Application Of Pad Research Articles

The Effects of Cold Application to the Perineum on Pain Relief After Vaginal Birth

PurposePerineal pain developing during the postpartum period affects women's relationships with their families and infants. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of cold gel pad application for relieving perineal pain and possibly increasing mothers' comfort after vaginal delivery. MethodsThis experimental randomized controlled study was conducted in the postpartum department of obstetrics and gynecology hospital. A total of 200 mothers were included in the study. Cold gel pads were applied to the perineum of mothers in the experimental group for 20 minutes in the postpartum first 2 hours and 4 hours after the first application. All the data were collected by using an information form, the visual analog scale, and the postpartum comfort questionnaire. ResultsIn the experimental group, the first visual analog scale score was 6.73 ± 1.68; after cold gel pad application, the pain levels decreased to 2.59 ± 1.20 in both primiparous and multiparous mothers. In addition, the postpartum comfort questionnaire score increased from 2.58 ± 0.14 to 2.69 ± 0.14 in the second assessment after the cold gel pad application and the difference was statistically significant (p < .001). ConclusionThe application of the cold gel pad to the perineum relieved perineal pain and increased postpartum comfort in all the women. The pain felt by the women during the recovery and the daily activities decreased. Postpartum perineal pain adversely affected daily activities such as lying down, sitting, and walking; infant care, breastfeeding, and urination; and comfort levels of the postpartum women.

Confusion abounds after a cataract op.

What about my eye pad?' asked a patient after his cataract operation. Funnily enough I had been compiling basic ophthalmology competencies that morning and 'the application of an eye pad' was one of them.

Application of mouthguard tooth pad in patients with oral tracheal intubation

Objective To explore the effectiveness of mouthguard tooth pad fixation in patients with oral tracheal intubation. Methods A total of 80 patients admitted in neurosurgery intensive care unit in the Third Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University from December 2014 to October 2015 were randomly divided into the experimental group and the control group, 40 cases respectively. Patients in the experimental group used mouthguard tooth pad for fixation, while patients in the control group used traditional tooth pad for fixation. The fixation methods and fabrics of two groups were the same and done by experienced nurses with levels above N1. Results The translocation of tracheal intubation in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05) . There were statistically significant differences in the condition of mouth, gums and mucosa between two groups (P<0.05) . Significant difference in the bit flat of the tracheal intubation between two groups was observed (P<0.05) . Conclusions Application of mouthguard tooth pad for fixation of oral tracheal intubation can effectively prevent the dislocation and bit flat of intubation catheter, improve the effects of fixation and enhance the safety of oral tracheal intubation indwelling. Key words: Mouth protectors; Oral tracheal intubation; Mouthguard tooth pad; Fixation

Clinical application of a buccal fat pad for closure of oroantral communication: a report of two cases

Clinical application of a buccal fat pad for closure of oroantral communication: a report of two cases

The application of the Multi-Touch pad for the evaluation of the fine motor activity of the wrist

The objective of the present study was to elaborate the method for the evaluation of the fine motor activity of the wrist in the patients presenting with wrist movement disorders resulting from central hemiparesis and to demonstratee the reliability of such method through the calculation of the standard error of measurements and minimal the detectable change (MDC95%). The study population was comprised of 42 patients who had undergone ischaemic stroke and suffered from the impairment of the upper limb functions . The deficit of the fine motor skills was estimated with the use of the original multi-touch diagnostic technique. The results of the assessment were compared with those of the measurement of upper limb motor activity based on the validated scales, such as the Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) scale and the Nine Hole Peg Test (PHT). The study with the application of the multi-touch method for diagnostics of the fine motor skills has demonstrated the high internal consistency of the measurements, with the Cronbach's Alpha Reliability Coefficient amounting to 0.98. The re-test reliability was high, with the ICC=0.98 (95% CI 0.97-0.99). The Spearman rank-order correlation with the locomotion scale estimates gave evidence of the good associative links, with the Fugl-Meyer Assessment scale correlation coefficient making 0.55-0.66 and the Nine Hole Peg Test findings being -0.7. The Minimal Detectable Change (MDC95%) for the multi-touch method was found to be 12.67%. The objective diagnostics of the fine motor skill disturbances with the use of the original multi-touch method has demonstrated its high reliability and a high degree of correlation with the estimates obtained with the application of the modern validated scales in the patients who had undergone ischaemic stroke. Therefore, this method can be recommended for clinical use.

