Application Of Poultry Manure Research Articles

Bio-organic fertilizers promote yield, chemical composition, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oil in fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) seeds

The aromatic fennel plant (Foeniculum vulgare Miller) is cultivated worldwide due to its high nutritional and medicinal values. The aim of the current study was to determine the effect of the application of bio-organic fertilization (BOF), farmyard manure (FM) or poultry manure (PM), either individually or combined with Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) and/or Lactococcus lactis (LL) on the yield, chemical composition, and antioxidative and antimicrobial activities of fennel seed essential oil (FSEO). In general, PM + LP + LL and FM + LP + LL showed the best results compared to any of the applications of BOF. Among the seventeen identified FSEO components, trans-anethole (78.90 and 91.4%), fenchone (3.35 and 10.10%), limonene (2.94 and 8.62%), and estragole (0.50 and 4.29%) were highly abundant in PM + LP + LL and FM + LP + LL, respectively. In addition, PM + LP + LL and FM + LP + LL exhibited the lowest half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 8.11 and 9.01 μg mL−1, respectively, compared to l-ascorbic acid (IC50 = 35.90 μg mL−1). We also observed a significant (P > 0.05) difference in the free radical scavenging activity of FSEO in the triple treatments. The in vitro study using FSEO obtained from PM + LP + LL or FM + LP + LL showed the largest inhibition zones against all tested Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial strains as well as pathogenic fungi. This suggests that the triple application has suppressive effects against a wide range of foodborne bacterial and fungal pathogens. This study provides the first in-depth analysis of Egyptian fennel seeds processed utilizing BOF treatments, yielding high-quality FSEO that could be used in industrial applications.

Effect of Organic Manures and Potassium Levels on Growth and Yield Attributes of Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.)

The field experiment was conducted during rabi 2022 at the Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology And Sciences, Prayagraj (U.P.) India. To study the Response of Organic manures and potassium on growth and yield of Pearl millet The treatment combinations were T1: FYM 5t/ha + 30 kg/ha potassium, T2: FYM 5t/ha + 40 kg/ha potassium, T3: FYM 5t/ha + 50 kg/ha potassium, T4: Vermicompost 5t/ha + 30 kg/ha potassium, T5: Vermicompost 5t/ha + 40kg/ha potassium, T6: Vermicompost 5t/ha + 50kg/ha potassium, T7: Poultry Manure 4t/ha + 30kg/ha potassium, T8: Poultry Manure 4t/ha + 40kg/ha potassium, T9: Poultry Manure 4t/ha + 50kg/ha potassium, and control plot T10:(RDF80:40:40 NPK kg/ha) . Results obtained that the plant height (168.06 cm), plant dry weight(48.87 g/plant),crop growth rate (24.0 g/m2/day), ear head length (25.07cm) number of grains/ear head (2372.69), test weight (10.92 gm), seed yield (36.90 q/ha) and stover yield (68.03 q/ha)were significantly influenced with application of Poultry Manure 4t/ha + 50 kg/ha potassium. Higher gross return (INR 86707.17/ha), higher net return (INR 58590.17/ha) and highest B:C ratio (2.08) were also recorded in treatment-9 (Poultry Manure 4t/ha + 50 kg/ha potassium).

Effect of Different Phosphorus Sources on Soil Physico-Chemical Property Dynamics under Chickpea Crop

A field experiment was conducted during Rabi season of 2021-2022 to study the effect of rock phosphate (RP), poultry manure (PM) and phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) on soil properties. The experiment was laid out in three replications with 9 treatments in Randomized Block design (RBD). Results revealed that the combined application of 50% P through RP + 50% P through PM + PSB (T9) significantly decrease the bulk density but, higher soil porosity was observed with application of 100% P through PM (T5) and 100% P through PM + PSB (T8) were at par. Whereas, improved in soil pH and organic carbon were reported with the application of T8. Also, the maximum available nitrogen (294.95 kg ha-1) was acquired under T8. However, the highest available phosphorus, potassium and available Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn content in soil were observed with T9. Similarly, higher PSB population and acid phosphatase activity was recorded with application of T9. Dehydrogenase activity was observed to be higher underT8 at harvest of chickpea crop. It was concluded that application of phosphate, poultry manure and phosphate solubilizing bacteria improve the soil properties.

