High Power Laser Applications Research Articles

Hexagonal-inner-cladding fluorotellurite fiber based on hot-extrusion

Laser output power can be significantly enhanced by a double-cladding fiber, as it possesses a large area of inner-cladding for pumping. However, the coupling efficiency of the double-cladding fiber (DCF) is impacted by the shape of the inner cladding. In this study, the simulation results showed that, the hexagonal inner cladding fiber exhibits the highest absorption efficiency of 94.07 % among the fibers with various typical shapes using the three-dimensional ray tracing method at a length of 100 mm. For the experiments, a type of fluorotellurite (TBY, TeO2-BaF2-Y2O3) glass was chosen for its high capacity of rare-earth ions adoption. Subsequently, a finely structured erbium-doped hexagonal DCF was fabricated based on the hot-extrusion method for the first time, with a minimum loss of 1.25 dB/m at 1310 nm. Additionally, the coupling efficiency of the hexagonal DCF was recorded to be 39.47 % at a fiber length of 53 cm, based on the energy distribution experiment. The damage threshold of the hexagonal DCF at 980 nm could be increased to above 26.5 W, nearly doubling that of the single-cladding fiber. Furthermore, a wider fluorescence spectrum with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 30 nm was demonstrated by the hexagonal double-cladding fiber, which indicates its potential for high-power laser applications.

An advanced fabrication method for Yb3+-Doped optical fibers featuring AlPO4 core glass

Ytterbium (Yb)-doped fibers using aluminophosphosilicate (Yb-APS) host glass offer significant advantages over conventional aluminosilicate (Yb-AS) fibers, such as strong photodarkening resistance, higher RE-ion solubility and lower Numerical Aperture (NA), making them ideal for high-power laser applications. However, achieving optimal performance in Yb-APS fiber fabrication poses various challenges, including maintaining a precise Al3+/P5+ ratio (1:1), minimizing the central dip in the refractive index profile (RIP), ensuring proper dopant distribution, and reducing background loss. We introduce a new fabrication method for Yb-APS fiber to address these challenges. This approach entails first synthesizing amorphous Yb³⁺: AlPO4 particles, then incorporating them into the fiber core using a hybrid technique that merges Vapor Phase Delivery (VPD) with solution doping (SD). We extensively utilized various materials and optical characterizations, including XRD, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, FESEM, and XPS, to fine-tune the composition of Yb³⁺: AlPO4. The optical characterization of the developed preform sample, including absorption, emission, and luminescent lifetime measurements, was conducted to assess the fabrication technique's suitability. The results confirmed the successful incorporation of Yb-ions into the preform core, with peaks consistent with reported values. The fiber's attenuation loss was measured, showing approximately 10 dB/km at 1200 nm. This indicates that the particles dissolved smoothly during preform and fiber processing, resulting in minimal scattering loss in the fiber core. The developed fiber demonstrated NA of 0.1, uniform RIP along the preform length with significant reduction of the central dip formation and improved spectral performance (∼1.7X broader bandwidth) compared with an equivalent Yb-AS fiber. These findings suggest the Yb-APS fiber's overall effectiveness and structural robustness, highlighting the potential of the proposed fabrication method for high-power fiber laser applications.

Microsecond-pulsed CO2 laser cleaning of high damage threshold fused silica

Ultraviolet (UV) laser-induced damage from defects and impurities in conventional ground and polished fused silica optics significantly hinders their application in high-power laser systems. Laser cleaning, as a non-contact and polishing fluid-free technology, is likely to be a key technology for improving the damage performance of fused silica optics. However, conventional laser cleaning primarily focuses on surface pollution without removing the material. It overlooks the detrimental effects of multiscale defects and impurities inside the fused silica. In this study, microsecond-pulsed CO2 laser cleaning was proposed to enhance the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) by ablating fused silica to nanometer depths. Through multiple-scale simulations, the thermal stress evolution and modulation mechanism of defects and impurities on the damage performance (ranging from the macro- to nanoscale) were revealed. Utilizing multimodal characterization, laser cleaning effectively eliminated and suppressed surface/subsurface defects, absorptive defects, chemical structural defects, and elemental impurities without introducing residual thermal stress and destroying surface roughness. In addition, the evolution of the molecular structures indicated a tendency for intrinsic defects to recombine into shorter-ring structures, which resulted in a densified fused silica surface. The laser-cleaned samples exhibited higher damage thresholds, achieving 47.6 % (0 % probability) and 27.0 % (100 % probability) improvements compared with uncleaned samples. This technology provides a new method for fabricating high damage threshold fused silica optics with superior surface quality for high-power laser applications.