GW27-e0284 Application of An Interventional Upper Pad at Radial Vascular Access Sites in Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Study protocol for A Randomized Trial

To investigate the effect of an interventional upper pad at radial vascular access sites in PCI. This work describes a protocol for a clinical trial, and 590 patients with ischemic coronary heart disease, whose condition was stable over the previous three months, were enrolled in the controlled

Simultaneously Generating Secret and Private Keys in a Cooperative Pairwise-Independent Network

This paper studies the problem of simultaneously generating a secret key (SK) and a private key (PK) between Alice and Bob, in a cooperative pairwise-independent network (PIN) with two relays. In the PIN, the pairwise source observed by every pair of terminals is independent of those sources observed by any other pairs. The SK needs to be protected from Eve, while the PK needs to be protected not only from Eve but also from the two relays. Two cooperative SK–PK generation algorithms are proposed: both of them first generate common randomness, based on the well-established pairwise key generation technique and the application of the one-time pad; but then, the two algorithms utilize the XOR operation and a specific random-binning-based SK–PK codebook to generate the expected keys, respectively. The achievable SK–PK rate regions of both the two proposed algorithms are analyzed. Of particular interest is the second algorithm with random-bing based codebook, whose achievable key rate region is demonstrated to be exactly the same as the derived outer bound, a crucial step for establishing the key capacity of this PIN model. Finally, the two proposed SK–PK generation algorithms are extended to a cooperative wireless network, where the correlated source observations are obtained from estimating wireless channels during a training phase.

Thermoresponsive polymeric gel as an on-demand transdermal drug delivery system for pain management

The main aim of this work is to design a heat triggered transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) using a thermoresponsive polymer, poly (N-vinyl caprolactam) [PNVCL] based gel, where in patients can themselves administer a pulse of drug on mere application of heat pad over the TDDS, whenever pain is experienced. The phase transition temperature of PNVCL was tuned to 35°C by grafting it onto a pH sensitive biopolymer, Chitosan, to synthesize Chitosan-g-PNVCL (CP) co-polymer which render the gel both thermo- and pH-responsive property. The application of triggered delivery was explored by loading acetamidophenol (a model hydrophilic drug) and etoricoxib (a model hydrophobic drug). In vitro drug release experiments were performed at three different temperatures (25, 32 and 39°C) at two different pH (5.5 and 7) to study its drug release with response to temperature and pH. Drug release profiles obtained were found to have enhanced release for both the drugs respectively at 39°C (above LCST) and pH5.5 when compared to other release conditions. In vitro skin permeation of both the drugs performed in rat abdominal skin using Franz diffusion cell showed enhanced drug release when the skin was subjected to higher temperature (39°C). Moreover, it was also found that skin permeation for hydrophobic drug was better than that of hydrophilic drug. The in vivo biocompatibility studies of the CP gel in rat skin proved that the gel is biocompatible. The results obtained demonstrated the potential use of the thermoresponsive CP gel as an on-demand localized drug delivery system.

Smart Polishing of Hard-to-Machine Materials with an Innovative Dilatancy Pad under High-Pressure, High-Speed, Immersed Condition

An innovative dilatancy polishing pad of which characteristics are controlled with processing conditions is proposed to establish high-efficiency, high-quality polishing of hard-to-machine materials for next-generation high-power devices. To make the best use of the property of the dilatancy pad, a highly durable polishing machine which enables high-pressure, high-speed, and immersed polishing was developed. Dilatancy properties were evaluated for various viscoelastic materials to select appropriate materials for a pad. The selected viscoelastic material was mixed with a special filler and abrasive particles, and integrated into a conventional polishing pad to form a dilatancy pad. Application of the dilatancy pad to polishing of SiC realized a smart polishing which achieves both high efficiency and high quality in any processing conditions. In addition, it was demonstrated that the processing conditions could be selected for the purpose of each polishing step, i.e. mid- to high-speed conditions for high-efficiency polishing and low-speed condition for high-quality finishing. A newly developed highly durable polishing machine is capable of achieving wide range of processing conditions. To avoid overheating under high load conditions, the machine can polish a work piece in slurry fluid. The material removal rate using the dilatancy pad showed superlinear dependence on the rotation speed, which outperforms the conventional polishing following the Preston's law. This innovative process can significantly reduce the polishing time of hard-to-machine materials for next-generation semiconductor devices.