Comparative Study of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Cultivation Through Organic and Conventional Farming

As organic farming gains popularity worldwide, it is crucial to investigate the potential benefits of using poultry manure as an organic fertilizer source. This study aimed to assess the comparative performance of tomato cultivation under organic and conventional farming practices, with a specific focus on the effects of varying rates of poultry manure applications. The research was carried out at the Teaching and Research Farm of College of Agriculture Science and Technology Jalingo, Taraba State, Nigeria. This was conducted during the 2021 cropping season (April - June) with four levels of poultry manure. Three (3) application rate of poultry manure (5.0 tha-1, 8.0 tha-1, and 11 tha-1) was used to compare with the control/check with no application of poultry manure, all replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. The objective of this research was to determine the impact of different rates of poultry manure application on tomato growth and yield potentials. After a thorough evaluation of the experimental plots, it was found that the treatment with 11tha-1 of poultry manure demonstrated superior performance compared to the other treatment levels. The tomatoes grown with this application rate exhibited significantly higher yields and improved plant vigor, as confirmed by the recorded data. The study's findings provide valuable insights for local farmers, as this research supports the use of 11 tha-1 poultry manure application as an effective strategy to enhance tomato cultivation and maximize yield potential. The necessity of conducting this research arises from the need to optimize tomato cultivation practices and address the growing demand for sustainable and environmentally friendly farming methods. The study also provides evidence that the application of 11 tha-1 poultry manure significantly improves tomato cultivation outcomes. The results obtained underline the relevance of optimizing nutrient management practices in organic and conventional farming systems, fostering enhanced yield potential, and promoting sustainable agricultural practices for future food security.

ORGANIC AND BIOFERTILIZERS EFFECTS ON THE RHIZOSPHERE MICROBIOME AND SPRING BARLEY PRODUCTIVITY IN NORTHERN KAZAKHSTAN

Organic fertilizers‟ usage enhances crop productivity and improves soil fertility and the surrounding environment in livestock complexes. The presented study assessed the effect of biofertilizers and poultry-based organic fertilizers on rhizospheric microbial diversity, yield attributes, and productivity of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Conducting field experiments started in 2021 in Northern Kazakhstan's Southern carbonated chernozem of the steppe zone. Poultry manure application had three doses (5, 10, and 15 t ha-1), while four types of biofertilizer of microbial origin consisted of Compo-MIX, Agro-MIX, Agrarka, and Trichodermin-KZ. The poultry-based organic manure resulted in the highest number of nitrogen-fixing bacteria. By treating seeds with biofertilizers, Agrarka and Trichodermin-KZ, the organotrophic bacteria dominated the barley rhizosphere. The seed treatment with Agro-MIX, Trichodermin-KZ, and organic fertilizer (at the rate of 5 and 10 t ha-1) resulted in a predominance of nonsymbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Combined analysis of variance revealed that, on average, the organic and biofertilizers significantly increased plant viability, 1000-grain weight, and grain productivity. Combined application of poultry manure (10 t ha-1) and biofertilizer Trichodermin- KZ gave the highest average values of grain productivity, i.e., 1,550 and 1,490 kg ha-1 (15.5 and 14.9 quintal ha-1), respectively.

Maximizing yield of aromatic fine rice through application of zinc and poultry manure

Zinc (Zn), one of the most important micronutrients for plants which play vital role in various metabolic functions and deficiency of this nutrient in agricultural soils associated with lower yield of rice in many regions of the world. The integrated use of organic and inorganic fertilizer has been found to be promising for sustainable crop production and poultry manure could be a rich source of organic matter. Considering these factors, a field experiment was conducted to observe the effect of zinc and poultry manure-based fertilization on the yield of aromatic fine rice, BRRI dhan34. Four levels of zinc and three levels of poultry manure (PM) were tested as treatment including control. Application of zinc, PM and their interaction significantly influenced the growth and yield of rice that result the tallest plant (131.33 cm), maximum number of effective tillers/hill (13.89), grains/panicle (128.54), 1000-grain weight (12.09 g) and highest grain yield (3.21 t/ha) where 4 kg Zn/ha were applied. On the other hand, tallest plant (129.92 cm), maximum number of effective tillers/hill (9.13), grains/panicle (128.23), 1000-grain weight (12.05) and grain yield (3.24 t/ha) were obtained where 10 t/ha of PM were applied. The interaction between application of 4 kg Zn/ha and 10 t PM/ha performed best in all yield contributing characters and results maximum grain yield (3.64 t/ha). Therefore, 4 kg Zn/ha along with 10 t PM/ha was found to be suitable combination for cultivation of aromatic fine rice.

