Organic Applications Research Articles

Application of liquid organic fertilizer from wild banana stem waste (Musa acuminate) and coconut husk as a culture medium for Spirulina platensis

Microalgae are single-celled microorganisms with pigments and can produce photosynthesis to produce food and oxygen. The addition of liquid organic fertilizer from wild banana stem waste (Musa acuminata) and coconut husk as a source of nutrients can be used to increase the cell density of Spirulina platensis. This research was conducted on September 18-27 at the Hatchery and Aquaculture Technology Laboratory, Aquaculture Study Program, Department of Fisheries and Marine, Faculty of Agriculture, Malikussaleh University. The method used in this study is an experimental method with a non-factorial Complete Randomized Design (RAL) of 5 treatments and 3 repeats. The study is treatment A Control (Walne fertilizer), treatment B (Mixture of POC Waste of forest banana stems and coconut husk 12 ml / L of sea water), treatment C (Mixture of POC Waste of forest banana stems and coconut husk 14 ml / L of seawater), treatment D (Mixture of POC Waste of forest banana stems and coconut husk 16 ml / L of seawater), treatment E (Mixture of POC Forest banana stem waste and coconut husk 18 ml/L seawater). The results of this study showed that the use of POC from forest banana stem waste and coconut husk as a culture medium for Spirulina platensis had a real effect with F calculate 43,850 > F tabel (0.05) 3.48 to the peak population and had a real effect on the growth rate of Spirulina platensis with F calculate (26,884) > F table (0.05) 3.48.Keywords: Coconut husk; POC; Spirulina platensis; Wild banana stem waste.

Modeling the Yield of Glycine max (L.) Merrill Using Mixture Process Variable Model within an Optimal Split-Plot Design

A mixture design has become famous in statistical modeling in a mixture process variable experiment owing to its usefulness in modeling the blending surface that predicts the response of any mixture empirical. The mixture blends included manure from cows, chickens, goats, and sheep while the process variable was seeding rate of Glycine max seeds and the pH of the soil. The effect of variety of the seed used was established through variation of seeds per acre with uniform application of organic and inorganic fertilizer. This study's main aim was to determine the best desirable split-plot design for performing the Glycine max experiment with the settings mixture-process variables. The split-plot design (SPD) was used to solve the problem of restricted randomization. It constituted a simplex centroid design (SCD) of four design points of mixture components and factorial design with a central composite design (CCD) of the process variable. We formulated a new Scheffe model and the proposed design for SPD for the combined second-order mixture process variable model with CCD. We used the restricted maximum likelihood method to approximate values for parameter models within the SPD. We also found the effect of mixture component at vertices of components of the mixture plus with interaction effect between mixture and process variable to have the highest impact on the growth and pod development of Glycine max. The optimum total yield of Glycine max for variety R184 and Blyvoor used in Bushel per acre was 180.53 and 219. 217, respectively on the Whole Plot with a pH of soil being 5.4. The mean response maximum optimum yield for the total number of pods per plant and seeds per pod of Glycine max were found to be 32.30 and 2.331, respectively. We recommend using SPDs in experiments involving mixture settings formulations to measure the interaction effects of both the mixture components and the processing conditions like a pH of the soil and seeding rate.

Influence of Soil and Nutrient Management Practices on Crop Productivity and Quality in High Tunnel Organic Leafy Green Production

