Application Of Growth Substances Research Articles

Qualitative and Quantitative Aspects of Teasle Gourd Genotypes

ABSTRACTPlant morphology is widely adaptive. Phenotypic differentiation among genotypes reflects a balance between natural selection in the local environment, migration of alleles via gene flow, and, at a lower frequency, the acquisition of novel traits through mutation. Teasle gourd [Momordica subangulata Blume subsp. renigera (G. Don) de Wilde] is a rich source of antioxidant vitamins and a raw material for commercial extraction of neutraceuticals. Extensive collection and characterization for evaluation of superior genotypes are important in improvement. The aim of the study was to evaluate genetic diversity of accessions through genetic components analyses, and genetic divergence by multivariate analysis and principal component analysis (PCA). Wide variation occurred for 13 qualitative and 19 quantitative characters. Number of fruit/plant and fruit weight was identified as the most important selection indices for improvement of yield. Based on determination of divergence, the 18 genotypes could be grouped into seven clusters. Geographical diversity was not adequate as an index of genetic diversity. Based on PCA and average values, genotypes “BCTG-1,” “BCTG-2,” and “BCTG-4” possessed optimum combinations of all variables. Inter-mating between these female clones by inducing staminate, or hermaphrodite, flowers with application of growth substances may be an alternative breeding method for teasle gourd. Desirable characters in hybrids as new varieties can be fixed indefinitely through clonal propagation within a short period of time.

Development of Seeded and Seedless Hypanthium of Rosa Canina After Application of Growth Substances

Dog rose (Rosa canina L.) plants in the bloom stages of flowering were sprayed by indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in concentrations of 0.06 and 0.60 mM and gibberellic acid (GA3) in concentrations of 0.60 and 1.50 mM. Ascorbic acid, total sugar, reducing sugar and carotenoid contents gradually increased, while the protein content remained unchanged and the content of phenolic substances decreased during hypanthium development. Ascorbic acid, total sugar, reducing sugar and carotenoid contents increased in hypanthium sprayed by GA3 and IAA. However, IAA and GA3 applications (except low concentrations) decreased contents of phenolic substances. IAA and GA applications might be a good way to produce the high quality hypanthium in R. canina.

Application of growth substances and mineral nutrition affecting disease development and glyceollin production of soybean

The effects of foliar application of growth substances and mineral nutrition of the host on the development of charcoal rot disease of soybean caused byMacrophomina phaseolina was tested. Among the eight growth substances examined, gibberellic acid was most successful in reducing the disease severity, followed by 3-indoleacetic acid and 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid. Low concentrations of these compounds stimulated while high concentrations inhibited the mycelial growth ofM. phaseolina in vitro. Substrate supplementation with different doses of N, P, K and Ca had varying effects on disease development. Disease increased considerably by both excess and defficient N and also by deficient Ca, while excess Ca conferred partial resistance. Glyceollin contents of host roots before and after excess Ca and gibberellic acid (10 mg/L) treatments were estimated. Both compounds significantly increased glyceollin production in infected roots. However, gibberellic acid induced glyceollin synthesis even in uninoculated roots. Changes in the host reaction towards increased resistance was correlated with increased phytoalexin production.

Cottonseed, Protein and Oil Yields, and Oil Properties as Affected by Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilization and Growth Regulators

AbstractTwo experiments were carried out at Giza Agric. Res. St., Agric. Res. Centre, Ministry of Agric, Egypt, during 1981 and 1982 seasons on cotton cultivar Giza 75 (Gossypium barbadense L.) to investigate the influence of nitrogen fertilization rates (72, 144 or 216 kg N/ha), phosphorus levels (36 or 72 kg P2O5/ha) and three growth regulators (IAA, IBA or NAA), each was applied to cotton plants at 10 ppm and sprayed three times (70, 85 and 100 days after sowing), on cotton seed, protein and oil yields and oil properties. A randomized complete block design, with four replications treatment combinations was used.The combined analysis of the results of the two seasons revealed that, cottonseed, oil and protein yields/ha increased by raising N‐ and P‐levels and under the application of growth regulators. Seed index increased by raising the added‐N and the applied growth regulants. No detectable effect of P‐levels was observed. The seed oil percentage decreased, while the protein percentage increased by raising N‐rate. Application of growth regulators and high P‐level increased the seed oil percentage, while the seed protein percentage was not affected. The seed oil properties, i.e. acidity, saponification and iodine values, tended to decrease slightly by increasing N‐rate and the application of growth substances, while a reverse trend was noticed by raising P‐level. The mean values of oil specific gravity and refractive index did not show any definite response.