Response of sweet corn (zea mays saccharata L.) to different levels of organic and inorganic fertilizers . 2 - flowering and yield parameters

This study was conducted in the Agriculture research station of Chamchamal in Sulymaniyah / Iraq, on 3rd July to 8th October 2022. Was designed using a (RCBD) four *four with three replications. The arrangement of treatment is as follows, The first treatment was chemical fertilizer (NPK) consisting of four levels (0, 50, 75and 100)% of recommended application dose. The second treatment of two types of poultry manure (0, 4ton ha-1 domestic, 4ton ha-1 imported, and 2ton ha-1 from domestic and imported), results obtained from this study can conclude as follows. yield component (Days to 75% flowering (male and silk) appearance, number of row, weight of 500 grains and yield per plant, as well as the quantity of grains per row and cob)were significantly superior with the use of chemical and poultry manure application compared with the control, the better yield and its component of sweet corn was from the combination of two fertilizers(organic and inorganic) At the 50% of recommended inorganic fertilizer and 4 ton ha-1 of domestic poultry manure

Impacts of the Application of Enrofloxacin-containing Poultry Manure on the Soil Microbial Activities

Impacts of the Application of Enrofloxacin-containing Poultry Manure on the Soil Microbial Activities

Effect of Poultry Manure, Vermicompost and Zinc on Growth and Yield of Rice

The field experiment was carried out during rabi 2022 at Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, SHUATS, Prayagraj (U.P), India. The soil of experimental plot was sandy loam in texture, nearly neutral in soil reaction (pH 7.1), low in organic carbon (0.36 %), available N (171.48 kg/ha), available P (15.2 kg/ha) and available K (232.5 kg/ha). The experiment was designed in Randomized Block Design, with nine treatments, including a control, replicated three times over the course of a year. The treatments consists of T1: Poultry manure 4t/ha+ zinc 15kg/ha, T2: Poultry manure 4t/ha + zinc 20kg/ha, T3: Poultry manure 4t/ha + zinc 30kg/ha, T4: Vermicompost 12t/ha + zinc15kg/ha, T5: Vermicompost 12t/ha + zinc 20kg/ha, T6: Vermicompost 12t/ha + zinc 30kg/ha, T7: Poultry manure 50% + vermicompost 50% + zinc15kg/ha, T8: Poultry manure 50% + vermicompost 50% + zinc 20kg/ha, T9: Poultry manure 50% + vermicompost 50% + zinc 30kg/ha are used. The application of Poultry manure 50% + vermicompost 50% + zinc 20kg/ha recorded significantly higher Plant height (41.07 cm), Number of tillers per plant (14.33), Plant dry weight (19.05 g/plant), Significantly maximum number of panicles/plant (13.00), grains/panicle (84.00), Test weight (20.01 g), grain yield (5.98 t/ha), Haulm yield (9.44 t/ha), Harvest index (38.79 %) were recorded with the treatment of Poultry manure 50% + vermicompost 50% + zinc 20kg/ha.
 Higher gross returns (Rs. 2,98,907.00/ha), net return (Rs. 2,15,897.00/ha) and benefit cost ratio (2.59) was obtained in the treatment of Poultry manure 50% + vermicompost 50% + zinc 20kg/ha.

Differential impact of swine, bovine and poultry manure on the microbiome and resistome of agricultural grassland

