Application Of Growth Regulators Research Articles

Assessing the impact of exogenous application of plant growth regulators on the economics of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus Thunb.) with mulching

Assessing the impact of exogenous application of plant growth regulators on the economics of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus Thunb.) with mulching

Enhancing shoot growth and survival in air-layered pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) var. Super Bhagwa through optimized growth regulator application in Chhattisgarh plain

Enhancing shoot growth and survival in air-layered pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) var. Super Bhagwa through optimized growth regulator application in Chhattisgarh plain

Effects of Foliar Application of Plant Growth Regulators on germination Enzyme Activities in the Wild Barely (<i>Hordeum spontanium</i>)

Wild barley, from the Gramineae family, due to primary dormancy, is one of the most important weed in wheat. We hypothesized that foliar application of plant growth regulators (PGRs) affects breaking dormancy in wild barley via germination enzyme activities and seed germination immediately on the mother plant to reduce soil seed bank. To measure the activity of enzymes alpha-amylase, protease, and invertase, two experiments were conducted based on a completely randomized design with 3 replications at the University of Kurdistan farm and Laboratory in 2016 and 2017. In the first experiment the highest and lowest alpha-amylase activity was obtained in gibberellin treatment at a concentration of 100 mgL<sup>-1</sup> and control treatment on hull seed, respectively. The activity of protease enzyme in applied treatments had a similar trend as 100 mgL<sup>-1</sup> of gibberellin treatment. The highest and the lowest protease activities were 12.62 and 3.82 Ug<sup>-1</sup> related to gibberellin treatment at a concentration of 100 mgL<sup>-1</sup> and control treatment, respectively. The second experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of time of PGRs foliar application on the parent plant on the activity of enzymes. Gibberellin 100 mg<sup>-1</sup>, salicylic acid 0.5, and 1 mM treatment on the mother plant produced the highest alpha-amylase, invertase, and protease activities when used after 50 days after pollination, there was no uniform trend in enzymes activity. In general, gibberellin treatment at a concentration of 100 mgL<sup>-1</sup> 50 days after pollination produced the highest activities of germination enzyme activities.

Drought Stress Effects and Ways for Improving Drought Tolerance in Impatiens walleriana Hook.f.—A Review

Drought is one of the main abiotic stresses affecting plant growth and development. Reduced plant yield and quality are primarily caused by the reductions in photosynthesis, mineral uptake, metabolic disorders, damages from the increased production of reactive oxygen species, and many other disruptions. Plants utilize drought resistance mechanisms as a defense strategy, and the systems’ activation is dependent upon several factors, including plant genotype, onthogenesis phase, drought intensity and duration, and the season in which the drought occurs. Impatiens walleriana is a worldwide popular flowering plant recognized for its vibrant flower colors, and is an indispensable plant in pots, gardens and other public areas. It prefers well-draining, moisturized soil, and does not perform well in overly dry or waterlogged conditions. Consequently, inadequate water supply is a common problem for this plant during production, transportation, and market placement, which has a substantial impact on plant performance overall. This review article outlines certain features of morphological, physiological, and molecular alterations induced by drought in ornamental, drought-sensitive plant species I. walleriana, as well as research carried out to date with the aim to improve the drought tolerance. Stress proteins aquaporins and dehydrins, whose molecular structure was described for the first time in this plant species, are highlighted specifically for their role in drought stress. Furthermore, the effective improvement of drought tolerance in I. walleriana by exogenous application of Plant Growth Regulators and Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria is discussed in detail. Finally, this review can provide valuable insights for improving plant resilience and productivity in the face of water scarcity, which is critical for sustainable agriculture and horticulture.

Tea (Camellia sinensis L. O. Kuntze) callus development based on morphological and phytochemical traits applied by variations in plant growth regulators (PGRs)

A variation of the clonal propagation system for tea has been established through in vitro methods, utilizing shoots and leaves derived from primary explants of mature field-grown plants. The research aimed to assess the diversity of tea calluses based on morphological and phytochemical traits derived from leaf and shoot explants on MS media induced by the application of plant growth regulators, including auxin and cytokinin. The research was conducted at the Seed Technology Unit Tissue Culture Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Jatinangor, from April 2022 to February 2023. The experiment employed MS-modified multiplication media and PGR, with BAP at 9 mg/L, TDZ at 1.0 mg/L, Zeatin at 0.1 mg/L, NAA at 0.01 mg/L, and 1 mg/L. Results indicated that applying PGR, auxin, and cytokinin with MS media influenced morphological and phytochemical traits of tea's callus derived from leaves and shoots. Specifically, the treatment of 1 mg/L NAA + 1 mg/L BAP showed the best performance on callus weight and total phenolic and flavonoid contents compared to other treatments., i.e. 9.038% % and 0.05% %, respectively. The success of clonal propagation in tea through in vitro methods is expected to increase by carefully selecting the appropriate source and type of explant, planting media, PGR, and addressing potential contaminants.