Cottonseed, protein and oil yields and oil properties as affected by nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization and growth regulators

AbstractTwo experiments were carried out at our research center during the 1981 and 1982 seasons on cotton cultivar Giza 75 (Gossypium barbadense L.) to investigate the influence of nitrogen fertilization rates (72, 144 or 216 kg/ha.), phosphorus levels (36 or 72 kg P2O5/ha.) and three growth regulators (IAA, IBA or NAA) applied to cotton plants at 10 ppm and sprayed three times (70, 85 and 100 days after sowing) on protein and oil yields, and oil properties. A randomized complete block design with four replications treatment combinations was used.The combined analysis of the results of the two seasons revealed that yields of cottonseed, oil and protein increased by raising nitrogen and phosphorus levels and under the application of growth regulators. Seed index increased by raising the added nitrogen and the applied growth regulants. No detectable effect of phosphorus levels was observed. The seed oil percentage decreased, although the protein percentage increased, when the nitrogen application rate was raised. Application of growth regulators and a high phosphorus level increased the seed oil percentage, but the seed protein percentage was not affected. The seed oil properties, i.e., acidity, saponification and iodine values, tended to decrease slightly by increasing the nitrogen application rate and the application of growth substances, but the trend reversed when the phosphorus level was raised. The mean values of oil specific gravity and refractive index did not show any definite responses.

Exogenous Growth Substances and Internal Competition in Vicia faba L.

Summary Even under near optimal conditions the field bean plant sheds more of its flowers than mature to ripe pods, an effect attributable to competitive relations within the plant. Application of growth substances, notably TIBA and daminozide to the apex and benzyladenine and gibberellic acid to the inflorescences, can be shown to modify such competition and enhance reproductive at the expense of vegetative growth with consequent implications for yield. These results are considered in relation to current breeding objectives for this crop.

The response of short day plantChenopodium rubrum L. to abscisic acid and gibberellic acid treatment applied at two levels of photoperiodic induction

Abscisic acid (ABA) (5 x 10-4M and 5 x 10-5M) and gibberellic acid (1 x 10-4M) was applied to the plumula ofChenopodium plants with partly (one dark period) or completely (three dark periods) fulfilled photoperiodic requirements for flowering. Morphological and cytoogical criteria were used to investigate the time-course of the differentiation of the treated shoot apices. Both substances were ineffective in increasing the mitotic activity of the shoot apex at the suboptimal level of induction. The degree of branching was temporarily stimulated by ABA and GA treatment under these conditions. Moreover, GA caused the elongation of the shoot apex. With the completely induced plants ABA hastened flowering and the rise in branching was observed in all the treatment 48 h following the application of growth substances.

The improvement of seedling production in two subfertile raspberry crosses following the application of growth substances

SummaryThe effect of exogenous growth substances on the yield of seedlings, on some aspects of fruit development, on seed and embryo growth and on germination was studied in two crosses, 4n M. Jewel selfed and 4n M. Jewel χ 2n M. Jewel, following treatment of the young fruits with combinations of gibberellic acid (GA), para-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (CPA) and 2-naphthoxyacetic acid (NOA) 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 days after pollination. The treatments affected the set of large pyrenes, seed size and percentage germination but had no effect on embryo size or on the percentage of pyrenes containing seeds. The number of seedlings obtained was affected both by set and by percentage germination. Seed size was positively correlated with percentage germination in the 4nx2n cross only. A mixture of CPA and NOA increased seedling yield in both crosses.

Changes in the level of endogenous gibberellins and auxins in apical buds ofChenopodium rubrum L. after application of growth substances reversing the effect of (2-chlorethyl)-trimethylammonium chloride (CCC) on flowering

The application of CCC at concentrations inhibiting flowering ofChenopodium rubrum reduces the level of endogenous gibberellins in the apical buds of the plants. The effect of CCC may be reversed by appropriate concentrations of gibberellin (GA-), indole acetic acid (IAA) or kinetin. Kinetin applied to the apical bud during floral induction reduced the level of endogenous gibberellins similarly as CCC and if both CCC and kinetin were applied simultaneously their action was additive. On the other hand IAA applied under the same conditions increased the level of endogenous gibberellins and after joint application of CCC and IAA their level was the same as in untreated control plants. After application of CCC during floral induction the level of endogenous auxins did not change markedly but an active substance “x” appeared on the chromatograms of indole compounds. This substance was found also after simultaneous application of GA- and CCC but not after joint application of CCC and kinetin. If follows from our results that the same morphological phenomenon (flowering) can take place in plants considerably differing as to their level of endogenous growth substances. The ratio of different growth substances is obviously more important than the actual level of the single substances.