Car Windshield Protection

Research findings and design have allowed to develop a perspective way of the car anti-cracker shield protection, which is the application of the protective pad mounted across the perimeter of the car windscreen and protecting the most vulnerable sections of the windshield from chips and cracks (glass fixing seats in the back of the car). In the course of work the need for development of a way of the car anti-cracker shield protection is justified, the required investigation and the calculation are carried out and the size of the protective pad for a particular car model is determined.

Application of buccal fat pad for lining of lateral defect in cleft palate repair and review of literature

Purpose: To discuss the advantages of pedicle buccal fat pad flaps used to cover areas of exposed bone of the lateral hard palate. Patients and Methods: Fifty patients had buccal fat pad flaps used in cleft palate repair. Fat pad is filled into the lateral defect and sutured to palatal flap and gingiva without any tension over the midline suture of palatal flap. Results: No patients had any perioperative complication related to buccal fat pad or donor-site. In all cleft palate patients, the recipient areas fully epithelialized within 2 weeks or less. No patients had developed infection, loss of graft, palatal fistulas, or cheek depression. Conclusion: This technique allows safe, simple, durable, autologous, and vascularized coverage of the denuded bony hard palate.

A Comparison of 2 Devices for Radial Artery Hemostasis After Transradial Coronary Intervention

Transradial access is an attractive approach for angiography or percutaneous coronary intervention. Different devices have been used to apply pressure locally at the site of arterial entry for achieving hemostasis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 2 different hemostatic devices on radial artery outcomes after transradial coronary intervention. This study included 600 patients who had undergone transradial coronary intervention who were randomized into 2 groups after the procedure: 300 were treated with a radial compression device (TR Band, Terumo Medical, Tokyo, Japan) (CD group) and the other 300 patients were treated using a chitosan-based pad (Anscare, Daxon, Taoyuan, Taiwan) (CS group). Compression time, major and minor access site bleeding complications, and incidence of radial artery occlusion were recorded. There were no statistical differences in the baseline clinical characteristics of the patients between the 2 groups. Compression time in the CS group was significantly shorter than that in the CD group (P < .001). Although no major access site bleeding complications were observed in either group, 6 patients in each group experienced minor access site bleeding complications. At the same time, 61 patients in the CD group and 21 patients in the CS group experienced errhysis (20% vs 7%, respectively; P < .001). Early radial artery occlusion (24 hours) occurred in 11.7% of the patients in the CD group and 5.4% of the patients in the CS group (P < .05). Chronic radial artery occlusion (30 days) occurred in 10% of the patients in the CD group and 5% of the patients in the CS group (P < .05). The application of the chitosan-based pad showed better hemostatic efficacy and a lower incidence of radial artery occlusion after transradial coronary intervention compared with the compression device.

Development and Application of Flexible Pressure Sensor Pad

With the gradual rise inthe proportion of the aging population, the world has entered the agingsociety. Thus, the assessments of service to care receivers and home sleepquality have attracted more emphasis and attention of the medical sector. Theactuation principle is to apply a load on the upper sensor film, which touchesan external electronic control device to form the micro-current conduction.Thus the movement information of care receivers getting into or out of bed areprovided, and then through the device itself or emergency call device of thenursing station, warnings to the care receiver and other functions are given.This research aimed to understand the relationships of positive load, andrepeated load of the sensor pad to resistance; and at the last course of theexperiment, SEM and AFM were used to observe the change of oil ink organizationon the surface of the sensor film before and after the experiment as anamendment parameter for subsequent designs of the sensor pad. Future researchdirections for the flexible pressure sensor pad can be aimed at detecting bodypressure distribution, assessment of sleep quality, and so on.