Despite the growing interest in high tunnel organic vegetable production, limited information is available regarding optimizing nutrient management for organic leafy greens. This 3-year study examined the impacts of cowpea cover crop as well as different organic fertilizers and composts on yield, leaf mineral nutrient content, and phytochemical properties of organic leafy greens produced in high tunnels under Florida sandy soil conditions. The experiment was arranged in a split-split-plot design with three replications. The whole plots consisted of a cowpea (Vigna unguiculata ‘Iron & Clay’) cover crop and a weedy fallow control, with fertilization treatments in the subplots, including preplant application of granular fertilizer vs. weekly injection of liquid fish fertilizer at the same seasonal rates of nitrogen (112 kg/ha), phosphorus (9.8 kg/ha), and potassium (74.4 kg/ha). The sub-subplots included yard waste-based compost (22.4 Mt/ha), cow manure-based compost (22.4 Mt/ha), vermicompost (5.6 Mt/ha), and no compost control. Cowpea was broadcasted (112 kg/ha) in early July or mid-August and terminated 51 to 53 days after seeding. Pac choi (Brassica rapa var. chinensis ‘Mei Qing Choi’) was transplanted in mid-Sep. or mid-Oct. and harvested after 33 to 36 days. Baby spinach (Spinacia oleracea ‘Corvair’) or baby leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa ‘Outredgeous’) was direct seeded subsequently as a catch crop. Each experimental unit remained in the same location across the 3 years of the study. Cover cropping had little influence on yields, leaf mineral nutrients, ascorbic acid content, total phenolics, and total antioxidant capacity of pac choi and baby spinach/lettuce. Compared with preplant application of the granular organic fertilizer, weekly liquid organic fertigation improved pac choi marketable yield and dry weight by 16.8% and 5.4% on average, respectively, and enhanced leaf nitrogen and phosphorus contents on a dry weight basis. Relative to the no compost control, yard waste compost consistently improved marketable yields of pac choi by 11.6% on average and led to higher yields of the baby spinach/lettuce catch crop in years 1 and 3, suggesting that compost applications may enhance seasonal nutrient availability to better meet crop demand. However, compost application exhibited inconsistent effects on crop mineral nutrient and phytochemical contents across the years, which could be attributed to the different nutrient compositions of the composts applied in each season, as well as the legacy effects from the previous season. Furthermore, the compost benefits may be influenced by the fertilization program as indicated by their interaction effects observed in this study.

Impact of Foliar Spray with Gibberellic Acid GA3 and Nauta Fertilizer on the Some Vital and Mineral Components of Three Cultivars of Grape (Vitis vinifera L.)

The University of Mosul’s Department of Horticulture and Landscape Design / College of Agriculture and Forestry vineyard hosted this study. During the growing season 2022, to study the effects of foliar fertilization with Nauta fertilizer containing amino acids and seaweed extracts in three concentrations (0, 250, and 500 mg l-1) and foliar spraying with gibberellic acid in three concentrations (0, 50, and 100 mg l-1) on three table grape varieties, Halwany Lebanese, Kamali, and Black Khalili, and their interactions and effects on some It is possible to summarize the most important results obtained: According to this study, Halwany surpassed Kamali and Black Khalili in petiole iron concentration and grape variety superiority. Halwany and Kamali were over the Black Khalili variety in the average concentration of potassium in the petioles, just as the grape varieties were over the Halwany variety in the average protein and phosphorus concentrations. The Black Khalili variety also outperformed the Halwany and Kamali varieties in zinc content and carbohydrate percentage. In leaf petioles, nitrogen content increased significantly after foliar application of Nauta organic fertilizer at 250 mg l-1. In addition to the superiority of foliar spraying at 500 mg l-1 of the same fertilizer in main stem carbohydrates, protein, phosphorus, and iron in leaf petioles. Foliar spraying with gibberellic acid, especially at a concentration of 100 mg l-1, led to a significant increase in the average of protein and the concentration of phosphorus, potassium, zinc and iron in the leaf petioles.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) response with the Application of Manure and Liquid Organic Fertilizer

Organic fertilizers are necessary for environmentally friendly agriculture. The study aimed to determine rice response to manure and liquid organic fertilizer application ratio. The study was conducted by experimental method with a Complete Randomized Design with five replications. The treatment consists of 6 treatments, namely organic fertilizer, 25% goat manure + 75% commercial liquid organic fertilizer, 50% goat manure + 50% commercial liquid organic fertilizer, 75% goat manure organic + 25% commercial liquid organic fertilizer, 100% goat manure, and 100% manure goats + 100% commercial liquid organic fertilizer. The results showed that plant height during the middle of the vegetative phase treatment of 25% goat manure + 75% commercial liquid organic fertilizer was higher than the treatment of 50% solid organic fertilizer goat manure + 50% commercial liquid organic fertilizer and 100% treatment of goat manure solid organic fertilizer. The root length and volume of treatment 25% goat manure + 75% commercial liquid organic fertilizer is longer and higher than the combined treatment of manure and other liquid organic fertilizers. The grain weight per clump of mixed manure and liquid organic fertilizer treatment is no different. In the future, treatment of 25% goat manure + 75% commercial liquid organic fertilizer can be applied to increase the rice roots.

