Physical Applications Research Articles

Long‐range quantum energy teleportation and distribution on a hyperbolic quantum network

AbstractTeleporting energy to remote locations is new challenge for quantum information science and technology. Developing a method for transferring local energy in laboratory systems to remote locations will enable non‐trivial energy flows in quantum networks. From the perspective of quantum information engineering, we propose a method for distributing local energy to a large number of remote nodes using hyperbolic geometry. Hyperbolic networks are suitable for energy allocation in large quantum networks since the number of nodes grows exponentially. To realise long‐range quantum energy teleportation (QET), we propose a hybrid method of quantum state telepotation and QET. By transmitting local quantum information through quantum teleportation and performing conditional operations on that information, QET can theoretically be realized independent of geographical distance. The method we present will provide new insights into new applications of future large‐scale quantum networks and potential applications of quantum physics to information engineering.

Fabrication of Micro/Nano Dual Needle Structures with Morphological Gradient Based on Two-Photon Polymerization Laser Direct Writing with Proactive Focus Compensation

Micro/nano structures with morphological gradients possess unique physical properties and significant applications in various research domains. This study proposes a straightforward and precise method for fabricating micro/nano structures with morphological gradients utilizing single-voxel synchronous control and a nano-piezoelectric translation stage in a two-photon laser direct writing technique. To address the defocusing issue in large-scale fabrication, a methodology for laser focus dynamic proactive compensation was developed based on fluorescence image analysis, which can achieve high-precision compensation of laser focus within the entire range of the nano-piezoelectric translation stage. Subsequently, the fabrication of micro/nano dual needle structures with morphological gradients were implemented by employing different writing speeds and voxel positions. The minimum height of the tip in the dual needle structure is 80 nm, with a linewidth of 171 nm, and a dual needle total length reaching 200 μm. Based on SEM (scanning electron microscope) and AFM (atomic force microscope) characterization, the dual needle structures fabricated by the method proposed in this study exhibit high symmetry and nanoscale gradient accuracy. Additionally, the fabrication of hexagonal lattice periodic structures assembled from morphological gradient needle structures and the size gradient Archimedean spiral structures validate the capability of the single voxel-based fabrication and proactive focus compensation method for complex gradient structure fabrication.

Quarter-Wave Plate Metasurfaces for Generating Multi-Channel Vortex Beams.

Metasurfaces of quarter-wave plate (QWP) meta-atoms have exhibited high flexibility and versatile functionalities in the manipulation of light fields. However, the generation of multi-channel vortex beams with the QWP meta-atom metasurfaces presents a significant challenge. In this study, we propose dielectric metasurfaces composed of QWP meta-atoms to manipulate multi-channel vortex beams. QWP meta-atoms, systematically arranged in concentric circular rings, are designed to introduce the modulations via the propagation phase and geometric phase, leading to the generation of co- and cross-polarized vortex beams in distinct channels. Theoretical investigations and simulations are employed to analyze the modulation process, confirming the capability of QWP meta-atom metasurfaces for generating the multi-channel vortex beams. This study presents prospective advancements for the compact, integrated, and multifunctional nanophotonic platforms, which have potential applications in classical physics and quantum domains.

Synthesis of 2D layered transition metal (Ni, Co) hydroxides via edge-on condensation

Layered transition metal hydroxides (LTMHs) with transition metal centers sandwiched between layers of coordinating hydroxide anions have attracted considerable interest for their potential in developing clean energy sources and storage technologies. However, two-dimensional (2D) LTMHs remain largely understudied in terms of physical properties and applications in electronic devices. Here, for the first time we report > 20 μm α-Ni(OH)2 2D crystals, synthesized from hydrothermal reaction. And an edge-on condensation mechanism assisted with the crystal field geometry is proposed to understand the 2D intra-planar growth of the crystals, which is also testified through series of systematic comparative studies. We also report the successful synthesis of 2D Co(OH)2 crystals (> 40 μm) with more irregular shape due to the slightly distorted octahedral geometry of the crystal field. Moreover, the detailed structural characterization of synthesized α-Ni(OH)2 are performed. The optical band gap energy is extrapolated as 2.54 eV from optical absorption measurements and the electronic bandgap is measured as 2.52 eV from reflected electrons energy loss spectroscopy (REELS). We further demonstrate its potential as a wide bandgap (WBG) semiconductor for high voltage operation in 2D electronics with a high breakdown strength, 4.77 MV/cm with 4.9 nm thickness. The successful realization of the 2D LTMHs opens the door for future exploration of more fundamental physical properties and device applications.