Experimental Investigation on Rotary Punching by the Compression of Polyurethane Pad

Rotary punching is a sheet metal blanking process which utilizes shearing tools fixed to a pair of rollers. The polyurethane pad is adopted as the die instead of rigid mold because it has the advantages of wide hardness range and high load-bear capacity. Due to the application of polyurethane pad, the surrounding region adjacent to the pierced hole will occur to plastically deform and deflect, which greatly differs from that in the conventional blanking. In this paper, the effects of blank material and thickness, polyurethane hardness, punch penetration depth on deformation behavior were mathematically analyzed and modeled, and then a series of experiments through varying process parameters were conducted to validate the relationship between process parameters and product quality. The degree of sample deflection was exactly measured by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results show that the deformed area varies with different blank elongations and increases with increasing blank thickness for a given material. When polyurethane pad with low hardness level is employed, it results in large area deformation and quality degradation. Moreover, the deflection degree around the hole edge becomes more severe along with punch penetration, but the penetration depth along blank thickness is not in proportion to the amount of punch advancement.

Effects of Pad Temperature on the Chemical Mechanical Polishing of Tungsten

In this study, the effects of pad temperature on the chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) of tungsten were investigated. During polishing, the pad temperature was monitored and the removal rate behavior with respect to the pad temperature evolution was explored. The pad temperature was increased during tungsten CMP, and the tungsten removal rate increased accordingly. Further, it was found that the two had a strong correlation. Although tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) polishing experiment showed that the pad temperature increased similarly under various experimental conditions, the TEOS removal rate did not change for all conditions. A novel pad-cooling nozzle effectively reduced the pad temperature during tungsten polishing and influenced the tungsten removal rate drop. Table motor current monitoring revealed that friction forces were almost identical under all experimental conditions for tungsten polishing regardless of the application of pad cooling. On the basis of pad temperature and table motor current data, it was clear that the tungsten removal rate was determined by temperature, indicating that the tungsten removal mechanism was mostly driven by a chemical reaction. Further, the pad cooling function can be used to control the tungsten removal rate effectively, resulting in a stable tungsten CMP process.

Design and application of position pad for cervical surgery via anterior approach

Objective To discuss the clinical effect of new position pad for cervical surgery via anterior approach.Methods A total of 100 patients who had cervical surgery via anterior approach from January to December 2011 were chosen and divided into the observation group (n =52) and the control group (n =48).The observation group adopted the new position pad composed by gel shoulder pad,head wear,cylindric cotton fabric roll,while the control group used conventional position pad composed by gel shoulder pad,head wear,sandbag and assistant cushion.Positioning time,operative time,surgical exposure degree,neck skin integrity and position firmness was compared between two groups.Results Positioning and operative time was respectively (3.63 ± 0.67) min and (1.35 ± 0.23) h in the observation group,both shorter than (8.23 ± 0.81) min and (1.56 ± 0.47) h in the control group,and the differences were statistically significant (t =26.78,4.59,respectively; P ＜0.01).The score of surgical exposure degree was (95.41 ±5.48) in the observation group and (70.24 ± 6.46) in the control group,and the difference was statistically significant (t =32.81,P ＜0.01).The rate of position firmness and neck skin integrity was 92.31％ and 88.46％ in the observation group,and 33.33％,33.33％ in the control group,and the differences were statistically significant (x2 =37.68,32.20,respectively; P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The new position pad for cervical surgery via anterior approach,which can shorten surgical time,improve position firmness and surgical exposure degree,is practical,effective,convenient and therefore has favorable clinical value. Key words: Cervical spine; Anterior approach surgery; Position pad

Comparison of pneumatic compression device and sand bag with respect to peripheral vascular complications in elective cardiac catheterization and percutaneous femoral artery interventions

After coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), the classic sand bag method and compression devices are widely used for control of bleeding and prevention of vascular complications. The purpose of our study was to assess the major peripheral vascular complications and to compare the sand bag and a pneumatic compression device ("Close Pad") in terms of major peripheral vascular complications after coronary interventions. Between June 2011 and November 2011, a total of 434 patients who admitted to the Department of Cardiology of Uludag University Faculty of Medicine were included in the study. 396 patients underwent coronary angiography and 38 patients underwent PCI. Sand bag was applied in 209 patients. Bleeding requiring transfusion, hematoma larger than 10 cm(2), pseudoaneurysm, and arteriovenous (AV) fistula were defined as the major local complications. Logistic regression analysis were used to evaluate the datas. Major vascular complications occurred in 2% of diagnostic angiography and in 13.2% of PCI patients (p=0.003). The major vascular complications were significantly higher with the Close Pad device compared with sand bag (5.3% vs. 0.5%, p=0.007). Smoking, PCI, Close Pad, clopidogrel, and anticoagulants were observed to have increased risk of major local complications. In the logistic regression analysis, only smoking and Close Pad usage were evaluated as independent variables that increased the risk of major vascular complications (p<0.05). Close Pad usage demonstrated increased risk of vascular complications when compared with the sand bag in patients undergoing cardiac catheterizations. After the PCI, patients should be selected carefully for application of the Close Pad.

Investigation of Sheet-Titanium Forming with Flexible Tool – Experiment and Simulation / Badanie Kształtowania Blach Tytanowych Z Wykorzystaniem Elastycznego Narzędzia - Doświadczenie I Symulacja

In the paper the results of investigation of sheet-titanium forming with flexible tool are presented. Titanium alloy sheets belong to a group of materials which are very hard to deform at ambient temperature. To improve sheet formability forming technology using a semi-flexible tool was implemented. Experiments were carried out on a specially designed for this purpose device. Due to the application of a rubber pad the stress state similar to triaxial compression was produced in the deformed material. Such a stress state made it possible to obtain higher material deformation without risk of fracture. The numerical simulations were used for analysing the flexible forming process. The ADINA System basing on the Finite Element Method (FEM) was applied.

Application of the buccal fat pad in oral and maxillofacial reconstruction: Review of 35 cases

The buccal fat pad has been frequently used for the closure of oroantral and oronasal communications. There are a few studies in the literature reporting its use in defects secondary to cyst and tumoral resections. In this paper we consider both the anatomical basis and the surgical technique. We also review 35 cases treated using BFP; 18 patients with oroantral communications, 10 with residual cystic defects, 5 with tumoral resections and in 2 for interpositional lining material in TMJ ankylosis. In all the patients, the defect was adequately repaired. There was partial loss of the flap in one case. It is an acceptable type of reconstruction, versatile and of a simple surgical technique. However, its use is limited to small or medium defects, being sometimes scarce.

Use of Buccal Fat Pad for Treatment of Oral Submucous Fibrosis

The aim of this study was to clinically evaluate the application of pedicled buccal fat pad (BFP) in the surgical management of stage III and IV oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF). Twenty-eight cases of clinically and histologically diagnosed cases of OSMF were divided into 2 groups: group I (n = 15) and group II (n = 13), corresponding to clinical stage III and stage IV, respectively. All the patients underwent incision of fibrotic bands and coverage of the buccal defect with a pedicled BFP flap. Both groups were analyzed separately for mouth opening (interincisal distance in millimeters) preoperatively and 1 year postoperatively, time taken for epithelialization of BFP, time taken for establishment of normal contour, and changes in symptoms (painful ulcerations, burning sensation, and intolerance to spices) 1 year after grafting. The mean preoperative mouth opening was 19.6 mm (SD, 2.43) in group I and 12.92 mm (SD, 1.21) in group II. The mean postoperative mouth opening after 1 year was 35 mm in group I (SD, 1.96) and 31.76 mm in group II (SD, 1.97). The time taken for epithelialization of BFP was 4 weeks in group I and 5 weeks in group II. The mean time taken for establishment of normal contour after grafting was 12.25 weeks (SD, 1.42) in group I and 15.07 weeks (SD, 1.26) in group II. In 2 cases in group II, there was remission of painful ulcerations, burning sensation, and intolerance to spices. BFP is reliable for the treatment of OSMF.