Long-term fermented organic fertilizer application reduce urea nitrogen-15 loss from plastic shed agricultural soils

Continuous application of fermented organic fertilizer can improve soil quality, while the performance of nitrogen (N) in the improved soils is rarely investigated. To investigate the fate of applied N in the soils with organic management history, the 15NH2CO15NH2 (15N abundance of 19.6 %) was employed as the exogenous N source to conduct an experiment in the Chinese cabbage and tomato rotation system under plastic shed condition. The cultivated soils have received 15-year of effective microorganism (EM) fermented organic fertilizer (EM-OF), N, P, K inorganic fertilizer (NPK-IF) and no fertilizer (NoF). The 15N use by cabbage and tomato, the soil 15N forms, as well as the 15N distribution were observed. Results showed that the 15N use efficiency of cabbage in the EM-OF, NPK-IF and NoF soils were 55.1 %, 37.3 % and 26.6 % respectively, showing significant (p ≤ 0.05) differences. The succeeding crop tomato could take up the soil residual 15N, and the highest 15N reuse efficiency was 7.1 % that detected in the NoF soil. The total 15N loss (6.0 %) from the rotation system was the lowest in the EM-OF soil, compared to that in the NPK-IF and NoF soils. It was concluded that the long-term fermented organic fertilizer applied soils can reduce urea 15N loss from plastic shed agriculture, mainly through improving the in-season crop 15N use efficiency.

Evaluating the Response of Peanuts Plant Irrigated with Agricultural Drainage Water to Organic Fertilization and Foliar Application of Magnesium and Selenium, Along with Soil Property Assessment

Evaluating the Response of Peanuts Plant Irrigated with Agricultural Drainage Water to Organic Fertilization and Foliar Application of Magnesium and Selenium, Along with Soil Property Assessment

Increasing the production and quality of the yield of Siam orange fruits in off-season period through the application of liquid organic and guano fertilizer

This research was conducted in Belantih Village, Kintamani District, Bangli Regency, from October 2022 to June 2023. This research aimed to increase the production and quality of the yield of Siam orange through the application of liquid organic fertilizer from cow urine waste and guano fertilizer. This study used a randomized block design with 2 factors and 3 replications. The first factor was liquid organic fertilizer from cow urine waste consist of 4 concentration levels, i.e., 0 ml/l (C0); 5 ml/l (C1); 10 ml/l (C2) and 15 ml/l (C3), while the second factor was guano fertilizer consists of 4 dose levels, i.e., 0 g/tree (G0); 1 kg/tree (G1); 2 kg/tree (G2) and 3 kg/tree (G3). The results showed that the interaction between concentration of cow urine waste liquid fertilizer and guano fertilizer doses had no significant effect on all observed variables. Liquid organic from cow urine waste fertilizer improved the yield and quality of the fruits of Siam orange in off-season period, reflected by the higher of harvested fruit weight per tree and weight per fruit at a concentration of 15 ml/l (13.20 kg and 126.32 g), or an increase of 81.32% and 28.14% than those of control (7.28 kg and 98.58 g). While in the Guano fertilizer treatment, the weight per fruit and the weight of the harvested fruit per tree were highest at the dose of 3 kg/tree (118.50 g and 12.64 kg), or an increase of 10.05% and 33.33% compared to the control (107.68 g and 9.48 kg).

Response of Liquid Organic Fertilizer Application from Sword Fern Weeds and Goat Manure on Growth and Production of Green Beans ( Vigna radiata L )

The aim of the study was to determine the response of the application of liquid organic fertilizer for weeds of sword ferns and goat manure to the growth and production of green beans (Vigna radiata L). The research method used a factorial Randomized Block Design (RAK) consisting of 2 factors with 16 treatment combinations and 2 replications. The fist factor is treatment of Liquid Organic Fertilizer for sword ferns (M) consisting of 4 levels, namely M0 = 0 cc/L water/plot, M1 = 100 cc/L water/plot M2 = 200 cc/L water / plot, and M3 = 300 cc/ L of water/ plot. The second factor is goat manure ferilizer (S) consisting of 4 levels, namely S0 = 0 kg/plot, S1 = 2 kg/plot, S2 = 4 kg/plot, and S3 = 6 kg/plot. Parameters observed were plant height, number of productive branches, flowering age, plot production, weight of 100 seeds and age of harvest. The results of the study of Liquid Organic Fertilizer treatment of sword fern weeds had an effect on the parameters of plant height, number of productive branches, production per plot, and weight of 100 seeds, but did not affect the parameters of flowering age. The treatment of goat manure had an effect on plant height, number of productive branches, production per plot and weight of 100 seeds, but did not affect the parameters of flowering age. The interaction between the application of Liquid Organic Fertilizer for sword ferns and goat manure did not affect all parameters observed

