Application Of Jasmonic Acid Research Articles

Alleviation of salinity induced growth and photosynthetic decline in wheat due to biochar and jasmonic acid application involves up-regulation of ascorbate-glutathione pathway, glyoxylase system and secondary metabolite accumulation

Combined application of biochar and jasmonic acid for inducing salt stress tolerance in wheat. A 100 mM salt stress was applied fifteen days after germination. biochar (BC, 5%) and jasmonic acid (JA, 5 μM) was applied in individual and in joint applications. The results revealed that growth traits, contents of δ-Amino levulinic acid, glutamate 1-semialdehyde, total chlorophylls and carotenoids, nutrients, nitrate reductase and leaf gas exchange traits were reduced under salt stress. Salt stress increased oxidative stress biomarkers and enzymes of glyoxylase system considerably. It was found that the single and joint application of biochar or jasmonic acid alleviated the decline with maximal alleviation observed in biochar + jasmonic acid treated plants by preventing the oxidative damage and boosting the activities of antioxidant enzymes and enzymes of glyoxylase system. The accumulation of osmolytes and secondary metabolites was more evident under joint biochar and jasmonic acid treatments than individual under NaCl stress. The contents of reducing agents (ascorbate and glutathione) were orchestrated under joint biochar and jasmonic acid application. Nevertheless, the decline in the activity of nitrate reductase and nutrient contents was maximally alleviated under joint application of BC and JA. Therefore, it can be concluded that combined application of biochar and jasmonic acid can be exploited for improved growth and photosynthesis and salinity stress tolerance in wheat and perhaps in other cereal crops.

Jasmonic Acid Boosts Physio-Biochemical Activities in Grewia asiatica L. under Drought Stress.

It has been shown that jasmonic acid (JA) can alleviate drought stress. Nevertheless, there are still many questions regarding the JA-induced physiological and biochemical mechanisms that underlie the adaptation of plants to drought stress. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate whether JA application was beneficial for the antioxidant activity, plant performance, and growth of Grewia asiatica L. Therefore, a study was conducted on G. asiatica plants aged six months, exposing them to 100% and 60% of their field capacity. A JA application was only made when the plants were experiencing moderate drought stress (average stem water potential of 1.0 MPa, considered moderate drought stress), and physiological and biochemical measures were monitored throughout the 14-day period. In contrast to untreated plants, the JA-treated plants displayed an improvement in plant growth by 15.5% and increased CO2 assimilation (AN) by 43.9% as well as stomatal conductance (GS) by 42.7% on day 3. The ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities of drought-stressed JA-treated plants increased by 87%, 78%, and 60%, respectively, on day 3. In addition, G. asiatica plants stressed by drought accumulated 34% more phenolics and 63% more antioxidants when exposed to JA. This study aimed to understand the mechanism by which G. asiatica survives in drought conditions by utilizing the JA system.

Effects of Nitrogen Supply on Induced Defense in Maize (Zea mays) against Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda).

How nitrogen (N) supply affects the induced defense of plants remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated the impacts of N supply on the defense induced in maize (Zea mays) against the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda). In the absence of herbivore attack or exogenous jasmonic acid (JA) application, N supply increased plant biomass and enhanced maize nutrient (soluble sugar and amino acid) contents and leaf area fed by S. frugiperda (the feeding leaf area of S. frugiperda larvae in maize supplemented with 52.2 and 156.6 mg/kg of N was 4.08 and 3.83 times that of the control, respectively). When coupled with herbivore attack or JA application, maize supplemented with 52.2 mg/kg of N showed an increased susceptibility to pests, while the maize supplemented with 156.6 mg/kg of N showed an improved defense against pests. The changes in the levels of nutrients, and the emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) caused by N supply could explain the above opposite induced defense in maize. Compared with herbivore attack treatment, JA application enhanced the insect resistance in maize supplemented with 156.6 mg/kg of N more intensely, mainly reflecting a smaller feeding leaf area, which was due to indole emission and two upregulated defensive genes, MPI (maize proteinase inhibitor) and PAL (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase). Hence, the optimal N level and appropriate JA application can enhance plant-induced defense against pests.