Physical Factors Influencing Seta Elongation in Pellia epiphylla

The main factors influencing seta elongation in Pellia epiphylla appear to be temperature and soil water tension. These factors affect both the rate of elongation and the final length of the structure produced. Day temperature seems to be more important than night temperature for reasons not yet defined. Light intensity stimulates elongation, especially at lower light intensities, but day length has no effect. Atmospheric humidity has a marked effect on capsule dehiscence. In Great Britain the sporophyte of the liverwort Pellia epiphylla (L.) Corda normally elongates during February or March under suitable weather conditions. Over a period of four to five days the seta may elongate from 2-8 mm to 60-90 mm. Asprey, Benson-Evans, and Lyon (1958) have shown that elongation may be stimulated during January by the application of growth substances. Crombie and Paton (1958) have shown an age effect consisting of a gradual change during winter enabling rapid elongation to take place when stimulated by increased temperature. The purpose of this work reported here is to examine more fully the effect of various physical factors on seta elongation in this species. MATERIALS AND METHODS The material was collected from a site at Taff's Well, near Cardiff, South Wales, in January of 1964 and 1965, and stored in a cold room at OC. These plants were maintained at a day length of eight hours and a light intensity of 50 foot-candles. The source of illumination was Ecko Daylight 4-ft 40-watt fluorescent tubes. For experimental purposes the sporophytes, attached to their parent thalli, were carefully selected for similarity in size and stage of development, washed in tap water, and placed on moist filter paper in clean plastic boxes. The experiments were conducted in growth chambers in which temperature was controlled thermostatically to ? 1 C. Illumination was provided by Phillips Cool White 5-ft 125-watt high intensity fluorescent tubes. All light intensities were measured by means of an EEL photometer, and neutral density filters were used when necessary. Day length was controlled by means of Sangamo Weston time switches. A standard 12-hour day was used in all experiments, and seta lengths, to the nearest millimeter, were measured daily unless otherwise stated. Humidity was normally maintained at 100% relative humidity except in one experiment where saturated salt solutions were used as a means of control. The data for this experiment was obtained from a National Physical Laboratory Publication (1958). 1 The help and advice given by Dr. Kathryn Benson-Evans and Professor G. F. Asprey is acknowledged. The author is indebted to the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research fora studentship. 2 Botany Department, University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire, Cardiff, Wales, U.K. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.78 on Fri, 24 Jun 2016 06:49:28 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 19651 SLADE: SETA ELONGATION IN PELLIA 441 Suction plates were used to control soil water tensions in one experiment. These plates, made of unglazed porcelain tiles and Perspex, can be used to obtain soil water tensions of up to 0.9 atmospheres. They were developed by Chappell and Etherington at Cardiff and are a modification of principles used by Richards and Collis-George and Sands (1959) and will be described fully elsewhere. The significance of experimental results was tested statistically where necessary. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Temperature Effects. It has been found that seta elongation can be prevented by low temperatures. Sporophytes have been maintained in an unelongated condition up to the month of June by storage under the conditions previously described. Other sporophytes stored at O0C for four months in complete darkness appear to be unharmed, retaining the ability to elongate normally in warmer

The Propagation of Sultana Vines Which Bear Fruit in their First Year

A technique is described by which mature fruit has been produced on Sultana vines in the first season. The vines were propagated by aerial layering. The best development of inflorescences and fruit occurred when layers were removed from the parent at budburst.Other techniques failed to produce mature fruit in the first season. These included propagation from dormant cuttings, grafting or budding dormant fertile buds to rooted cuttings, and application of growth substances to inflorescences and/or shoots of rooted cuttings.

A Histological Study of Regeneration in the Epicotyl of Tomato

Investigations on regeneration in plants may be divided into categories includintg those involving the application of growth substances and those which do not involve the application of growth substances. During recent years, a vast amount of research has been conducted to demonstrate the effects of various growth substances on plants. Of particular significance are the investigations of Kraus et al. (1936) who studied the responses of bean plants to indoleacetic acid and Borthwick et al. (1937) who carried out an investigation to determine the reaction of tomato plants to indoleacetic acid. The results of investigations in this category show a wide variety of patterns and have been adequately reviewed by Avery and Johnson (1947), Mitchell and Marth (1947), and Skoog (1947, 1951). Investigations on regeneration not involving the application of growth substances have been reviewed by Swingle (1940, 1951), Guillermond (1942) and White (1936, 1946). Of particular interest in this category are the works by Crooks (1933) whose study dealt with regeneration in flax seedIings and Bain (1940) who determined the origin of adventitious shoots in decapitated cranberry seedlings. It was noted by Wildman (1952) that when tomato seedlings were decapitated and treated with lanolin, a callus resulted on which buds and leaf primordia were frequently observed. The present investigation is a histological study of the changes which were involved following decapitation.