The Effect Of Liquid Organic Fertilizer (Lof) From Rice Washing Water and Coconut Water Using Em4 On The Growth Of Chorella sp. At Laboratory Scale

Chlorella sp. has significantly higher nutritional content compared to artificial feed. To obtain Chlorella sp. as a natural feed, it was necessary to cultivate pure phytoplankton to meet the availability of crude feed in sufficient quantities. In conducting the cultivation, there was a need for liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) that could be easily obtained and was available in nature, which was liquid organic fertilizer made from a mixture of rice washing water and coconut water fermented using EM4. This research aimed to determine the density of Chlorella sp. using liquid organic fertilizer from rice washing water, and coconut water fermented using EM4 and the effect of the best fertilizer dosage on the growth of Chlorella sp. This research used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of 4 treatments with four replications. The highest average cell density of Chlorella sp. throughout the research was obtained in treatment C (15 ml dosage), followed by treatment B (10 ml dosage), treatment D (20 ml dosage), and the lowest in treatment A (control). The application of liquid organic fertilizer from rice washing water and coconut water significantly affected the density of Chlorella sp. (p <0.05). The highest density was recorded on day 6 in treatment C with a dosage of rice washing water and coconut water of 15 ml, with a population density of 12,466.25 x 104 cells/ml.

Mono and Competitive Adsorption-Desorption of Cd, Co, Cu, and Zn in Ten Agricultural and Greenhouse Soils

ABSTRACT Long-term application of organic and inorganic fertilizers increases the possibility of contamination of greenhouse soils with heavy metals. This study investigated heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cu, and Zn) adsorption-desorption under mono and competitive systems in 10 soils from agricultural and greenhouse soils in western Iran. In most of the studied soils, the values of the Freundlich distribution coefficient (K f ) of Cu were higher than other heavy metals, indicating that Cu is maintained by the soils stronger than Cd, Co, and Zn. Based on the average K f , the selectivity sequence of heavy metals in agricultural and greenhouse soils was ordered as Cu > Zn > Cd > Co in both mono and competitive systems. In general, greenhouse soils had lower K f for heavy metals compared with agricultural soils, indicating the vulnerability of greenhouse soils to heavy metals leaching. In desorption experiments, the percentage of heavy metal desorption increased as the concentration of added heavy metals increased in both systems (except Cu in the mono-heavy metal system). The findings revealed that continuous vegetable production and the application of organic and inorganic fertilizers in these greenhouse soils may cause changes in soil properties and heavy metal mobility, posing hazards to human health and groundwater quality.

Research Progress on Soil Carbon Sequestration in Dry Farmland

Dry farming is a kind of agricultural production mode widely existed in the world, and its soil carbon sequestration potential has attracted much attention. The paper discussed the influencing factors, carbon sequestration process and effect of soil carbon sequestration in dryland farmland. It was concluded that protective tillage measures such as application of organic fertilizer, no-tillage, deep tillage and straw returning could increase the carbon sequestration in surface dryland soil, biodegradable film mulching could promote soil organic carbon fixation, and rational arrangement of crops could improve soil carbon sequestration capacity.

Effects of Fertilizer Application Patterns on Foxtail Millet Root Morphological Construction and Yield Formation during the Reproductive Stage in the Loess Plateau of China