A modified integrated physical advanced primary treatment to enhance particulate organic carbon removal in municipal wastewater treatment plants.

In the pursuit of a treatment approach that is both cost-effective and environmental-friendly, the applicability of microscreen (MS) techniques coupled with a primary sedimentation tank (PST) as a physical advanced primary treatment (APT) to enhance the removal of particulate organic carbon (POC) from municipal wastewater was investigated. A pilot unit, including a modified MS, adjustable to different meshes (including 20 and 15 μm) was operated continuously downstream to the PST at the Büsnau wastewater treatment plant in Stuttgart, Germany, and monitored for more than half a year. A strategy involving time-dependent backwashing and recirculation of MS permeate was employed to remove as much POC as possible from primarily treated wastewater, thereby extending the application of the MS. The optimal configuration, PST + 15-μm MS, achieved maximum removal efficiencies of 90% for turbidity, 90% for total suspended solids (TSS), and 80% for total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD). These results are significant, as comparable removal levels for these parameters were conventionally achieved using less eco-friendly methods such as physiochemical APT, including coagulation-flocculation with iron or aluminum salts followed by microscreening or sedimentation. However, this study's findings ascertained that solo physical APT applications could produce equivalent effluent quality with a much smaller footprint while keeping the advanced primary treated wastewater suitable for biological treatment.

Non-Lie Reduction Operators and Potential Transformations for a Special System with Applications in Plasma Physics

Non-Lie reduction operators, also known as nonclassical symmetries, are derived for special systems that appear in Plasma Physics. These operators are used to construct similarity mappings, which reduce the systems under study into systems of ordinary differential equations. Furthermore, potential equivalence transformations are presented. Based on these results, a number of exact solutions are constructed.

Triad resonance for internal waves in a uniformly stratified fluid: Rogue waves and breathers.

Three-wave (triad) resonance in a uniformly stratified fluid is investigated as a case study of energy transfer among oscillatory modes. The existence of a degenerate triad is demonstrated explicitly, where two components have identical group velocity. An illuminating example is a resonance involving waves from modes 1, 3, 5 families, but many other combinations are possible. The physical applications and nonlinear dynamics of rogue waves derived analytically in the literature are examined. Exact solutions with four free parameters (two related to the amplitudes of the background plane waves, two related to the frequencies of slowly varying envelopes) describe motions localized in both space and time. The differences between rogue waves of the degenerate versus the nondegenerate cases are highlighted. The phase and profile of the degenerate case rogue waves are correlated. The volume or energy of the rogue wave (defined as the total extent or energy contents of the fluid set in motion for the duration of the rogue wave) may change drastically, if the wave envelope parameters vary. Pulsating modes (breathers) have been studied previously by layered-fluid and modified Korteweg-de Vries models. Here we extend the consideration to stratified fluids but for the simpler case of nondegenerate triads. Instabilities of fission and fusion of breathers are confirmed computationally with Floquet analysis. This knowledge should prove useful for energy transfer processes in the oceans.

Cutting-edge research in physics engines: Exploring parallel technologies, algorithm insights, and upcoming trends

Physics engines, a quintessential product of computer science, have become indispensable tools in simulating physical phenomena through mathematical computations. Their prominence in game development, engineering simulations, and various physics applications is unquestionable. Ensuring their optimization is pivotal for meeting the rigorous demands of practical experiments. The significance of this study is twofold: theoretical foundations and practical necessities. From a theoretical standpoint, this paper delves into the core principles and architectural underpinnings of physics engines. We venture into the integration of multithreading and the application of niche algorithms within these engines. Further analysis illuminates how leveraging these technologies can drastically enhance the performance of a physics engine. In culmination, we propose a robust, feasible theoretical framework for physics engines, filling in the pivotal details. This exploration aims to galvanize and steer the evolution of physics engine design. Addressing practical necessities, our research emphasizes real-world applications of various physics engines. We examine tailored optimization strategies suited for specific needs and investigate methodologies to elevate the operational efficiency of specialized physics engines. This dimension of our study holds substantial real-world implications.