Effects of Exogenous Jasmonic Acid on Arsenic Accumulation and Response to Stress in Roots of Rice Seedlings

Arsenic (As) pollution has a toxic effect on crop growth, leading to reduced crop quality and yield. Therefore, it is urgent to explore safe and effective strategies to reduce its toxicity. In this experiment, hydroponics, fluorescent probe locating technology, differential centrifugation, and Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis were used to research the effect of exogenous jasmonic acid (JA) on the accumulation and stress resistance of rice seedlings. The results showed that JA application reduced the As content in the roots and shoots of rice by 31.4% and 51.4%, respectively, and significantly reduced As content in the cell wall and soluble fractions of rice roots. JA changed the distribution ratio of As in the subcellular components. The distribution ratio of As in the cell wall increased by 16.4%, and the distribution ratio of soluble fractions decreased by 17.3%. JA enhanced the fixation of As by the cell wall and reduced the As content in the soluble fraction. Furthermore, JA increased the levels of SOD, CAT, GSH, and PEPC in root cells and reduced the contents of H2O2 and MDA, indicating that JA reduced lipid peroxidation damage, regulated carbon and nitrogen metabolism, and alleviated As toxicity. This research provides a new approach for the prevention and control of rice As pollution.

Dichotomous Role of Jasmonic Acid in Modulating Sorghum Defense Against Aphids.

The precursors and derivatives of jasmonic acid (JA) contribute to plant protective immunity to insect attack. However, the role of JA in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) defense against sugarcane aphid (SCA) (Melanaphis sacchari), which is considered a major threat to sorghum production, remains elusive. Sorghum SC265, previously identified as a SCA-resistant genotype among the sorghum nested association mapping founder lines, transiently increased JA at early stages of aphid feeding and deterred aphid settling. Monitoring of aphid feeding behavior using electropenetrography, a technique to unveil feeding process of piercing-sucking insects, revealed that SC265 plants restricted SCA feeding from the phloem sap. However, exogenous application of JA attenuated the resistant phenotype and promoted improved aphid feeding and colonization on SC265 plants. This was further confirmed with sorghum JA-deficient plants, in which JA deficiency promoted aphid settling, however, it also reduced aphid feeding from the phloem sap and curtailed SCA population. Exogenous application of JA caused enhanced feeding and aphid proliferation on JA-deficient plants, suggesting that JA promotes aphid growth and development. SCA feeding on JA-deficient plants altered the sugar metabolism and enhanced the levels of fructose and trehalose compared with wild-type plants. Furthermore, aphid artificial diet containing fructose and trehalose curtailed aphid growth and reproduction. Our findings underscore a previously unknown dichotomous role of JA, which may have opposing effects by deterring aphid settling during the early stage and enhancing aphid proliferative capacity during later stages of aphid colonization on sorghum plants. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.

Transcriptome-Wide Analysis Revealed the Potential of the High-Affinity Potassium Transporter (HKT) Gene Family in Rice Salinity Tolerance via Ion Homeostasis.

The high-affinity potassium transporter (HKT) genes are key ions transporters, regulating the plant response to salt stress via sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) homeostasis. The main goal of this research was to find and understand the HKT genes in rice and their potential biological activities in response to brassinosteroids (BRs), jasmonic acid (JA), seawater, and NaCl stress. The in silico analyses of seven OsHKT genes involved their evolutionary tree, gene structures, conserved motifs, and chemical properties, highlighting the key aspects of OsHKT genes. The Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of HKT genes revealed their roles in growth and stress responses. Promoter analysis showed that the majority of the HKT genes participate in abiotic stress responses. Tissue-specific expression analysis showed higher transcriptional activity of OsHKT genes in roots and leaves. Under NaCl, BR, and JA application, OsHKT1 was expressed differentially in roots and shoots. Similarly, the induced expression pattern of OsHKT1 was recorded in the seawater resistant (SWR) cultivar. Additionally, the Na+ to K+ ratio under different concentrations of NaCl stress has been evaluated. Our data highlighted the important role of the OsHKT gene family in regulating the JA and BR mediated rice salinity tolerance and could be useful for rice future breeding programs.

MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE PHOSPHATASE 1 mediates root sensing of serotonin through jasmonic acid signaling and modulating reactive oxygen species

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) acts as a neurotransmitter in mammals and is widely distributed in the plant kingdom, where it influences root growth and defense. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs) and MAPK phosphatases (MKPs) play critical functions in decoding hormonal signalling, but their possible roles in mediating serotonin responses await investigation. In this report, we unveiled positive roles for the MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE PHOSPHATASE1 (MKP1) in the inhibition of the primary root growth, cell division, meristem structure, and differentiation events in Arabidopsis seedlings. mkp1 mutants were less sensitive to jasmonic acid applications that halted primary root growth in wild-type (WT) plants, and consistently, the neurotransmitter activated the expression of the JASMONATE ZIM-domain (JAZ) proteins JAZ1 and JAZ10, two critical proteins orchestrating jasmonic acid signalling. This effect correlated with exacerbated production of endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the WT, a process constitutively manifested in mkp1 mutants. These data help to clarify the relationship between serotonin and growth/defense trade-offs, and reveal the importance of the MAPK pathway in root development through ROS production.

Effect of exogenous jasmonic acid on physiology and steroidal saponin accumulation in Dioscorea zingiberensis

Dioscorea zingiberensis is a valuable medicinal herb rich in steroidal saponins. To reveal the role of jasmonic acid (JA) on physiology and steroidal saponins accumulation, D. zingiberensis were treated with different concentrations of JA. The antioxidant capacity, photosynthetic parameters, fatty acids and metabolites related to steroidal saponins biosynthesis (phytosterols, diosgenin and steroidal saponins) were examined under JA treatment. The results demonstrated that JA treatment caused a great reduction in MDA, stomatal width, photosynthetic rate and photosynthetic pigment, induced a considerable increase in proline, soluble sugar, soluble protein and antioxidant enzymes (CAT, POD and SOD), and leaded to a significant up-regulation in the expression of genes related to antioxidant system and chlorophyll degradation. Specialized metabolites displayed various changes under different concentrations of JA. The majority of fatty acids exhibited negative responses to JA treatment in leaf and rhizome. In leaf, JA treatment enhanced the accumulation of phytosterols and diosgenin, but decreased the accumulation of steroidal saponins. However, steroidal saponins were mainly accumulated in rhizome and were highly increased by JA treatment. Redundancy analysis illustrated that fatty acids were strongly associated with metabolites related to steroidal saponins. Among all fatty acids, C16:0, C18:1, C18:3, C22:0 and C24:0 contributed most to the variation in metabolites related to steroidal saponin biosynthesis. Overall, JA treatment leaded to an increase in steroidal saponins, but an inhibition of plant growth. Thus, the negative effects of JA application on plant physiology should be carefully assessed before being utilized to increase the production of steroidal saponins in D. zingiberensis.

High-temperature stress suppresses allene oxide cyclase 2 and causes male sterility in cotton by disrupting jasmonic acid signaling

Cotton (Gossypium spp.) yield is reduced by stress. In this study, high temperature (HT) suppressed the expression of the jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis gene allene oxide cyclase 2 (GhAOC2), reducing JA content and causing male sterility in the cotton HT-sensitive line H05. Anther sterility was reversed by exogenous application of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) to early buds. To elucidate the role of GhAOC2 in JA biosynthesis and identify its putative contribution to the anther response to HT, we created gene knockout cotton plants using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Ghaoc2 mutant lines showed male-sterile flowers with reduced JA content in the anthers at the tetrad stage (TS), tapetum degradation stage (TDS), and anther dehiscence stage (ADS). Exogenous application of MeJA to early mutant buds (containing TS or TDS anthers) rescued the sterile pollen and indehiscent anther phenotypes, while ROS signals were reduced in ADS anthers. We propose that HT downregulates the expression of GhAOC2 in anthers, reducing JA biosynthesis and causing excessive ROS accumulation in anthers, leading to male sterility. These findings suggest exogenous JA application as a strategy for increasing male fertility in cotton under HT.

Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Crosstalk between the Abscisic Acid and Jasmonic Acid Signaling Pathways in Rice-Mediated Defense against Nilaparvata lugens.

The brown planthopper (BPH) impacts both rice yield and quality. The exogenous application of abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA) has been previously shown to induce rice resistance to BPH; however, the regulation of rice-mediated defense by these plant growth regulators is unclear. We applied exogenous JA and ABA to rice and analyzed molecular responses to BPH infestation. Nine RNA libraries were sequenced, and 6218 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were generated and annotated. After ABA + BPH and JA + BPH treatments, 3491 and 2727 DEGs, respectively, were identified when compared with the control (BPH alone). GO enrichment and KEGG pathway analysis showed that the expression of several JA pathway genes (OsAOS2, encoding allene oxide synthase; OsOPR, 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid reductase; and OsACOX, acy1-CoA oxidase) were significantly up-regulated after ABA + BPH treatment. Furthermore, exogenous JA increased the expression of genes involved in ABA synthesis. Meanwhile, the expression levels of genes encoding WRKY transcription factors, myelocytomatosis protein 2 (MYC2) and basic leucine zippers (bZIPs) were up-regulated significantly, indicating that ABA and JA might function together to increase the expression of transcription factors during the rice defense response. The DEGs identified in this study provide vital insights into the synergism between ABA and JA and further contribute to the mechanistic basis of rice resistance to BPH.

Heat shock-induced cold acclimation in cucumber through CsHSFA1d-activated JA biosynthesis and signaling.

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) originated in tropical areas and is very sensitive to low temperatures. Cold acclimation is a universal strategy that improves plant resistance to cold stress. In this study, we report that heat shock induces cold acclimation in cucumber seedlings, via a process involving the heat-shock transcription factor HSFA1d. CsHSFA1d expression was improved by both heat shock and cold treatment. Moreover, CsHSFA1d transcripts accumulated more under cold treatment after a heat-shock pre-treatment than with either heat shock or cold treatment alone. After exposure to cold, cucumber lines overexpressing CsHSFA1d displayed stronger tolerance for cold stress than the wild type, whereas CsHSFA1d knockdown lines obtained by RNA interference were more sensitive to cold stress. Furthermore, both the overexpression of CsHSFA1d and heat-shock pre-treatment increased the endogenous jasmonic acid (JA) content in cucumber seedlings after cold treatment. Exogenous application of JA rescued the cold-sensitive phenotype of CsHSFA1d knockdown lines, underscoring that JA biosynthesis is key for CsHSFA1d-mediated cold tolerance. Higher JA content is likely to lead to the degradation of CsJAZ5, a repressor protein of the JA pathway. We also established that CsJAZ5 interacts with CsICE1. JA-induced degradation of CsJAZ5 would be expected to release CsICE1, which would then activate the ICE-CBF-COR pathway. After cold treatment, the relative expression levels of ICE-CBF-COR signaling pathway genes, such as CsICE1, CsCBF1, CsCBF2 and CsCOR1, in CsHSFA1d overexpression lines were significantly higher than in the wild type and knockdown lines. Taken together, our results help to reveal the mechanism underlying heat shock-induced cold acclimation in cucumber.

Lack of antagonism between salicylic acid and jasmonate signalling pathways in poplar.

Salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) often play distinct roles in plant defence against pathogens. Research from Arabidopsis thaliana has established that SA- and JA-mediated defences are more effective against biotrophs and necrotrophs, respectively. These two hormones often interact antagonistically in response to particular attackers, with the induction of one leading to suppression of the other. Here, we report a contrasting pattern in the woody perennial Populus: positive SA-JA interplay. Using genetically engineered high SA lines of black poplar and wild-type lines after exogenous hormone application, we quantified SA and JA metabolites, signalling gene transcripts, antifungal flavonoids and resistance to rust (Melampsora larici-populina). Salicylic acid and JA metabolites were induced concurrently upon rust infection in poplar genotypes with varying resistance levels. Analysis of SA-hyperaccumulating transgenic poplar lines showed increased jasmonate levels, elevated flavonoid content and enhanced rust resistance, but no discernible reduction in growth. Exogenous application of either SA or JA triggered the accumulation of the other hormone. Expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes, frequently used as markers for SA signalling, was not correlated with SA content, but rather activated in proportion to pathogen infection. We conclude that SA and JA pathways interact positively in poplar resulting in the accumulation of flavonoid phytoalexins.

Effect of postharvest application of jasmonic acid on shelf-life quality of strawberries

Effect of postharvest application of jasmonic acid on shelf-life quality of strawberries

Role of Jasmonic and Salicylic Acid on Enzymatic Changes in the Root of Two Alyssum inflatum Náyr. Populations Exposed to Nickel Toxicity

Phytohormones, including salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) have the potential to ameliorate plant development and tolerance to deleterious effects of toxic metals like nickel (Ni). Therefore, the current study was carried out to evaluate SA and JA's interactive effect on the root antioxidative response of two Alyssum inflatum Nyár. populations against Ni-toxicity. Two A. inflatum species under different Ni concentrations (0, 100, 200, and 400 μM) were exposed to alone or combined levels of SA (0, 50, and 200 μM) and JA (0, 5, and 10 μM) treatments. Results showed that high Ni concentration (400 μM) reduced roots fresh weight in both populations than in control. However, external application of individual SA and JA or combined SA + JA in higher doses had ameliorated roots biomass by mitigating Ni-toxicity, especially in the NM population, in comparison to 400 μM Ni. Under Ni toxicity, SA and JA, especially their combination, induced high Ni accumulation in plants' roots. Moreover, the application of SA and JA alone, as well as combined SA + JA, was found to be effective in the scavenging of hydrogen peroxide by improving the activity of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase in both populations under Ni-toxicity. Overall, our results manifest that SA and JA's external use, especially combined SA + JA treatments, ameliorate root biomass and plant tolerance by restricting Ni translocation to the shoot, accumulating in roots, and enhancing antioxidant defense systems.

AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 16 (StARF16) regulates defense gene StNPR1 upon infection with necrotrophic pathogen in potato.

We demonstrate a new regulatory mechanism in the jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA)mediated crosstalk in potato defense response, wherein, miR160 target StARF16 (a geneinvolved in growth and development) binds to the promoter of StNPR1 (a defense gene) andnegatively regulates its expression to suppress the SA pathway. Overall, our study establishes theimportance of StARF16 in regulation of StNPR1 during JA mediated defense response uponnecrotrophic pathogen interaction. Plants employ antagonistic crosstalk between salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) to effectively defend them from pathogens. During biotrophic pathogen attack, SA pathway activates and suppresses the JA pathway via NONEXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES 1 (NPR1). However, upon necrotrophic pathogen attack, how JA-mediated defense response suppresses the SA pathway, is still not well-understood. Recently StARF10 (AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR), a miR160 target, has been shown to regulate SA and binds to the promoter of StGH3.6 (GRETCHEN HAGEN3), a gene proposed to maintain the balance between the free SA and auxin in plants. In the current study, we investigated the role of StARF16 (a miR160 target) in the regulation of the defense gene StNPR1 in potato upon activation of the JA pathway. We observed that a negative correlation exists between StNPR1 and StARF16 upon infection with the pathogen. The results were further confirmed through the exogenous application of SA and JA. Using yeast one-hybrid assay, we demonstrated that StARF16 binds to the StNPR1 promoter through putative ARF binding sites. Additionally, through protoplast transfection and chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments, we showed that StARF16 could bind to the StNPR1 promoter and regulate its expression. Co-transfection assays using promoter deletion constructs established that ARF binding sites are present in the 2.6 kb sequence upstream to the StNPR1 gene and play a key role in its regulation during infection. In summary, we demonstrate the importance of StARF16 in the regulation of StNPR1, and thus SA pathway, during JA-mediated defense response upon necrotrophic pathogen interaction.

