, reports of diseases - deaths from infectious diseases, epidemiological survey of the Public Health Institute (IPH) Niš were used as the material. The period from 2002 to 2011 in the Nišava District was considered. A descriptive method was used. HBsAg carrying shows an upward trend (y=15+3.27 x). Most carriers are males (57.27%), live in urban areas (98.16/ 100.000 population), average age 41.92 years old ±SD 18.59, pensioners (22.42%). 54.05% are nephrology patients (almost all retirees under the age of 60 years old). Only 15.76% were hospitalized. The data on the vaccination status are insufficient. In 5.45%, co-infection with hepatitis C virus was found. 63.33% belong to the group of patients for whom there were no data on the mode of transmission. Hemodialysis patients make 16.67%, blood donors 9.39%, 6.36% pregnant women and injecting drug users 1.21%. The upward trend of carrying, the presence of all known risk groups in the population of carrying in the Nišava District points to the need for improved epidemiological surveillance, strict application of protective measures, conducting of statutory vaccination of all categories of people exposed to particular risk of infection as well as continuing education on preventive measures of both population and health care providers.

Situação de Risco e Pobreza em uma Cidade do Sul de Minas Gerais

The goal of this article is to discuss the influence of the poverty phenomenon on the appearance of the risk condition to children and younger. This occurs when they have the rights guaranteed in the Brazilian Constitution, threatened or violated. Therefore, this work inquired identifies the socioeconomic profile of the families which have low, economic condition and live in the peripheral neighborhoods of Lavras/MG. Structured surveys were applied to the representative of the families on their home, in 2006. The counselors of the Tutelary Council have conceded the data of the risk condition in the city. The Tutelary Council is responsible to the application of protective measures and remove children and younger of the risk condition. The results show that the poverty can determine the appearance of the risk condition since the social-assistance policies offered by the State is not sufficient and effective, face the demands of the population for necessary resources to survive. Moreover, the society and the family of these children and younger have an impact on the notion of welfare social. Key-Words: risk condition, protective measures, poverty

Inflammatory bowel disease and hepatitis B and C

The risk of viral B and C hepatitis has long been considered to be increased in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Blood transfusion and surgery have been identified as the two main risk factors, suggesting nosocomial transmission could be involved. However, recent epidemiologic surveys have found that prevalence in IBD patients is similar to or even lower than that in the general population. Part of the explanation of these recent data may lie in the application of protective measures against viral infection (hepatitis B virus [HBV] vaccination and hepatitis C virus [HCV]-free blood transfusions). Sometimes fatal viral reactivations have been reported in patients on immunosuppressive therapy. Two periods can be distinguished: a) during therapy, a rise in viremia associated with a decrease of immune-mediated hepatic lesions; b) after cessation of therapy, an immune rebound with a destruction of virus-infected hepatocytes. For HBV, preemptive strategy consisting of an antiviral analog is efficient in chronic HBs antigen carriers. For HCV, the impact of immunosuppressive drugs on the natural history is unclear. Most studies report improved comfort although no biopsies were performed before and after immunosuppressive treatment. Physicians managing IBD patients should be aware of the need for screening and institute preventive measures against B and C hepatitis.

Indicator of UV Index Intervals

A simple device for indication of intervals of UV index (UVI) values and the level of necessary protection is constructed. The indication is based on the solar elevation angle and total ozone column values. The recommended level of protection is indicated via color-coded (red, yellow, green) intervals on the scale of the device. Comparisons of the indication of the device to the forecast of UVI for 165 days during spring, summer and fall for Belgrade, Serbia showed that for 162 days the indication about application of protective measures was in agreement with the UVI forecast. The indicator is simple, easy to use, straightforward and reliable in determining the interval of UVI values and the level of necessary protection from UV radiation.

Verletzungen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen (1–17 Jahre) und Umsetzung von persönlichen Schutzmaßnahmen

Parent interviews with regard to their children's accidents and to accident protective measures in the Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS) aimed at extending our knowledge of age- and gender-specific injuries and to identify risk groups and risk factors for injury prevention. The parents of 16,706 children (aged 1-17 years) were asked about their children's injuries within the last 12 months which were medically treated, and about accident mechanisms, consequences of injuries, and ambulatory and hospital treatment. In addition, parents and children aged 11 to 17 years (n = 6813) were asked to give information on protective measures. According to the parents 15.9 % of the children had at least one injury within the last 12 months, 15.2 % because of an accident and 0.8 % because of assault. In the age group 1-17 boys have been injured significantly more often than girls (17.9 % vs. 14,0 %). Overall, 13.3 % of 2,410 injured children and adolescents were hospitalized. Two thirds of the accidents among toddlers were domestic accidents (60 %) whereas leisure and sport accidents were most prevalent in children and adolescents aged 5-14 years and 15-17 years (32.1 % and 38.9 %). The proportion of accidents in child care facilities and educational institutions tripled from infancy to school age (age 5-14 years) (10.9-28.7 %), as did traffic accidents (5.6-16.7 %). The three most frequent injury mechanisms in the age range 1-17 years were falls on level ground (35.2 %), falls from heights (25.2 %) and collisions with objects or persons (20.6 %). Falls from heights showed the highest risk in toddlers (35.8 %). Contusions, sprains and strains increased to a highest level of 50.9 % in adolescents; likewise, bone fractures increased from 10.7 % in toddlers to 21.8 % in adolescents aged 15-17 years. An influence of socioeconomic status on injuries overall and on consequences of injuries was not seen. For traffic accidents in children aged 1-17 years boys (p = 0.019) and girls (p = 0.047) from families with lower socioeconomic status showed higher rates of accidents than children from families with higher socioeconomic status. The application of protective measures was lowest in the age group 14-17 years. While according to the parents about 90 % of children aged 3-4 years wear a helmet when riding a bicycle or when skating, this quote was lower in the age group 5-14 (60 %) and dropped to about 15 % in the age group 14-17 (about 15 %). Also the rate for using protective clothes was lowest in age group 14-17 (boys 41.8 %; girls 52.2 %). In children and adolescents the rate of self-reported helmet use is lower than estimated by their parents. In all age groups migration background and low socioeconomic status were associated with lower use of protective measures (helmets and protective clothes). The age related data analysis should be the starting point in prevention measures for specific risk groups considering migration and socioeconomic status. Prevention activities in traffic should focus on families with low social status. Adolescents should be specifically and adequately addressed regarding the benefits of certain safety measures when riding a bicycle and when skating.