Enhancing growth and phytoremediation efficiency of Pennisetum purpureum cv. Mahasarakham in weathered PAH-contaminated soil through thidiazuron application

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are phytotoxic, which can limit their phytoremediation. When the ability of plants to phytoremediation PAHs is compromised, the application of plant growth regulators can enhance the growth of the plants. This study aimed to determine the best plant growth regulator (1-naphthalene acetic acid, 6-benzyladenine, or thidiazuron) to enhance the phytoremediation ability of sweet grass (Pennisetum purpureum cv. Mahasarakham) when grown in weather PAH-contaminated soil. In a greenhouse study, 0.01 mg/l thidiazuron resulted in the highest growth of sweet grass when compared to the other tested plant growth regulators (dry shoot weight 24.11 ± 1.28 g and dry root weight 0.70 ± 0.02 g). Sweet grass was grown in soil contaminated with PAH, which demonstrated the toxicity to sweet grass by reducing the total chlorophyll (1.01 µg/g fresh weight) and carotenoid (0.28 µg/g fresh weight) contents with proline increased (6.63 µg/g fresh weight). Meanwhile, total chlorophyll, carotenoid, and proline content in leaves of sweet grass grown in non-contaminated soil were 1.68, 0.44, and 5.23 µg/g fresh weight, respectively. When sweet grass was used to phytoremediate PAHs, there were reductions in acenaphthylene (4.69 ± 0.50%), acenaphthene (10.69 ± 1.47%), and phenanthrene (3.61 ± 0.07%), which compared to levels of over 30% in non-planted soil. For the three PAHs, the bioconcentration factors were 1.6 to 2.4, but the translocation factors were below 1, showing limited movement to the aerial parts of the plant, thereby suggesting that the main mechanism is rhizoremediation. Sweet grass is an excellent candidate for PAH remediation, especially when thidiazuron is applied to relieve plant stress.

Foliar application of plant growth regulators increases the production of biomass, content, yield and chemical constituents of Origanum vulgare L. essential oil

Foliar application of plant growth regulators increases the production of biomass, content, yield and chemical constituents of Origanum vulgare L. essential oil

Effect of foliar application of plant growth regulators on incidence of insect-pests and diseases in autumn planted seed potato (Solanum tuberosum)

A field experiment was conducted during 2019–20 and 2020–21 at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab to study the effect of foliar application of plant growth regulators on insect-pest and disease incidence in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) under subtropical conditions. A total of 11 treatments including control were tested in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications on the potato cv. Kufri Pukhraj. The results indicated that plant growth regulators, like GA3, IBA, NAA, ethrel, jeevamrit and waste decomposer were not producing any significant effect on the incidence of aphid, jassid and whitefly population in comparison to untreated control. However, diseases such as scab and scurf did not reveal any significant differences among the plant growth regulator’s treatments except in late blight. Foliar application of gibberellic acid (200 ppm) at 45 and 60 days after sowing (DAS) significantly reduced the late blight incidence and severity in seed potato cv. Kufri Pukhraj.

Application of plant growth regulators in prevention of autumn flowering in pear

Application of plant growth regulators in prevention of autumn flowering in pear

Effect of plant growth regulators and fertilizers on the growth and yield of black gram (Vigna mungo L.)

A field experiment was carried out to assess the effect of foliar application of plant growth regulators and fertilizers on the growth, yield attributes and grain yield of black gram. The results revealed that the application of RDF + DAP 2% + NAA 60 ppm recorded significantly higher growth attributes viz., plant height (47.87 cm), number of leaves plant-1 (34.22), number of primary branches plant-1 (7.06) and number of secondary branches plant-1 (19.63), as well as yield and yield attributes including number of pods plant-1 (34.39), pod length (6.82 cm), number of grains pod-1 (6.61), test weight (38.67g), grain yield (1234.19 kg ha-1) and straw yield (3640 kg ha-1). The net returns and benefitcost ratio (Rs. 75667.66 and 2.17, respectively) were also recorded substantially higher with the application of RDF + DAP 2% + NAA 60 ppm over the rest of the treatments. Based on the present findings it was concluded that the application of RDF + DAP 2% + NAA 60 ppm in black gram crop is profitable.