Jasmonic acid alleviates cadmium toxicity through regulating the antioxidant response and enhancing the chelation of cadmium in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Cadmium (Cd) is a potentially hazardous element with substantial biological toxicity, adversely affecting plant growth and physiological metabolism. Therefore, it is necessary to explore practical and environment-friendly approaches to reduce toxicity. Jasmonic acid (JA) is an endogenous growth regulator which helps plants defend against biological and abiotic stresses. To determine how JA help relieve Cd toxicity in rice, both laboratory and field experiments were implemented. In the seedling stage, the role of JA in mediating rice Cd tolerance was investigated via a fluorescent probe in vivo localization, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and colorimetry. At the mature growth stage of rice, field experiments were implemented to research the effects of JA on the Cd uptake and translocation in rice. In the seedling stage of rice, we found that JA application increased the cell wall compartmentalization of Cd by promoting the Cd combination on chelated-soluble pectin of rice roots and inhibited Cd movement into protoplasts, thereby reducing the Cd content in the roots by 30.5% and in the shoots by 53.3%, respectively. Application of JA reduced H2O2 content and helped relieve Cd-induced peroxidation damage of membrane lipid by increasing the level of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione (GSH), but had no significant effect on the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Additionally, field experiments showed that foliar spraying of JA inhibited rice Cd transport from the stalk and root to the grain and reduced Cd concentration in grain by 29.7% in the high-Cd fields and 28.0% in the low-Cd fields. These results improve our understanding of how JA contributes to resistance against Cd toxicity in rice plants and reduces the accumulation of Cd in rice kernels.

Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the RcYABBYs reveals their potential functions in rose (Rosa chinensis Jacq.)

ABSTRACT The YABBY transcription factors are evolutionarily conserved in plants . The YABBY genes have been reported in several plants to be involved in vital processes, including growth, development, and stress response. However, no information is available on the rose (Rosa chinensis Jacq.) YABBY gene family. In this study, six rose YABBY genes (RcYABBYs) have been identified . A phylogenetic analysis clustered the identified RcYABBYs into five different sub-families (YAB1/YAB3, YAB2, YAB5, INO, and CRC). Further, structural characterisations revealed that the RcYABBYs possessed the YABBY domains and conserved motifs. The gene ontology (GO) analysis suggested their putative roles in modulating important metabolic pathways in roses, whereas the cis-regulatory element study indicated that the RcYABBYs possess several types of phytohormone and stress-responsive elements. The expression analysis of the RcYABBYs under the exogenous auxin, jasmonic acid, and melatonin applications suggested that the RcYABBYs can be induced by hormonal treatments, while their interactions could be specific to a particular hormone. Similarly, differential expression patterns of the RcYABBYs under the chitosan treatment and Botrytis cinerea infection suggested their possible role in defence regulation in roses. Moreover, the finding of the study added new insights on the structural and functional parts of the YABBY gene family in rose.