With crop yields continually increasing, chemical fertilizer consumption in China is increasing in parallel. The excessive use of synthetic fertilizer can lead to soil compaction, acidification, and degeneration, which can all be mitigated through additional organic manure application. The combined application of organic manure and inorganic fertilizer plays crucial roles in the root morphology and yield formation of dryland crops. In this study, foxtail millet (Chang Sheng 07) was used as the experimental material and sown in a dry farming area with five different fertilizing patterns, which were composed of chemical N, P, organic manure, and microbial manure. These patterns included a single application of 45 kg·ha−1 of nitrogen fertilizer as the control (N45), the combined application of 60 kg·ha−1 of nitrogen fertilizer with 30 kg·ha−1 of phosphorus fertilizer (N60P30), the combined application of 90 kg·ha−1 of nitrogen fertilizer with 45 kg·ha−1 of phosphorus fertilizer (N90P45), 60 kg·ha−1 of nitrogen fertilizer and 40 kg·ha−1 of phosphorus fertilizer with 2000 kg·ha−1 of organic manure (N60P40-O), and 60 kg·ha−1 of nitrogen fertilizer and 40 kg·ha−1 of phosphorus fertilizer with 5 kg·ha−1 of microbial manure (N60P40-M). Each treatment was performed with four repeats. The results show that (1) the different fertilization patterns had significant effects on the morphological construction of foxtail millet roots, and the root length (RL) with N60P40–O underwent a significant increase of 88.23% and 61.59% in the two stages, respectively, (2) as confirmed by the correlation analysis, the root surface area (RSA) was positively correlated with the RL and root volume (RV), (3) the yields with N90P45 and N60P30 exhibited a significant increase of 54.43% and 59.86%, and those with N60P40–O and N60P40–M stably increased by 13.12–24.11% compared to those with N45, and (4) the water use efficiency (WUE) of foxtail millet under the N60P30 and N90P45 patterns significantly increased by 33.40–62.39%, while that under the N60P40–O and N60P40–M patterns increased by 12.89–29.20%. In summary, the application of additional organic matter and microbial manure promoted the morphological construction of foxtail millet roots, led to better stability in grain production, and is an ecofriendly option in terms of sustainable land use.

Influence of Sunn Hemp Biomass Incorporation on Organic Strawberry Production

Sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.), a warm season leguminous cover crop, is commonly used in rotation with organic strawberry production in Florida’s subtropical environment. This study was conducted to explore the impacts of sunn hemp on growth and yield performance of the subsequent organic strawberry crop in sandy soils, taking into consideration the nutrient contribution from soil incorporation of sunn hemp biomass. Sunn hemp was seeded during the summer off-season and terminated before flowering, three weeks prior to the fall planting of two strawberry cultivars (‘Strawberry Festival’ and ‘Camino Real’). With sunn hemp residues incorporated into the soil, two application rates of nitrogen (N) through pre-plant organic fertilization for the strawberry season were used, including N at a rate of 84 kg/ha, without consideration of the N credit from sunn hemp, and N at a rate of 19.8 kg/ha, with consideration of the estimated N credit from sunn hemp. A summer fallow without cover crop and with a pre-plant organic fertilizer application at the N rate of 84 kg/ha was included as the control. Overall, the sunn hemp incorporation at three weeks after termination did not benefit the strawberry plant growth or fruit yield in this study, with rather low levels of soilborne pathogen and nematode infestations. Both sunn hemp treatments exhibited a significantly lower level of total soil N compared to the summer fallow plots at the end of the strawberry season. The reduction in the pre-plant N fertilization resulted in lower above-ground plant dry weight and accumulation of N, phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) at the end of the strawberry season, along with fewer leaves and smaller crowns of the strawberry plants during the early season. Both sunn hemp treatments decreased early fruit yields, while the sunn hemp treatment with the reduced N fertilization also led to a significant reduction in the total fruit number and weight, although no significant differences in the whole-season marketable fruit yield were observed among the nutrient management treatments. Overall, ‘Strawberry Festival’ yielded higher than ‘Camino Real’, but the effects of nutrient management did not vary with the strawberry cultivars. Further studies are needed to enhance organic strawberry nutrient management involving rotational cover crops.

Soil Chemical Properties and Microbial Behavior under Short-Term Organic and Mineral Fertilization within Different Crops