Land spreading of animal manure is an essential process in agriculture. Despite the importance of grassland in global food security the potential of the grass phyllosphere as a reservoir of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is unknown. Additionally, the comparative risk associated with different manure sources is unclear. Due to the One Health nature of AMR there is an urgent need to fully understand the risk associated with AMR at the agriculture - environmental nexus.We performed a grassland field study to assess and compare the relative and temporal impact of bovine, swine and poultry manure application on the grass phyllosphere and soil microbiome and resistome over a period of four months, using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and high-throughput quantitative PCR (HT-qPCR). The soil and grass phyllosphere contained a diverse range of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and mobile genetic elements (MGEs). Manure treatment was found to introduce ARGs belonging to clinically important antimicrobial classes, such as aminoglycoside and sulphonamide into grass and soil. Temporal analysis of ARGs and MGEs associated with manure treatment indicated ARGs patterns were similar across the different manure types in the manure treated soil and grass phyllosphere. Manure treatment resulted in the enrichment in members of the indigenous microbiota and the introduction of manure associated bacteria, with this impact extending past the recommended six-week exclusion period. However, these bacteria were in low relative abundance and manure treatment was not found to significantly impact the overall composition of the microbiome or resistome. This provides evidence that the current guidelines facilitate reduction of biological risk to livestock. Additionally, in soil and grass samples MGEs correlated with ARGs from clinically important antimicrobial classes, indicating the key role MGEs play in horizontal gene transfer in agricultural grassland. These results demonstrate the role of the grass phyllosphere as an under-studied sink of AMR.

Mitigation effects and microbial mechanism of two ecological earthworms on the uptake of chlortetracycline and antibiotic resistance genes in lettuce

The contamination of greenhouse vegetable soils with antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), caused by the application of livestock and poultry manure, is a prominent environmental problem. In this study, the effects of two ecological earthworms (endogeic Metaphire guillelmi and epigeic Eisenia fetida) on the accumulation and transfer of chlortetracycline (CTC) and ARGs in a soil–lettuce system were studied via pot experiments. The results revealed that earthworm application accelerated the removal of the CTC from the soil and lettuce roots and leaves, with the CTC content reducing by 11.7–22.8 %, 15.7–36.1 %, and 8.93–19.6 % compared with that of the control, respectively. Both earthworms significantly reduced the CTC uptake by lettuce roots from the soil (P < 0.05) but did not change the CTC transfer efficiency from the roots to leaves. The high-throughput quantitative PCR results showed that the relative abundance of ARGs in the soil and lettuce roots and leaves decreased by 22.4–27.0 %, 25.1–44.1 %, and 24.4–25.4 %, respectively, with the application of earthworms. Earthworm addition decreased the interspecific bacterial interactions and the relative abundance of mobile genetic elements (MGEs), which helped reduce the dissemination of ARGs. Furthermore, some indigenous soil antibiotic degraders (Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, Sphingobium, and Microbacterium) were stimulated by the earthworms. The results of redundancy analysis indicated that the bacterial community composition, CTC residues, and MGEs were the main parameters affecting the distribution of ARGs, accounting for 91.1 % of the total distribution. In addition, the bacterial function prediction results showed that the addition of earthworms reduced the abundance of some pathogenic bacteria in the system. Overall, our findings imply that earthworm application can substantially reduce the accumulation and transmission risk of antibiotics and ARGs in soil–lettuce systems, providing a cost-effective soil bioremediation practice for addressing antibiotic and ARGs contamination to guarantee the safety of vegetables and human health.

Influence of Manures on Some Soil Fertility Properties, Yield and Agronomic Efficiencies of Soybean (Glycine max) on Degraded Acid Soil

Aluminum toxicity is a major limitation to leguminous crop production in acidic soils but mineral and organic fertilizer applications could ameliorate the condition. Thus, the focus of this study was to evaluate the influence of manures on post-harvest soil fertility quality, yield and agronomic efficiencies of soybean (Glycine max). The study had six fertilizer treatments: poultry manures, rabbit manures, pig manures, sheep manures, cattle manures, single super phosphate and the control (no soil additive) laid in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), with four replicates. The experiment was conducted at the greenhouse of the Wesley University, Ondo, Nigeria. The treatments were applied at the rate of 40 kg P205ha-1 and the effects of treatments on yield parameters (biomass, grain yield and total dry weight), relative agronomic efficiencies, as well as soil fertility status were observed. Data analysis using ANOVA at 5% level of probability showed the application of poultry manure to have enhanced soybean grain yield and yield component. Poultry manure treatment had the highest mean total dry weight of 11.5 g while SSP resulted in the lowest yield (4.7g). The efficiency of available P released from the applied poultry manure was 2 times higher than the referenced single super phosphate fertilizer in Ondo. Poultry manure application again had higher RAEDSW than to chemical fertilizer. Thus, applications of poultry or pig manures at 40 kg P205ha-1 could be excellent materials as alternatives to mineral fertilizer (single super phosphate) for improving soil fertility, yield of soybean and its agronomic efficiencies.