Comparative Study of Plasma-Enhanced-Atomic-Layer-Deposited Al2O3/HfO2/SiO2 and HfO2/Al2O3/SiO2 Trilayers for Ultraviolet Laser Applications.

High-performance thin films combining large optical bandgap Al2O3 and high refractive index HfO2 are excellent components for constructing the next generation of laser systems with enhanced output power. However, the growth of low-defect plasma-enhanced-atomic-layer-deposited (PEALD) Al2O3 for high-power laser applications and its combination with HfO2 and SiO2 materials commonly used in high-power laser thin films still face challenges, such as how to minimize defects, especially interface defects. In this work, substrate-layer interface defects in Al2O3 single-layer thin films, layer-layer interface defects in Al2O3-based bilayer and trilayer thin films, and their effects on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) were investigated via capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurements. The experimental results show that by optimizing the deposition parameters, specifically the deposition temperature, precursor exposure time, and plasma oxygen exposure time, Al2O3 thin films with low defect density and high LIDT can be obtained. Two trilayer anti-reflection (AR) thin film structures, Al2O3/HfO2/SiO2 and HfO2/Al2O3/SiO2, were then prepared and compared. The trilayer AR thin film with Al2O3/HfO2/SiO2 structure exhibits a lower interface defect density, better interface bonding performance, and an increase in LIDT by approximately 2.8 times. We believe these results provide guidance for the control of interface defects and the design of thin film structures and will benefit many thin film optics for laser applications.

Stabilization and correction of aberrated laser beams via plasma channelling.

High-power laser applications, and especially laser wakefield acceleration, continue to draw attention through various research topics, and may bring many industrial applications based on compact accelerators, from ultrafast imaging to cancer therapy. However, one main step towards this is the arch issue of stability. Indeed, the interaction of a complex, aberrated laser beam with plasma involves a lot of physical phenomena and non-linear effects, such as self-focusing and filamentation. Different outcomes can be induced by small laser instabilities (i.e. laser wavefront), therefore harming any practical solution. One promising path to be explored is the use of a plasma channel to possibly guide and correct aberrated beams. Complex and costly experimental facilities are required to investigate such topics. However, one way to quickly and efficiently explore new solutions is numerical simulations, especially Particle-In-Cell (PIC) simulations if, and only if, one is confidently implementing such aberrated beams which, contrary to a Gaussian beam, do not have analytical solutions. In this research, we propose two new advancements: the correct implementation of aberrated laser beams inside a 3D PIC code, showing a great consistency, under vacuum, compared to the calculations with Fresnel theory); and the correction of their quality via the propagation inside a plasma channel. We demonstrate improvements in the beam pattern, becoming closer to a single plasma mode with less distortions, and thus suggesting a better stability for the targeted application. Through this confident calculation technique for distorted laser beams, we are now expecting to proceed with more accurate PIC simulations, closer to experimental conditions, and obtained results with plasma channels indicate promising future research.

5 kW power-level 1050 nm narrow-linewidth fiber amplifier enabled by biconical-tapered active fiber.

Effective wavelength extension is vital in the applications of high-power narrow-linewidth fiber lasers. In this work, we demonstrate a 5-kW power-level narrow-linewidth fiber amplifier at 1050 nm utilizing a homemade biconical-tapered Yb-doped fiber (BT-YDF). Up to ∼4.96 kW fiber laser is achieved with a 3 dB linewidth of ∼0.54 nm and a beam quality factor of Mx 2 = 1.46, My 2 = 1.6. The experimental comparisons reveal that BT-YDF has the advantages of improving a stimulated Raman scattering threshold and balancing transverse mode instability suppression in the fiber amplifier. This work could provide a good reference for extending the operating wavelength of high-power fiber amplifiers.