Effectiveness of the Ultrasound-Guided Interfascial Injection Applied in Addition to Physical Therapy Applications in Chronic Low Back Pain: A Quasi-Experimental Study

Effectiveness of the Ultrasound-Guided Interfascial Injection Applied in Addition to Physical Therapy Applications in Chronic Low Back Pain: A Quasi-Experimental Study

Hamiltonian Switching Control of Noisy Bipartite Qubit Systems

Abstract We develop a Hamiltonian switching ansatz for bipartite control that is inspired by the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA), to mitigate environmental noise on qubits. We demonstrate the control for a central spin coupled to bath spins via isotropic Heisenberg interactions, and then make physical applications to the protection of quantum gates performed on superconducting transmon qubits coupling to environmental two-level-systems (TLSs) through dipole-dipole interactions, as well as on such qubits coupled to both TLSs and a Lindblad bath. The control field is classical and acts only on the system qubits. We use reinforcement learning with policy gradient (PG) to optimize the Hamiltonian switching control protocols, using a fidelity objective for specific target quantum gates. 
 We use this approach to demonstrate effective suppression of both coherent and dissipative noise, with numerical studies achieving target gate implementations with fidelities over 0.9999 (four nines) in the majority of our test cases and showing improvement beyond this to values of 0.999999999 (nine nines) upon a subsequent optimization by Gradient Ascent Pulse Engineering (GRAPE). We analyze how the control depth, total evolution time, number of environmental TLS, and choice of optimization method affect the fidelity achieved by the optimal protocols and reveal some critical behaviors of bipartite control of quantum gates.

A new modular framework for high-level application development at HEPS.

As a representative of the fourth-generation light sources, the High Energy Photon Source (HEPS) in Beijing, China, utilizes a multi-bend achromat lattice to obtain an approximately 100 times emittance reduction compared with third-generation light sources. New technologies bring new challenges to operate the storage ring. In order to meet the beam commissioning requirements of HEPS, a new framework for the development of high-level applications (HLAs) has been created. The key part of the new framework is a dual-layer physical module to facilitate the seamless fusion of physical simulation models with the real machine, allowing for fast switching between different simulation models to accommodate the various simulation scenarios. As a framework designed for development of physical applications, all variables are based on physical quantities. This allows physicists to analytically assess measurement parameters and optimize machine parameters in a more intuitive manner. To enhance both extensibility and adaptability, a modular design strategy is utilized, partitioning the entire framework into discrete modules in alignment with the requirements of HLA development. This strategy not only facilitates the independent development of each module but also minimizes inter-module coupling, thereby simplifying the maintenance and expansion of the entire framework. To simplify the development complexity, the design of the new framework is implemented using Python and is called Python-based Accelerator Physics Application Set (Pyapas). Taking advantage of Python's flexibility and robust library support, we are able to develop and iterate quickly, while also allowing for seamless integration with other scientific computing applications. HLAs for both the HEPS linac and booster have been successfully developed. During the beam commissioning process at the linac, Pyapas's ease of use and reliability have significantly reduced the time required for the beam commissioning operators. As a development framework for HLA designed for the new-generation light sources, Pyapas has the versatility to be employed with HEPS, as well as with other comparable light sources, due to its adaptability.

On the spin-quantization-axis selection for the spin polarization modeling during laser–electron collision

Spin polarized electron beams have wide applications in high energy physics. The generation of such electron beams has recently attracted considerable attention where the collision of intense laser pulses with high energy electron beams is proposed as one of the potential methods. In previous numerical studies, different spin-quantization axes (SQA) are used, which lead to different calculation results in some configurations of laser interaction with an electron beam. To be consistent with the well-known Thomas–Bargmann–Michel–Telegdi (TBMT) equation, we have proposed a new SQA which is along the TBMT precession direction. We clearly show the difference among the three kinds of SQA selections by comparing the temporal evolution of the electron beam's polarization during the perpendicular collision of an electron beam with s-polarized two-color laser pulses, where the magnetic fields have a parallel component along the electron motion direction. Calculation shows that such differences could be experimentally measured by nowadays facilities. To get the maximum electron polarization degree in the two-color laser pulses based schemes, we also find the optimized condition for the two-color laser parameters. Our studies give a better understanding of spin-polarization calculation and will be beneficial for future experimental designs for electron polarization manipulation.