Impact of Different Fertilizer Sources under Supplemental Irrigation and Rainfed Conditions on Eco-Physiological Responses and Yield Characteristics of Dragon's Head (Lallemantia iberica).

The effects of the irrigation regime and different fertilizer sources on the eco-physiological responses and yield characteristics of dragon's head were explored in a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with 12 treatments and 3 replications in the 2019 growing season. The treatments included six different fertilizer sources (animal manure, vermicompost, poultry manure, biofertilizer, chemical fertilizer, and control) and two irrigation regimes (rainfed and supplemental irrigation). The results indicated the positive effects of supplementary irrigation and the application of vermicompost, poultry manure, and animal manure by increasing the absorption of nutrients (phosphorus and potassium) and improving relative water contents, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, and the fixed oil percentage of dragon's head. The activities of catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase decreased in the rainfed plants, whereas organic fertilizer application increased the antioxidant enzyme activity. The highest grain yield (721 kg ha-1), biological yield (5858 kg ha-1), total flavonoids (1.47 mg g-1 DW), total phenol (27.90 mg g-1 DW), fixed oil yield (200.17 kg ha-1), and essential oil yield (1.18 kg ha-1) were noted in plants that were treated with vermicompost under supplemental irrigation. Therefore, it is recommended that organic fertilizers such as vermicompost and poultry manure be used to substitute chemical fertilizers. These practices can help popularize organic crops using rainfed and supplementary irrigation.

Effect of Organic Source of Nutrients on Soil Physico-Chemical Properties, Growth and Yield of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata)

Organic source of nutrient has effect on soil physico-chemical properties, growth and yield of cabbage. To determine the effect of organic source of nutrients on soil physio-chemical properties, growth and yield of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata). Field experiment was conducted on acidic sandy loam soil of Horticulture farm at Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Rampur, Chitwan, from 5th December 2020 to 26th March 2021.The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Special NPK granules, Carbon based, Vermicompost, Obifert, Neem seed cake, Poultry manure, Farm Yard Manure (FYM), Mustard oil seed cake and Goat manure were used as treatments along with control. Application of poultry manure significantly increased plant height (22.33 cm) with least number of unfolded leaves (7.33), highest head diameter (106.40 cm) and head yield (45.51 t/ha) of cabbage. Bulk density was not statistically significantly influenced by the application of organic source of nutrients. Significantly higher available Phosphorous content in soil was found with the application of mustard oil seed cake (118.58 kg/ha) and available Potassium content was higher with the application of Goat manure (206.69 kg/ha). Nitrogen content of cabbage head (3.25%) and cabbage root (1.43%) was significantly higher with the application of Poultry manure. Mustard oil seed cake obtained highest Nitrogen harvest index (94.46%) and Nitrogen recovery percentage (66.47%). The yield efficiency (228.13kg head/kg N) was highest with the application of poultry manure. To attain highest yield of cabbage with higher Nutrient use efficiency and enhanced physico-chemical properties of soil, application of Poultry manure might be optimum for acidic sandy loam soil of Chitwan.

Impact of Rate of Poultry Manure on Nutritional Qualities of African Eggplant (Solanum macrocarpon L.) Grown on a Degraded Soil

In the last few decades, agricultural soils of the world are greatly affected by soil degradation which worsened food security. The ill effects of the unscientific and continuous use of chemical fertilizers coupled with expensive agrochemical input have necessitated the use of manure. Therefore, this work studied the effect of using poultry manure to amend degraded soil on the selected nutritional qualities of African eggplant (Solanum macrocarpon) leaves. Soil samples were collected from an undisturbed degraded area at three depths 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm respectively. The level of degradation was determined and the poultry manure was applied at 0, 10, 15 and 20 t/ha rate respectively. At maturity, the fresh leaves were harvested and the effect of the rate of poultry manure application on moisture content, fat content, crude fibre, crude protein, ash content and carbohydrate content was determined. The highest moisture content (88.88% db), crude protein (4.79%) and ash content (1.79%) were recorded at 20 t/ha poultry manure application while carbohydrate content (4.98%), crude fibre (0.64%) and fat content (1.78%) have its highest at 0 t/ha. The result of this experiment shows great potential for land reclamation using poultry manure. Keywords: land degradation, poultry manure, land reclamation, Africa eggplant, nutritional qualities