A GaN-based SOI plasmonic nanolaser design with high-output power

Due to its unique optical and electrical properties, gallium nitride (GaN) exhibits great promise for nanolaser cavities. These characteristics include high electron mobility, wide bandgap energy, and a high refractive index. Moreover, GaN exhibits remarkable thermal stability, making it appropriate for high-power laser applications. The choice of active medium material can significantly impact the laser’s performance, including its wavelength, output power, and efficiency. This work designed and numerically demonstrated a GaN-WG built-in Si O2 substrate with an input and output Si-waveguide nanolaser. These nanolasers lase multi-output wavelengths in both directions (forward and backward) at 1680 and 1750 nm, respectively. The pump power is 800 nm. The GaN-waveguide material, when used in nanolaser cavity design, gives many different advantages, like concentration of the Gaussian envelope and improved polarization depending on rate (PDR). Increasing lasing efficiency by 76.6% in the forward direction and 96.7% in the backward direction. Get a low lasing threshold of approximately 200 μW in the forward direction and 180 μW in the μW backward direction. Finally, improved the output laser power in both directions (460 μW and 600 μ W) in the forward and backward directions, respectively.

All-fiber 3 kW LP02 laser output based on long-period fiber grating for precise welding

An innovative all-fiber mode converter specifically designed for high-power fiber lasers is introduced. The mode converter relies on the coupling theory of long-period fiber gratings (LPFGs) and involves the fabrication of a LPFG, where the performance is meticulously studied by examining various fabrication parameters. The LPFG is integrated into a high-power fiber laser system to achieve efficient conversion from the LP01 mode to the LP02 mode with a conversion ratio of 90 % and a low transmission loss of only 0.088 dB. Under a 3.03 kW laser output, the LP02 fiber laser exhibits a remarkable laser-to-raman peak intensity ratio, which is 15.98 dB higher than that of the signal-mode fiber laser. Furthermore, during the welding process of a thick aluminum plate, the LP02 fiber laser demonstrates a significant increase of 1.2 times in the depth of the weld pool morphology compared to the signal-mode fiber laser, particularly evident when operating at a laser welding head speed of 100 mm/s. The mode converter with LPFG exhibits lower insertion loss, enhanced power-handling capacity, making it ideal for diverse high-power fiber laser applications with promising practical prospects.

Rapid Detection and Elimination of Subsurface Mechanical Damage for Improving Laser-Induced Damage Performance of Fused Silica

The fabrication of SSD-free fused silica optics is a crucial objective for high-power laser applications. To treat the surface of polished fused silica, a combination of RIE/RIBE and deep-controlled etch (DCE) techniques are typically employed. Currently, it is important to consider and study the ideal etching depth and precision while using combined etching techniques to remove the identified SSD. Herein, we present a novel approach to identify the distribution of SSD in fused silica, which corresponds to a specific grinding/polishing process condition. Our method involves using a mobile RIBE to perform cone cutting and remove material from the polished fused silica surface. Afterward, we etch the optical element’s surface with HF to visualize the subsurface cracks and understand their relationship with the RIBE depth. Through a systematic investigation of the combined etching technique, we establish a correlation between the depth of RIBE and DCE and the performance of laser damage. The combined etching technique can be implemented as a dependable approach to treat the surface/subsurface defects in fused silica and has the potential to improve laser damage resistance significantly.