Emerging Opportunities for Ferroelectric Field‐Effect Transistors: Integration of 2D Materials

AbstractThe rapid development in information technologies necessitates rapid advancements of their supporting hardware. In particular, new computing paradigms are needed to overcome the bottleneck of traditional von Neumann architecture. Bottom‐up innovation, especially at the materials and devices level, has the potential to disrupt existing technologies through their emergent phenomena. As a new type of conceptual device, 2D ferroelectric field‐effect transistor (FeFET) is highly sought after due to its potential integration with modern semiconductor processes. Its low power consumption, area efficiency, and ultra‐fast operation provide an extra edge over traditional technologies. This review highlights recent developments in 2D FeFET, covering their device construction, working mechanisms, 2D ferroelectric polarization mechanism, multi‐functional applications and prospects. In particular, the combination of 2D semiconductor and ferroelectric dielectric materials for multi‐functionality applications is discussed. This includes non‐volatile memories (NVM), neural network computing, non‐volatile logic operation, and photodetectors. As a novel device platform, 2D semiconductor and ferroelectric interfaces are bestowed with a plethora of emergent physical mechanisms and applications.

Studies of C2H2F4 and SF6 alternative gas mixtures for HPL RPC detectors for High Energy Physics applications

This research investigates the viability of replacing greenhouse gases C2H2F4 and SF6 with eco-friendly gas mixtures in Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) detectors used at CERN LHC experiments. The study focuses on the addition of CO2 as a substitute of C2H2F4 to minimize greenhouse gas emissions and reduce operational costs. Initial performance studies with cosmic muons evaluate key parameters such as efficiency, current, streamer probability, prompt charge, cluster size, and time resolution of the detectors. Subsequent assessments take place at the CERN Gamma Irradiation Facility, emulating the LHC experiment background radiation. Furthermore, the study explores alternatives to SF6, including 3M NOVECTM 4710 and AMOLEATM 1224yd, presenting perforances results about these gas alternatives in High Pressure Laminate RPCs.

The Effectiveness of Omnichannel As A Digital Marketing Medium in The Economy After The Covid-19 Pandemic

Omni channel is a support that provides the best experience for customers until they feel satisfied. In today's digital era, the omnichannel concept allows interaction between businesses and their customers through various platforms with integrated channels. Customers can easily access all business information through various channels such as physical stores, websites, mobile applications, and social media. Customer interaction is practical and fast. Having omni channels consistently will provide the best experience to customers where they remain coordinated, and even though they use any channel, customer needs are still met uniformly. Using several types of omnichannel in the current digital era, especially in the period after the COVID-19 pandemic, where there is a shift in customer spending patterns, of course, will make it easier for business owners to do marketing and decision-making related to the company, the effectiveness of using omnichannel in company management, especially those run by company leaders with specific genders, also affects in terms of innovation carried out company

Uniaxial Strain-Induced Stacking Order Change in Trilayer Graphene.

The layer stacking order in two-dimensional heterostructures, like graphene, affects their physical properties and potential applications. Trilayer graphene, specifically ABC-trilayer graphene, has captured significant interest due to its potential for correlated electronic states. However, achieving a stable ABC arrangement is challenging due to its lower thermodynamic stability compared to the more stable ABA stacking. Despite recent advancements in obtaining ABC graphene through external perturbations, such as strain, the stacking transition mechanism remains insufficiently explored. In this study, we unveil a universal mechanism to achieve ABC stacking, applicable for understanding ABA to ABC stacking changes induced by any mechanical perturbations. Our approach is based on a novel strain engineering technique that induces interlayer slippage and results in the formation of stable ABC domains. We investigate the underlying interfacial mechanisms of this stacking change through computational simulations and experiments. Our findings demonstrate a highly anisotropic and significant transformation of ABA stacking to large and stable ABC domains facilitated by interlayer slippage. Through atomistic simulations and local energy analysis, we systematically demonstrate the mechanism for this stacking transition, that is dependent on specific loading orientation. Understanding such a mechanism allows this material system to be engineered by design compatible with industrial techniques on a device-by-device level. We conduct Raman studies to validate and characterize the formed ABC stacking, highlighting its distinct features compared to the ABA region. Our results contribute to a clearer understanding of the stacking change mechanism and provide a robust and controllable method for achieving stable ABC domains, facilitating their use in developing advanced optoelectronic devices.