RESPONSE OF TOMATO (SOLANUM LYCORPERSICUM L.) TO TRANSPLANTING AGE AND NUTRIENT SOURCE IN BAUCHI STATE, NIGERIA

Field experiment was carried out for two years during the dry seasons of 2020 and 2021 to study the response of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) to transplanted age and nutrient source in Miri ward, Bauchi state, Nigeria. Five transplanted ages (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 weeks) after emergence from nursery and three nutrient sources, mineral fertilizer NPK, poultry manure, and control were used for the study. The five transplanted ages and three nutrient sources gave 15 treatment combinations and these were factorially combined and laid in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three (3) replications. During the research, growth characters such as plant height, number of branches and stem diameter were measured. Similarly, yield characters such as number of fruits per plant, fruit weight, and fruit yield/hectare were also measured. The results obtained revealed that tomato respond to both transplanted age and nutrient source. Transplanting 5 weeks old seedlings significantly (P≤0.05) led to higher growth characters such as plant height, number of branches, stem diameter and yield characters such as fruit yield/ha than the other transplanted ages used. Among the different nutrient sources applied, application of poultry manure at the rate of 9t/ha and NPK at the rate of 110:45:45kg/ha produced significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher growth characters such as plant height, branches, stem diameter and yield characters such as fruit weight and fruit yield (kg/ha). Based on the findings of this study, transplanting 5 weeks old seedlings and application of either poultry manure at the rate of 9t/ha, or NPK 15:15:15 at the rate of 110:45:45kg/ha led to higher yield of tomato than the control and can be used by farmers to improve tomato production in the study area.

Nutrient Potential Leachability in a Sandy Soil Amended with Manure-Based Fertilisers

The application of manure-based fertilisers (MBFs) is considered an important practice for achieving agricultural sustainability. However, the potential losses of nutrients to the environment need to be thoroughly evaluated. This study aimed to assess nutrients’ potential leachability from a sandy soil, fertilised with MBFs produced by mixing manure from one single animal species with N- or P-mineral fertilisers, to achieve target N:P ratios (1:1, 2:1 and 0.5:1). MBFs were prepared by combining pig slurry, cattle slurry or poultry manure with N- and P-mineral fertilisers, or slurry-derived materials, obtained by solid–liquid separation. A leaching experiment was set-up in soil columns treated with MBFs, for 59 days, with seven leaching events. Poultry manure application to soil led to higher potential N leaching, while pig slurry induced higher P leaching. All 2:1 MBFs decreased P leaching, relative to the original manure, with the higher reduction (52%) being observed for pig slurry with urea. The addition of urea to poultry manure also diminished its potential for N leaching. The behaviour of P-enriched materials, pig slurry solid fraction and both 0.5:1 MBFs obtained with phosphoric acid addition showed a higher risk of P leaching, while the use of superphosphate as a P-mineral source decreased the risk of P leaching. Concluding, it is possible to use specific MBFs, enriched with N and P from mineral sources, and have lower N and P leaching potential, reducing the risks associated with manure soil application, while increasing their interest as alternative fertilisers.

Effects of Combined Pollution of Tetracycline and Sulfamethazine on Tomato Growth and Antibiotic Absorption