3D Printing of Gradient-Doped Yb:YAG Laser Ceramics by Leveraging Active Mixing

Gradient-doped laser ceramics fabricated via 3D printing have great potential for high-power laser applications. However, it is challenging to produce such types of gain media because it is inconvenient to fabricate different component slurries prepared offline using traditional methods precisely. To address these issues, a facile approach for the additive manufacturing of high-power laser ceramics is proposed for gradient structure fabrication. First, a material-extrusion-based 3D printing device with a homemade active mixing module is developed to fabricate gradient-doped Yb:YAG(Y3Al5O12) laser ceramics using two slurries with different doping concentrations. Subsequently, the active mixing module is systematically investigated to obtain different Yb-doped concentrations of printing slurries with a uniform element distribution. By measuring the switching delay volume between different components, a proper volume adjustment enables the Yb concentration distribution of the green bodies to be consistent with the designed profile in the 3D process. Finally, multi-component (0–5–10–5–0 at% Yb:YAG) green bodies are printed, and experimental tests are conducted to evaluate the performance of these gradient-doped laser ceramics. The results show that the gradient-doped ceramic obtained 82.1% in-line transmittance at 1100 nm (4.6 mm thickness, along with the doping concentration gradient) and the average Yb ions diffusion distance across the interface fitted in the 20–30 μm range. Furthermore, a 1030 nm laser output with an output power of 4.5 W with a slope efficiency of 41.3% is achieved when pumped with a 940 nm laser diode. This study provides useful insights for developing various gradient rare-earth-doped laser ceramics for high-power laser applications.

Reflective nonlinear optical limiter design based on coupled Tamm plasmon polaritons and optical Kerr effect

With the increasing applications of high-power lasers in fields such as laser fabrication, laser measurement, laser therapy and scientific research, there is an increasing demand for high-performance nonlinear optical limiters (NOLs) to protect human eyes and optical sensitive elements. Here we propose a brand-new approach to design a reflective NOL with an ultra-wide stop band based on coupled Tamm plasmon polaritons (TPPs) and optical Kerr effect. The NOL permits the transmission of weak signal light at the desired wavelength while effectively blocking potentially harmful or accidentally intense lasers at the same wavelength to avoid damage to sensitive optical elements or human eyes. The design can be optimized for the desired operating wavelength and threshold intensity by using different dielectric layers. In a proof-of-concept design, taking the 1064 nm laser as an example, we design a NOL capable of dynamically adjusting its transmission in response to laser intensity. The NOL has a high transmission of 85.21 % at weak light (intensity less than 0.20 MW/cm2), and the transmission can be rapidly reduced to 1.39 % when the incident light intensity increases to 60.37 MW/cm2. Furthermore, the broad stop band effectively safeguards the limiter from potential damage caused by intense light at different wavelengths. Our proposed limiter exhibits an exceptionally wide stop band range spanning from 0.5 ∼ 20 µm, nearly 30 times broader than conventional reflective NOLs. The proposed NOL design scheme provides a new promising method to design an excellent reflective NOL at the desired wavelength.

High-Power Laser Application for Immediate Implant Placement in Infected Sites: A Systematic Review

High-Power Laser Application for Immediate Implant Placement in Infected Sites: A Systematic Review

AIB3 IIC2 IIIQ6 VIXVII: A Thioborate Halide Family for Developing Wide Bandgap Infrared Nonlinear Materials by Coupling Planar [BS3] and Polycations.

Developing high-performance infrared (IR) nonlinear optical (NLO) materials is urgent but challenging due to the competition between NLO coefficient and bandgap in one compound. Herein, by coupling NLO-active [BS3] planar units and halide-centered polycations, six new metal thioborate halides ABa3B2S6X (A = Rb, Cs; X = Cl, Br, I) composed of zero-dimensional [XBamRbn/Csn] polycations and [BS3] units, belonging to a new family, are rationally designed and fabricated. The compounds show an interesting structural transition from Pbcn (ABa3B2S6Cl) to Cmc21 (ABa3B2S6Br and ABa3B2S6I) driven by the clamping effect of polycationic frameworks. ABa3B2S6Br and ABa3B2S6I are the first series metal thioborate halide IR NLO materials, and the introduction of [BS3] unit effectively widens the bandgap of planar unit-constructed chalcogenides. ABa3B2S6Br and ABa3B2S6I, exhibiting wide bandgaps (3.55-3.60 eV), high laser-induced damage thresholds (≈ 6 × AgGaS2), and strong SHG effects (0.5-0.6 × AgGaS2) with phase-matching behaviors, are the promising IR NLO candidates for high-power laser applications. The results enrich the chemical and structural diversity of boron chemistry and give some insights into the design of new IR NLO materials with planar units.

Enhanced laser-induced damage performance ofall-glass metasurfaces for energetic pulsed laserapplications.