Effects of differentiated instruction, blended learning and lecture methods on students’ cognitive styles and learning outcome in physics

The effects of differentiated instruction, blended learning, and lecture methods on students' learning outcomes and cognitive style have been researched in past research. However, there remains a gap when it comes to its application in physics. The study investigated the effects of differentiated instruction, blended learning, and lecture methods on students’ cognitive styles and learning outcomes in physics. The research adopted a quasi-experimental control group, pretest, and posttest planned variation design. Four research questions and six hypotheses were formulated and tested. A total of one hundred and forty-three (143) from three local government schools in Delta north senatorial participated. The study employed a Physics achievement test (PAT) and cognitive style inventory scale as instruments. The result indicated a significant effect and difference between the three methods. It was recommended among others that faculties of education should include differentiated instruction and blended learning as a method of teaching Physics to enhance learning outcomes in Physics classrooms. Keywords: Blended learning; cognitive style; differentiated instruction; lecture method; physics.

Soliton Solution of the Nonlinear Time Fractional Equations: Comprehensive Methods to Solve Physical Models

In this paper, we apply two different methods, namely, the G′G-expansion method and the G′G2-expansion method to investigate the nonlinear time fractional Harry Dym equation in the Caputo sense and the symmetric regularized long wave equation in the conformable sense. The mentioned nonlinear partial differential equations (NPDEs) arise in diverse physical applications such as ion sound waves in plasma and waves on shallow water surfaces. There exist multiple wave solutions to many NPDEs and researchers are interested in analytical approaches to obtain these multiple wave solutions. The multi-exp-function method (MEFM) formulates a solution algorithm for calculating multiple wave solutions to NPDEs and at the end of paper, we apply the MEFM for calculating multiple wave solutions to the (2 + 1)-dimensional equation.

Charge-neutral, GeV-scale electron-positron pair beams produced using bremsstrahlung gamma rays

Matter-antimatter plasmas, such as electron-positron pair plasmas, are frequently observed in various astrophysical phenomena. In laboratory settings, electron-positron pairs have often been generated using high-Z converters irradiated by either direct laser pulses or laser-driven electron beams. Here we generate charge-neutral electron-positron beams with energies in the GeV range, utilizing bremsstrahlung gamma rays. Specifically, intense high-energy gamma rays produced electron-positron pair particles in a lead converter via the Bethe-Heitler process. The produced pair beams exhibited neutrality across all converter thicknesses throughout the energy spectrum spanning from 10 MeV to 1.8 GeV. Pairs with energies surpassing 1 GeV constituted up to 26% of the total kinetic energy within the spectrum. The experimental results were in good agreement with our Geant4 Monte Carlo simulations. These GeV-scale neutral pair particle beams have potential applications for understanding energetic astrophysical phenomena and high-energy particle physics.

Conformable Triple Sumudu Transform with Applications

One of the important topics in applied mathematics is the topic of integral transformations, due to their importance in electrical engineering applications, including communications in particular, and other sciences. In this work, one of the most important transformations in its three dimensions was presented, which is the triple Sumudu transform, including solving some real-life applications of physics, some of which have not been solved using such an integral transform before. In this work, we extend the Sumudu transform formula to the conformable fractional order, as well as other interesting and significant rules. The general analytical solution of a singular and nonlinear conformable fractional differential equation based on the conformable fractional Sumudu transform is also presented in this paper. The general solutions of several linear and nonhomogeneous conformable fractional differential equations can be obtained using the method we’ve proposed. As a result, our results reveal that our proposed method is an efficient one that can be used for solving all conformable fractional differential equations. The relationship between the Sumudu integral transform and other important and recently proposed integral transforms are also discussed. Finally, the triple Sumudu transform is used to solve boundary value problems, such as the heat equation with boundary values. The triple Sumudu integral transform is also used to solve linear partial integro-differential equations. The transform capability to handle such equations has been proven via its utilization in three applications.