Agronomic practices can have a negative impact on soil health and quality and ecosystem resilience. The objectives of the study were (1) to evaluate the soil chemical properties and microbial abundance under short-term application of organic and mineral fertilizers and different cultivated crops and (2) to observe the antifungal efficacy of microorganisms isolated from the studied soil. A field trial was conducted in the 2021–2022 period on a preluvosoil-type soil in four randomized blocks with eight fertilizer treatments based on manure compost (MC) and MC + mineral fertilizer (V1—control-soil; V2—NPK only; V3—15 t/ha MC; V4—15 t/ha MC + NPK; V5—30 t/ha MC; V6—30 t/ha MC + NPK; V7—60 t/ha MC; and V8—60 t/ha MC +NPK) and four crops (winter wheat—Triticum aestivum L., maize—Zea mays L., soybean—Glycine max L., and a mixture of perennial grasses and legumes). In almost all treatments, the soil pH decreased during the summer–autumn period. The organic carbon (Corg) and humus contents increased compared to the initial state of the soil after the application of different doses of MC and MC + NPK fertilization in almost all treatments. The microbial load of the soil was influenced by the fertilization regime and crop species, but there were no significant differences between the variants. The highest bacterial load was recorded in soil cultivated with a mixture of perennial grasses and grain legumes, i.e., in the variant with 15 t/ha MC, followed by soil cultivated with maize and fertilized with 30 t/ha and 60 t/ha MC. A higher number of fungi was observed in the mixture of perennial grasses and legumes, and Rhizobium population was higher, especially in the winter wheat plots, despite the fertilization regime. The antifungal efficacy of the microorganisms isolated from the samples was medium to low, except in the winter wheat experiment, where the efficacy against Fusarium culmorum was medium to high and against other pathogens was medium. In the other crops within the experiment, the antagonistic activity of the soil microorganisms was medium to low.

Long-term organic fertilization reshapes the communities of bacteria and fungi and enhances the activities of C- and P-cycling enzymes in calcareous alluvial soil

Soil microbial communities and extracellular enzymes are pivotal in governing the dynamics of soil carbon (C) and phosphorus (P) cycling. Nevertheless, comprehending the underlying regulatory factors and intricate interactions among these vital indicators remains an inadequately explored aspect, especially within the scenario of long-term fertilization. Long-term fertilization experiments were conducted on calcareous alluvial soil. The five fertilization regimes selected were as follows: without fertilization treatment (CK); inorganic NK fertilization treatment (NK); inorganic NPK fertilization treatment (NPK); organic fertilization treatment (M); and combined inorganic NPK with organic fertilization treatment (NPKM). The soil physicochemical properties, β-glucosidase (BG), and alkaline phosphomonoesterase (ALP) activities were determined, together with microbial (bacterial and fungal) community DNA sequences and subsequent bioinformatics analysis after 38 years of different fertilization. The results showed that the content of soil organic carbon (SOC) and available P and the activities of BG and ALP were the highest after M and NPKM treatments, which were 79–104 %, 26–36 times, 161–171 %, and 75–91 % higher than CK, respectively. Hierarchical clustering analysis showed that the bacterial and fungal community structures in M and NPKM treatments were similar, but the community structures in non-organic fertilization treatments (CK, NK, and NPK) were significantly different from those in organic fertilization treatments. The indicator species and correlation analysis combined revealed that most indicator species in organic fertilizer treatments were significantly positively correlated with soil BG and ALP, while most indicator species in non-organic fertilizer (CK and NK) treatments were significantly negatively correlated with soil BG and ALP. Organic fertilization treatments favored the growth of the bacterial genus Lysobacter and the fungal genera Acremonium and Mortierella and were significantly positively correlated with BG and ALP activities. Redundancy analysis revealed that SOC is the most important factor in shaping microbial community structure. Co-occurrence network analysis showed organic fertilization had higher network complexity, more keystone taxa, and more associations among microbial taxa compared with non-organic fertilization (CK + NK). Structural equation models revealed that microbial community structure is the direct driving factor of BG and ALP activities and their interactions, and SOC modulated the relationship between microbial community structure and BG and ALP activities. This study highlights how the application of organic fertilizer enhanced the C- and P-cycling enzyme activities, reshaped the soil microbial communities, and regulated these crucial indicators and their interactions by SOC.

Mineralization mechanism of organic carbon in maize rhizosphere soil of soft rock and sand mixed soil under different fertilization modes.