To fabricate optical components with surface layers compatible with high-power laser applications that may operate as antireflective coatings, polarization rotators, or harness physical anisotropy for other uses, metasurfaces are becoming an appealing candidate. In this study, large-beam (1.05cm diameter) 351-nm laser-induced damage testing was performed on an all-glass metasurface structure composed of cone-like features with a subwavelength spacing of adjacent features. These structures were fabricated on untreated fused silica glass and damage tested, as were structures that were fabricated on fused silica glass that experienced a preliminary etching process to remove the surface Beilby layer that is characteristic of polished fused silica. The laser-induced damage onset for structures on untreated fused silica glass was 19.3J⋅c m -2, while the sample that saw an initial pretreatment etch exhibited an improved damage onset of 20.4J⋅c m -2, only 6% short of the reference pretreated glass damage onset of 21.7J⋅c m -2. For perspective, the National Ignition Facility operational average fluence at this wavelength and pulse length is about 10J/c m 2. At a fluence of 25.5J⋅c m -2, the reference (pretreated) fused silica initiated 5.2 damage sites per m m 2, while the antireflective metasurface sample with a preliminary etching process treatment initiated 9.8 damage sites per m m 2. These findings demonstrate that substrate-engraved metasurfaces are compatible with high energy and power laser applications, further broadening their application space.

Multi-rings modulation and hole-assisted fiber under single-mode operation

In this paper, we propose a novel air-hole-assisted step refractive index fiber. Air holes located in the cladding can ensure the single-mode operation of the proposed fiber. The triangular refractive index ring structure further enlarges large mode field area. Bending performance of the proposed fiber is analyzed by the finite element method with perfectly matched layers, and the influence rule of each structure parameter on bending performance is summarized. Numerical results show that the proposed fiber can achieve stable single-mode operation over a wide wavelength range from 1.5 μm to 1.9 μm at a tight bending scale of 10 cm. Effective mode field area can reach 1002.73 μm2, and the bending loss of fundamental mode (FM) is only 0.000827 dB/m at the working wavelength of 1.55 μm; meanwhile, the loss ratio between higher-order mode (Homs) and fundamental mode is 7240. The proposed fiber is more stable compared to photonic crystal fibers. The change in bending angle does not affect the single-mode operation, and this novel fiber has potential applications in high-power lasers.

Effect of the SiO2/Na2O ratios on the structure and crystallization properties of photo-thermo-refractive glass

Photo-thermo-refractive (PTR) glass is a type of functional optical glass material with multi-component and multivalent particles, which is a substrate material for volume Bragg gratings (VBGs) and widely used in high power laser, holography and other applications. Recording VBGs in PTR glass involves photo-thermo-induced crystallization (UV exposure and subsequent heat treatment), while spontaneous crystallization in the unexposed area is one of the important reasons for the light scattering loss of PTR glass, which can also lead to a decrease in the refractive index modulation and absolute diffraction efficiency of the prepared VBGs. In order to optimize spontaneous crystallization of PTR glass, we analyzed the effects of variations in the SiO2/Na2O ratio on the structure and crystallization behaviors of SiO2–Na2O–Al2O3–ZnO–NaF PTR glass using Raman spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, DSC, XRD, and SEM. As the molar ratio (Rm) of SiO2/Na2O increases from 3.37 to 5.38, the polymerization of the silica network structure is significantly enhanced, the crystallization activation energy of original PTR glass increases from 93.52 kJ/mol to 285.23 kJ/mol, and the crystal growth index decreases from 3.57 to 1.49. In the isothermal crystallization process, we observed that increasing the SiO2/Na2O ratio significantly decreases the grain density and homogenizes the grain distribution of sodium fluoride (NaF) crystals under long-time crystallization conditions, which contributes to maintaining the high transmittance of the crystallized PTR glass in both visible and near-infrared regions.

High-average-power single-longitudinal-mode pulse laser based on a pulse saturation seed-injection locking OPO.