Reduction of Geotechnical Risk for Deep Excavations in Urban Settings

Results are presented for studies conducted by the Scientific-Research Institute of Foundations and Underground Structures on scientific accompaniment of Moscow construction projects; these results are the basis of procedures proposed by the author for prediction of the settlements of buildings in close proximity to deep pits, and determination of zones of application of protective measures. The settlements of buildings caused by work production during their occupancy are investigated. The data obtained make it possible to reduce geotechnical risk during the opening of underground space in a dense urban setting.

Molluscan and vertebrate immune responses to bird schistosomes

There is a growing understanding of risks posed by human contact with the cercariae of bird schistosomes. In general, there are no fundamental biological differences between human and bird schistosomes in terms of their interactions with snail and vertebrate hosts. The penetration of host surfaces is accompanied by the release of penetration gland products and the shedding of highly antigenic surface components (miracidial ciliated plates and cercarial glycocalyx) which trigger host immune reactions. New surface structures are formed during transformation: the tegument of mother sporocysts and the tegumental double membrane of schistosomula. These surfaces apparently serve as protection against the host immune response. Certain parasite excretory-secretory products may contribute to immunosuppression or, on the other hand, stimulation of host immune reactions. Discovery of new species and their life cycles, the characterization of host-parasite interactions (including at the molecular level), the determination of parasite pathogenicity towards the host, the development of tools for differential diagnosis and the application of protective measures are all topical research streams of the future. Regularly updated information on bird schistosomes and cercarial dermatitis can be found at http://www.schistosomes.cz (web pages of Schistosome Group Prague).

Mechanical cornpicker hand injuries

Mechanical cornpicker hand injuries are not frequent in comparison to general hand trauma, but they have a specific mechanism of occurrence and are very severe. This investigation included 221 hand injuries. The sex distribution shows a general male dominance (85.25%) in their active age (84.44%). These are, seasonal injuries mostly occurring in October (75.11%). By type of injuries, mutilating crush injuries are most frequent (64.25%). After completing the treatment, in most cases the functional result were estimated as bad (50.68%). Data concerning education and trainig for operating agricultural machines (96.38%--patients without training) and carrying out safety measures (63.35% of injured patients did not apply any protection measures) are devastating. The number of these injuries, as well as consequent permanent disabilities, may be considerably reduced by preventive measures, inclulding public health services and media. Use of contempoarary agricultural machinery, as well as obligatory training for operating these machines and application of protective measures, may also reduce the incidence of hand injuries during corn picking.

Acute Renal Failure Due to Rhabdomyolysis in Diabetic Patients

We report a 32-year-old Black man, admitted to the ICU with coma and severe metabolic disturbances due to diabetic ketoacidosis. During the admission, rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure (ARF) were diagnosed. After metabolic control and gradual decrease of creatine kinase levels, he presented a progressive improvement of renal function. We emphasize nontraumatic rhabdomyolysis as a poorly recognized pathogenetic factor for ARF in diabetic ketoacidosis and suggest that a better understanding of its mechanisms and an early application of protective measures is necessary.

Algorithm for assessment of mean annual gonad dose and genetically significant dose from the data of personal dosimetry

During one year more than 40000 items of information on radiation exposure of personnel involved in the handling of radiation sources as well more than 5,000,000 items of information on irradiation of other people are collected in our laboratory. Considerable progress in assessment of mean annual gonad dose and genetically significant dose has been attained by means of an algorithm for a personal computer. This simple and inexpensive system has led to a higher accuracy in the application of protective measures.

Impulse and Dynamic Flashover Studies of 26-Kv Wood Pole Transmission Construction

This paper presents the results of a series of laboratory tests made with a million volt surge generator and 60-cycle high-voltage testing equipment on unit pole transmission construction now in standard usage on a large 26-kv transmission system. Actual impulse curves are given for several types of straight span pole top construction. Basic values of impulse flashovers are presented which should facilitate coordination of impulse insulation between poles of any similar transmission lines, aid in applying protective gaps, and furnish a guide to the comparative impulse strength of both present and new types of construction. Defects in present design standards and possible improvements are discussed. An analysis of the factors governing the development of a power arc following impulse sparkover and corresponding experimental data showing the extent of occurrence of such arcs are presented. The paper concludes that reliance upon air or wood separations within the usual physical limits to prevent lightning outages will be unsatisfactory, and discusses the application of protective measures.