This article endeavors to investigate the influence of various fertilization methods on the characteristics of rhizosphere soil and organic carbon mineralization in the mixed soil of Mu Us Sandy land under maize cultivation, with the objective of laying the groundwork for low-carbon agriculture and the development of high-quality farmland. The research focuses on soft rock and sand composite soil with a 1:2 ratio, and it comprises four treatments: no fertilization (CK), only chemical fertilization (CF), only cattle manure application (MF), and only oil residue application (DF). The findings revealed that the use of organic fertilizer substantially elevated nutrient content and enzyme activity in the maize rhizosphere soil. Furthermore, it had a notable influence on both soil aggregate diameter and stability. Specifically, the DF treatment led to a significant increase in both soil aggregate diameter and stability. The mineralization rate of organic carbon in the maize rhizosphere soil could be categorized into two distinct phases: a rapid initial decline followed by a slower release. By the end of the incubation period, the cumulative mineralization of organic carbon in the MF, DF, and CF treatments showed a significant increase of 119.87%, 57.57%, and 24.15%, respectively, in comparison to the CK treatment. Additionally, the mineralization rate constants of the DF and MF treatments experienced a substantial rise, with increments of 23.52% and 45.97%, respectively, when contrasted with the CK treatment. The bacterial phyla Actinobacteriota, Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Acidobacteriota, and Firmicutes were dominant in the rhizosphere soil bacterial community. Specific genera such as Nocardioides and Sphingomonas showed significant correlations with organic carbon mineralization. The application of different organic fertilizer can improve soil physical, chemical and biological properties, and promote the mineralization process of organic carbon in maize rhizosphere soil. Notably, the DF treatment exhibited the most favorable outcome, improving the overall quality of maize rhizosphere soil while incurring a minimal loss of unit organic carbon. These findings hold significant implications for optimizing field management practices and augmenting soil quality.

Sustainable Campus Through Organic Waste Management Program Implementation

Implementing an organic waste management program is a crucial step in realizing a sustainable campus. Organic waste management such as yard waste management program in Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, is crucial to maintaining a sustainable environment. The university's efforts to implement sustainable waste management practices, such as recycling and create an alternative energy sources like biodigester, have significantly reduced the amount of waste sent to landfills and creates valuable resources such as heat and liquid organic fertilizer. The application of liquid organic fertilizer from a biodigester on the university's green house resulted in an increased Pakcoy growth parameters and productions. By using liquid organic fertilizer from a biodigester is a sustainable and effective way to fertilize green areas at Sam Ratulangi University. By implementing this practice, the university can reduce waste and support healthy plant growth while also promoting environmental stewardship.

Pengaplikasian Pupuk Organik Cair Dari Limbah Rumah Tangga

Community service carried out by the Faculty of Agriculture at SMP Negeri 2 Kemlagi is providing outreach on the application of liquid organic fertilizer (POC) from household waste. Students are very eager to learn new material and can work on it for extended periods of time in class. This activity strengthens the mutualistic symbiosis between the second-order SMPN and the agriculture faculty. SMPN 2 Kemlagi has the potential to be a top-notch school that combines theory and practice to teach Merdeka curriculum, even though the Faculty of Agriculture lacks a dedicated space for teaching Merdeka Belajar Kampus Merdeka (MBKM). This activity will continue to be carried out in the future with different themes.

ORGANIC AGRICULTURE AS AN ELEMENT OF SOIL PRESERVATION AND RESTORATION

The materials of the article are based on the study of the positive impact of organic farming on the reproduction and preservation of soils. The research methodology is based on a systematic approach and a dialectical method of understanding the organic principles of land use in agricultural production, taking into account retrospective analysis, monographic method, methods of synthesis and analysis. The essence of the system of organic farming from the point of view of ensuring balanced land use is revealed. It is shown the dynamics of land distribution by areas in Ukraine for 2018-2022, characterizing by an extremely high rate of agricultural development, which significantly exceeds the ecologically justified limits, as well as the distribution of soil areas of Ukraine by humus content. Organic fertilizers, plant residues, by-products, green manure, etc. remain the most important resource for soil humus reproduction, the application of which has a positive effect on the agrochemical, physical and water-air properties of soils. The structure of mineral and organic fertilizers application in 1994-2022 is given. The main problems of agricultural land use are highlighted. Under modern conditions of agricultural production and existing land use systems, it is impossible to achieve even a simple reproduction of soil fertility without a significant improvement of mechanisms for controlling their use by the state, as well as the introduction of more effective, mostly economic, mechanisms to support soil protection measures. International experience shows that new information technologies, in addition to traditional research methods, will provide effective control of land use and soil protection at different spatial levels, from the state to a specific field. The mechanism of preservation and reproduction of soil fertility in the system of organic farming is proposed for use by agricultural commodity producers. It includes a set of measures aimed at restoring stocks of organic substances and improving agro physical properties of soil. The state support in solving problematic issues is also important.It is recommended to supplement the developed mechanism with such components as legal, scientific and technical, economic, financial, scientific and educational supports.