Antibiotics are widely used in livestock and poultry farming for disease prevention and animal growth promotion. Due to the low absorption rate of antibiotics by animals, antibiotics can remain in livestock and poultry manure as parent or metabolites and enter the farm environment with the application of livestock and poultry manure, which has potential effects on crop growth. This study assessed the effects of single and combined contamination of antibiotics in soil on tomato plants. The accumulation of antibiotics in tomato plants and the impacts on crop growth were investigated. A pot experiment with sandy soil was conducted in a greenhouse, and a 100-day tomato growth experiment was conducted by adding different doses of tetracycline and sulfadiazine (0, 25, and 50 mg/kg). The antibiotic contents in various tissues and organs of the tomato were examined, and the changes in photosynthetic intensity and biomass of the tomato were observed to simulate the effects of exogenous antibiotic addition on the growth and quality of the tomato. The results indicated that tomato plants simultaneously absorbed tetracycline and sulfamethazine from soil. Antibiotics were primarily absorbed by tomato roots and were further delivered to plant leaves, stems, and fruits. Antibiotics exhibited the highest concentration in roots, followed by leaves, stems, and fruits. The contents of tetracycline and sulfamethazine in plant tissues elevated with the increase in soil antibiotics, which were higher in the vegetative growth stage than those in the late growth stage. At concentrations of 25 and 50 mg/kg, tetracycline and sulfamethazine combined pollution significantly reduced leaf photosynthetic rates and plant biomass. Notably, high levels of antibiotics led to decreases in tomato yield and quality. Additionally, high concentrations of antibiotic contamination elevated leaf nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, but reduced the leaf carbon/nitrogen ratio, as well as reduced the vitamin C content in the fruits. Overall, since antibiotics can accumulate in vegetables and enter the food chain, the findings are crucial for evaluating the impacts of soil antibiotic contamination on the production and food safety of tomato products, and will also add to our knowledge of antibiotic migration into the food chain.

Effect of Organic Manures, Biofertilizers and Cow Urine Spray on Growth, Yield and Quality of Clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.)

A field experiment was conducted during the kharif season of the year 2021 at Agronomy Instructional Farm, Department of Agronomy, CPCA, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar to evaluate the “Effect of organic manures, biofertilizers and cow urine spray on growth, yield and quality of clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.)” under loamy sand soil. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications. Thirteen treatments comprises different organic sources viz., T1: 100% RDF through chemical fertilizers (control), T2: 100% RDN through castor cake (CC), T3: 100% RDN through poultry manure (PM), T4: 100% RDN through neem cake (NC), T5: 75% RDN through CC + biofertilizers (NPK), T6: 75% RDN through PM + biofertilizers (NPK), T7: 75% RDN through NC + biofertilizers (NPK), T8: 75% RDN through CC + 5% cow urine, T9: 75% RDN through PM + 5% cow urine, T10: 75% RDN through NC + 5% cow urine, T11: 75% RDN through CC + biofertilizers (NPK) + 5% cow urine, T12: 75% RDN through PM + biofertilizers (NPK) + 5% cow urine and T13: 75% RDN through NC + biofertilizers (NPK) + 5% cow urine. The results revealed that an application of 75% RDN through PM + biofertilizers (NPK) + 5% cow urine (T12) recorded significantly higher plant height, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, seed index, seed yield, stover yield and crude protein content in seed. However, gum content in seed was recorded significantly higher in treatment T13. Therefore, the application of different organic sources of nutrients treatment application significantly influenced the growth, yield and quality of clusterbean. It is concluded that the combined application of poultry manure, biofertilizers and cow urine spray (T12) can be obtained maximum seed and stover yield with better seed quality.

English

An experiment to determine the effect of poultry manure (PM) application rates on growth and yield of S. senegalensis was conducted at the Department of Crop Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. The experiment was a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) of four rates of poultry manure (0, 10, 20 and 30 t ha&ndash;1) replicated three times. Analysis of variance results indicated that PM significantly (p &lt; 0.05) influenced most of the growth attributes measured with 20 t ha-1 having the longest vine (106.5 and 140.3 cm) at 4 and 5 MAT, respectively. It also produced more leaves (77.9, 132.1, 175.9 and 250) at 2, 3, 4 and 5 MAT, respectively and had the highest number of branches of 13.85, 22.70, 27.6, 39.2 and 61.1 across the months. Most of the phenological traits were positively influenced by PM rates. Earliest days to 60% (138.0 days) and 100% (167.0 days) flower bud formation, flower bud break (191.0 days) and fruit formation (194.3 days) were associated with 30 t ha&ndash;1 of PM. Poultry manure had no significant effect on all the yield components and yield measured. Although, PM applied at 20 t ha&ndash;1 had the earliest days (706) to harvest and had the tendency to increase S. senegalensis yield. Further increase of PM rate beyond 20 t ha&ndash;1 decreased growth and yield traits taken. The use of PM at 20 t ha&ndash;1 appeared optimum and could be recommended for the cultivation of S, senegalensis in the study area. Key words: Saba senegalensis, poultry manure, food insecurity, growth, yield.