Sowing properties of sunflower seeds of Talento hybrid under the influence of a modified plant growth regulator

The improvement of agricultural crop cultivation technologies enables the production of high sunflower yields with high-quality indicators. One such element is pre-sowing seed treatment. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a plant growth regulator supplemented with calcium on the sowing properties of sunflower seeds. The experiment was conducted under laboratory conditions. For pre-sowing seed treatment, a semi-synthetic film-forming agent with an anti-stress effect was used, which was modified with Ca2+ ions in the form of calcium chloride. It was established that the encrustation of sunflower seed with a growth regulator stimulates germination processes and activates the initial stages of sunflower organogenesis. This increases the indicators of germinative vigour and germination capacity. Adding calcium to the plant growth regulator contributes to a further increase in the indicators of germinative vigour and seed germination capacity of sunflowers by 5.4% and 7.7%, respectively, compared to the control. At the same time, the hypocotyl length increased by 1.51 times compared to the control, while the root length increased by 1.37 times. The accumulation of organic substances in sunflower seedlings is characterised by an increase in dry matter. When calcium was added to the plant growth regulator, a more intensive accumulation of dry matter in the hypocotyl and root was observed compared to the control and the variant using only the growth regulator. The establishment of a ranking range indicated that, based on the parameters studied, the optimal treatment option for the pre-sowing treatment of sunflower seeds is the application of a plant growth regulator containing calcium ions at a concentration of 1.0 g/L. The use of this preparation is relevant and promising for studying the formation of sunflower plant productivity with increased quality indicators under field conditions

Double-Heading Produces Larger Fruit via Inhibiting EjFWLs Expression and Promoting Cell Division at the Early Stage of Loquat Fruit Development

Loquat is an evergreen fruit crop which blooms from autumn–winter, and supports human beings with juicy fruit from late spring to early summer. However, the most traditional cultivars of this crop produce small fruit and bear a much lower yield than its relatives like apple, pear and peach. Large-size cultivars have long been a cherished aim of breeders for improving the production yield of loquat. Agronomic practices like panicle thinning, fruit thinning, growth regulator application, fertilization and so on are easier and more accessible ways for growers to produce large-size loquat fruit on existing production trees. Here, we develop a novel pruning method with an annual double back-cut, which provides vigorous shoot with more leaves and thicker branches for bearing much larger loquat fruit. Cellular observation determined that the vigorous shoot training method motivated cell division to produce larger loquat fruit, and that most of these cell layers were proliferated before the appearance of flower blossoms. Gene expression data of four development stages showed that EjFWL1 and EjFWL2 were notably downregulated in flower buds of the vigorously pruned tree. The data here further confirmed that the cell division capacity during flower development greatly influenced both the flower and fruit size of loquat. More importantly, we developed a novel pruning method to inhibit cell division repressors, promote cell proliferation and enlarge fruit size in loquat.

Improving the productivity and reducing the drop percentages of fruits in pear by the external application of some plant growth regulators

Improving the productivity and reducing the drop percentages of fruits in pear by the external application of some plant growth regulators

Application of Plant Growth Regulators Mitigates Water Stress in Basil

Application of Plant Growth Regulators Mitigates Water Stress in Basil

Standardization of pruning month and growth regulators application on flower quality characteristics of jasmine (Jasminum sambac (L.) aiton) during off season flower production under polyhouse condition

Standardization of pruning month and growth regulators application on flower quality characteristics of jasmine (Jasminum sambac (L.) aiton) during off season flower production under polyhouse condition

Impact of Foliar Application of Plant Growth Regulators in Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merill)] on Seed Quality and Seedling Establishment

Impact of Foliar Application of Plant Growth Regulators in Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merill)] on Seed Quality and Seedling Establishment

Adaptation and Mitigation of High Temperature Stress in Tomato

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) holds considerable economic significance as a vegetable crop globally, ranking second in both cultivated area and production worldwide. Optimal growth conditions for tomatoes typically fall within the temperature range of 25°C - 30°C during the day and around 20°C at night. However, deviations from these thresholds can lead to irreversible damage to plant growth and development. To counteract the adverse effects of high temperatures, tomato plants employ various adaptive mechanisms involving physiological, morphological, anatomical, and biochemical changes. Efforts to enhance thermotolerance in tomatoes encompass a range of strategies, including agronomic practices, the application of growth regulators and fertilizers to induce acclimation responses, breeding programs aimed at developing heat-resistant cultivars, and genetic modification. Various other methods are also employed to mitigate the impacts of high-temperature stress on plants, such as pretreating seeds with low concentrations of inorganic salts, applying osmoprotectants and signaling molecules through foliar sprays, and subjecting plants to preconditioning measures. These approaches facilitate stress avoidance and foster the development of inherent mechanisms for high-temperature tolerance in plants.