Jasmonic acid promotes glutathione assisted degradation of chlorothalonil during tomato growth

Glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis and regeneration play a significant role in the metabolism of chlorothalonil (CHT) in tomatoes. However, the specific regulatory mechanism of GSH in the degradation of CHT remains uncertain. To address this, we investigate the critical regulatory pathways in the degradation of residual CHT in tomatoes. The results revealed that the detoxification of CHT residue in tomatoes was inhibited by buthionine sulfoximine and oxidized glutathione pretreatment, which increased by 26% and 46.12% compared with control, respectively. Gene silencing of γECS, GS, and GR also compromised the CHT detoxification potential of plants, which could be alleviated by GSH application and decreased the CHT accumulation by 33%, 25%, and 21%, respectively. Notably, it was found that the jasmonic acid (JA) pathway participated in the degradation of CHT regulated by GSH. CHT residues reduced by 28% after application of JA. JA played a role downstream of the glutathione pathway by promoting the degradation of CHT residue in tomatoes via nitric oxide signaling and improving the gene expression of antioxidant and detoxification-related enzymes. This study unveiled a crucial regulatory mechanism of GSH via the JA pathway in CHT degradation in tomatoes and offered new insights for understanding residual pesticide degradation.

Application of phytohormones as attenuators of salt stress in Tropaeolum majus L. (Tropaeolaceae)

The salinity of the soil and irrigation water is one of the great challenges of agriculture. Salinity can have harmful effects on physiological processes and plant growth, including Tropaeolum majus L. (Tropaeolaceae). The application of phytohormones can be a strategy to mitigate these effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the application of jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, cytokinin and polyamine as attenuators of salt stress in T. majus. Three levels of salt stress were used: 0 mM NaCl (no stress), 50 mM NaCl (moderate stress) and 100 mM NaCl (severe stress). Four phytohormones and a control treatment were used: control (deionized water), jasmonic acid (200 µM), salicylic acid (2 mM), cytokinin (6-benzylaminopurine – 10 µM) and polyamine (spermine – 1 mM). Growth and gas exchange parameters were evaluated. Applied in conditions of moderate salt stress, all the phytohormones were efficient in improving plant height and leaf area (except salicylic acid); cytokinin and polyamine improved the number of flowers as well as gs, A and iCE; jasmonic acid improved the stem dry mass and total dry mass. In relation to severe salt stress, applications of jasmonic acid and polyamine were efficient in improving plant height; cytokinin improved leaf dry mass as well as gs, A, E, WUE, iWUE and iCE. The application of cytokinin, polyamine and jasmonic acid can be used to mitigate moderate salt stress in T. majus.

Virus-Induced Gene Silencing as a Tool to Study Regulation of Alkaloid Biosynthesis in Medicinal Plants.

Advancements in genomics and transcriptomics have generated invaluable resources for the discovery of novel genes related to complex specialized metabolic pathways in plants. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) has emerged as a powerful tool that is widely used for rapid functional characterization of genes in planta. VIGS has advantages over other reverse genetic approaches, such as RNAi-mediated suppression or T-DNA knockout, because it does not require the development of stable transgenic lines which is technically challenging and time consuming. Catharanthus roseus is an important medicinal plant that produces more than a hundred monoterpenoid indole alkaloids (MIAs), including the antineoplastic drugs vincristine and vinblastine. Biosynthesis of these alkaloids is strikingly complex, resulting in MIA accumulation in low quantities. Jasmonic acid (JA) is an elicitor of the MIA biosynthesis. Exogenous application of JA in C. roseus induces MIA pathway gene expression and increases MIA accumulation. The core JA signaling module comprises multiple components including the JA coreceptor Coronatine-Insensitive 1(COI1). COI1 plays a key role in JA-responsive gene expression in plants. Because generation of stable transgenic C. roseus plants is challenging, VIGS is being used for functional characterization of genes in the MIA pathway. Here we describe a detailed method for the VIGS-mediated suppression of C. roseus COI1(CrCOI1) expression to decipher the regulatory mechanism of JA-induced elicitation of MIA biosynthesis. When performing VIGS, gene silencing efficiency and the viral spread are monitored by the development of visible phenotype in the control plants. We use the C. roseus phytoene desaturase (CrPDS) and Protoporphyrin IX Mg-chelatase subunit H (CrChlH) as visual markers to access VIGS efficiency and viral spread. The protocol described here could be used for the functional characterization of genes involved in other metabolic pathways and in other medicinal plants.