A high-average-power and narrow-linewidth nanosecond (ns) pulse 824 nm laser is a crucial source for the generation of deep-ultraviolet (DUV) 248 nm laser by means of the sum-frequency process with the 354.5 nm laser. To this purpose, in this Letter, we present a seed-injection-locked high-average-power ns pulse single-longitudinal-mode (SLM) 824 nm laser. By developing a novel, to the best of our knowledge, pulse-saturated seed-injection locking method, disturbance of the pulse laser on the locking of the injected seed laser is successfully eliminated. As a result, the output power of 824 nm laser is up to 21.2 W at the incident pump power of 48.1 W, and the pulse width is 15 ns. Especially, the signal-to-noise ratio of the detected modulated sideband signal exceeds 28 dB, which ensures that the achieved linewidth of the 824 nm laser is as narrow as 38.8 MHz. These results demonstrate the potential of the proposed pulse saturation seed-injection locking OPO cavity for high-power and narrow-linewidth laser applications.

Birefringent Glass-Engraved Tilted Pillar Metasurfaces for High Power Laser Applications.

Birefringent materials-which are highly needed in high power laser systems-may be limited in usage due to the laser-induced damage threshold of traditional birefringent materials. This work reports here on all-glass metasurfaces, fabricated by angled etching through sacrificial metal nanoparticle (NP) etching masks, for generation of effective birefringence in the formed layer. As a result, a fused silica metasurface, monolithic to the underlying substrate, is demonstrated to exhibit a birefringence of 6.57° under 375nm illumination. Full-wave analysis shows a good agreement with the measurement and presents potential paths forward to increasing the effective metasurface birefringence. This is the first demonstration, to the best of knowledge, of an etching technique to obtain the resulting tilted pillar-like nanofeatures. The anisotropy of the metasurface nanoelements along the two window in-plane major axes presents different effective paths for the two polarizations and thus generates birefringence in a nonbirefringent material. Additionally, the imparted anisotropy lends itself to manipulation of physical properties of the surface as well, with metasurface feature orientation suppressing water flow along one principal axis and giving rise to water flow steering capabilities.

Biomimetic moth-eye nanostructures fabricated by nanosphere lithography in ZnSe enhancing transmission in the mid-infrared

ZnSe is a highly regarded material for optical windows in the infrared spectrum, where transmission efficiency is a critical factor. Traditional surface antireflective coatings have limitations that can be overcome with biomimetic moth-eye nanostructures. In this paper, we present a novel method using nanosphere lithography with polystyrene (PS) nanosphere to fabricate moth-eye nanostructures (MENS) on ZnSe surface with an exceptional antireflection effect. The parabolic profile MENS, which is challenging to fabricate through conventional methods, was directly obtained using our dry etch process. This profile outperformed other shapes like circular cones, resulting in better antireflective performance. Our experimental results matched perfectly with the modeling and demonstrated that the MENS had broadband antireflection performance in the 2–5 μm wavelength range. The maximum transmission of MENS was 82.6%, which was a significant improvement over the flat ZnSe with 71.28% transmission, achieving a 17.2% transmittance enhancement that is close to the ZnSe transmission limit. Moreover, the MENS exhibited a highly desirable hydrophobicity with a wetting angle of 114° instead of 71° on flat ZnSe. Our work displays great potential in optoelectronic devices and high-power laser applications.

Propagation and focusing dependency of a laser beam with its aberration distribution: understanding of the halo induced disturbance

In various applications, it is necessary to understand laser field dynamics during its propagation, especially at the focal position including the dispersed energy surrounding the main pulse, called the halo effect. For instance, the properties of electron beams produced by laser wakefield acceleration (LWFA) strongly depend on the laser energy distribution and its halo in the vicinity of the focus. Indeed, under certain conditions, this halo, or even its internal structures, can propagate and be self-focused independently of the main pulse in the plasma. This paper aims to provide sufficient tools to properly describe the behavior of a focused laser beam, including the halo. Subsequently, an optical description regarding the source of this halo is provided. A more accurate estimation of the input laser beam that should be used in simulations of high-power laser applications may now be obtained. Finally, one may also find ways to positively manipulate the laser beam. Using Fresnel diffraction theory, the propagation and focusing of an experimental high-power (sub-petawatt) aberrated beam is numerically calculated. The shape of the focused beam pattern within a few Rayleigh lengths is analysed as a function of main aberrations (up to the 14 th term of Zernike polynomials). Furthermore, at the focus position, the spreading of the energy is compared to both the case of a perfect diffraction-limited Gaussian and a super-Gaussian beam.