Influence of plant growth regulators on fruit set, yield and quality of mango varieties under HDP

Plant hormones are signal molecules produced within the plant, and occur in extremely low concentrations. Phytohormones determine the formation of flowers, fruit set, stems, leaves, shedding of leaves, and development and ripening of fruits. They shape the plant, affecting seed growth, time of flowering, sex of flowers, senescence of leaves and fruits. Hormones are vital for plant growth and lacking them, plants would be mostly a mass of undifferentiated cells. Plant growth regulators include salicylic acid, CPPU, tricontanol and brassinosteroid. The production of poor quality fruits is a matter of common experience. It would be therefore worth while to improve the yield and quality of fruit crops by foliar application of plant growth regulators. The use of growth regulators has become an important component of agro-technical procedures for most of the cultivated plants and especially for fruit plants. In this review, we focus on the role of plant growth regulators on fruit production.

Plant Growth Regulators Enhance Maize (Zea mays L.) Yield under High Density by Optimizing Canopy Structure and Delaying Leaf Senescence

Shaping the canopy architecture and delaying leaf senescence in maize are pivotal strategies for extending the crop’s photosynthetic period and improving yield. The application of plant growth regulators (PGRs) is a critical cultivation measure, with the timing of application being of paramount importance. To explore the effects of PGR application time on maize canopy structure, leaf senescence characteristics and yield, a comparative two-year field study was undertaken during the 2019–2020 growing seasons at the Gongzhuling Experimental Station of the Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, utilizing a PGR containing ethephon as the active ingredient. The experiment was structured with two plant densities of 60,000 and 90,000 plants ha−1, and three distinct PGR application protocols: T10 (application of PGR at the 10th leaf stage), T15 (application at the 15th leaf stage), and CK (control group sprayed with water). The result indicated that the yield increased by 5.62% following T15 treatment compared to the CK under high density (90,000 plants ha−1). Furthermore, the kernel per ear and the 1000-kernel weight increased by 3.93% and 5.62% respectively, while the abortion rate decreased. Correlation analysis showed that yield and yield components were correlated with plant morphology, physiology, and aging characteristics under 90,000 plants ha−1. Pollen density was also positively correlated with the top leaf area and the top leaf angle (p < 0.01). Furthermore, relative green leaf area at maturity (RGLAM) showed positive correlations with chlorophyll b, superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), peroxidase activity (POD), catalase activity (CAT), and soluble protein content (p < 0.01), while displaying a negative correlation with malondialdehyde content (MDA) (p < 0.01). Spraying plant growth regulators at the 15-leaf stage under high density can effectively enhance the top canopy structure of the maize and reduce the upper leaf area and angle, increase pollen density, and boost the number of grains. Furthermore, it delayed the senescence of leaves, prolonged the functional period of the leaves, increased kernel weight, optimized light resource utilization, and ultimately enhanced the maize yield.

Sustaining the Yield of Maize, Blackgram, Greengram, Groundnut, Cotton, Sugarcane, and Coconut through the Application of Nutrients and Plant Growth Regulator Mixture.

The foliar application of nutrients and plant growth regulators (PGRs) at critical crop growth periods can improve the yield of field crops. Hence, the present study was conducted to quantify the effects of the combined application of nutrients and PGRs (crop-specific formulation) on maize, blackgram, greengram, groundnut, cotton, sugarcane, and coconut yield. In all the crops except coconut, the treatments included (i) a foliar spray of crop-specific nutrients and PGR combinations and (ii) an unsprayed control. In coconut, the treatments included (i) the root feeding of coconut-specific nutrients and PGR combinations and (ii) an untreated control. Crop-specific nutrient and PGR formulations were sprayed, namely, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU) maize maxim 1.5% at the tassel initiation and grain-filling stages of maize, TNAU pulse wonder 1.0% at the peak flowering stage of green gram and black gram, TNAU groundnut-rich 1.0% at the flowering and pod-filling stages of groundnut, TNAU cotton plus 1.25% at the flowering and boll development stages of cotton, and TNAU sugarcane booster 0.5% at 45 days after planting (DAP), 0.75% at 60 DAP, and 1.0% at 75 DAP of sugarcane. The results showed that the foliar application of TNAU maize maxim, TNAU pulse wonder, TNAU groundnut-rich, TNAU cotton plus and TNAU sugarcane booster and the root feeding of TNAU coconut tonic increased the yield of maize, pulses, groundnut, cotton, sugarcane, and coconut, resulting in higher economic returns.