Glazing Applications Research Articles

Effect of different bonding agents on the shear bond strength between monolithic zirconia and indirect composite.

This study aims to investigate the effect of different bonding agents and the application of glaze on the shear bond strength (SBS) between monolithic zirconia (MZ) and indirect composite (IC). For this study, five different bonding agents (G-prime bond, GP; Tokuyama Universal bond, TU; Signum Zirconia bond, SZ; Clearfil Ceramic Primer, CCP; Zprime bond, ZP) were applied on 200 MZ disk-shaped specimens. For each group, the sample size was 10 (n = 10). The experimental setup was prepared as two pieces according to the ISO TR 11405 standards. The specimens embedded in the acrylic resin were placed into the experimental setup and a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis test were used for statistical analyses of the groups. Thereafter, Bonferroni correction was performed, and test results with P < 0.05 were accepted as statistically significant. The application of glaze significantly enhanced SBS when ZP or CCP were used; however, it did not have any significant effect when GP, TU, or SZ were used. Thermocycling significantly decreased the SBS in all bonding-agent groups except GP specimens with glaze (P = 0.16). The highest SBS in all conditions was noted when GP and TU were used. These findings suggest that the bonding agents GP and TU may be recommended for better bonding between MZ and IC. Int J Prosthodont 2023. doi: 10.11607/ijp.8340.

МЕТОДИКА КОЛИЧЕСТВЕННОЙ ОЦЕНКИ ФЛУОРЕСЦЕНЦИИ ЗУБОПРОТЕЗНЫХ МАТЕРИАЛОВ

Subject. Ceramics based on zirconia can fluoresce through the additional application of fluorescent glazes, fluorescent dyes, as well. To date, there are no methods for assessing the fluorescence of dental materials used in prosthetics.&#x0D; The aim –– Development of a method for quantitative determination of the fluorescence intensity of dental prosthetic materials.&#x0D; Methodology. The study was conducted in the laboratory of the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University. Fluorescence was excited by an ultraviolet lamp. The fluorescence spectra of the samples were measured using the Ocean Optics fiber optic spectrofluorometer. Ceramic billets made of zirconia "Ziceram T" A2 of domestic production without and with the staining of fluorescent glaze "Ivocolor fluo", as well as natural teeth were used as samples for patients.&#x0D; Results. Samples of domestic zirconia acquire fluorescent properties after applying and sintering the fluorescent glaze. The varied number of layers of the applied glaze explains why the fluorescence intensity increases. The authors compare the fluorescence spectra of two natural teeth with the spectra of zirconia samples with two and three layers of glaze. The spectra coincide well with each other in pairs. A fluorescence spectrum that is similar to one of the natural tooth samples can thus be achieved by varying the number of glaze layers.&#x0D; Conclusions. The analysis of the fluorescence spectra of samples of zirconia from domestic production after application and sintering of fluorescent glaze shows a similar fluorescence spectrum to samples of natural teeth.

Insulative Biobased Glaze from Wood Laminates Obtained by Self-Adhesion.

The combination of optical transparency and mechanical strength is a highly desirable attribute of wood-based glazing materials. However, such properties are typically obtained by impregnation of the highly anisotropic wood with index-matching fossil-based polymers. In addition, the presence of hydrophilic cellulose leads to a limited water resistance. Herein, this work reports on an adhesive-free lamination that uses oxidation and densification to produce transparent all-biobased glazes. The latter are produced from multilayered structures, free of adhesives or filling polymers, simultaneously displaying high optical clarity and mechanical strength, in both dry and wet conditions. Specifically, high values of optical transmittance (≈85.4%), clarity (≈20% with low haze) at a thickness of ≈0.3mm, and highly isotropic mechanical strength and water resistance (wet strength of ≈128.25MPa) are obtained for insulative glazes exhibiting low thermal conductivity (0.27W m-1 K-1 , almost four times lower than glass). The proposed strategy results in materials that are systematically tested, with the leading effects of self-adhesion induced by oxidation rationalized by ab initio molecular dynamics simulation. Overall, this work demonstrates wood-derived materials as promising solutions for energy-efficient and sustainable glazing applications.

Influence of Different Finishing-Polishing Procedures and Thermocycle Aging on the Surface Roughness of Nano-Ceramic Hybrid CAD/CAM Material.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of different finishing-polishing (FP) procedures on reducing surface roughness of nanoceramic hybrid CAD/CAM material before and after thermocycle (TMC) aging. Nano-ceramic hybrid CAD/CAM specimens were subjected to 8 different (2-glaze and 6-mechanical) FP procedures as follows (n=20): 1. Optiglaze (OG) 2. Diamond glaze (DG), 3. Vita Enamic Polishing Set (VE), 4. VE+Gradia Diapolisher paste (VE-G) 5. VE+Super-Snap SuperBuff (VE-S) 6. Sof-Lex Disc kit (SL) 7. SL+Gradia Diapolisher paste (SLG) 8. SL+Super-Snap SuperBuff (SL-S). Surface roughness of each specimen was measured by using a contact profilometer. All specimens were artificially aged with TMC (5000 cycles, 5°C/55°C) and surface roughness measurements were repeated. One extra specimen from each group before and after TMC was examined with SEM. Surface roughness data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA, dependent t-test and Tukey test. Significantly higher mean Ra values were found for groups OG and DG compared to other groups (P<0.05). Differences between glaze groups and differences between mechanical FP groups were not significant (P>0.05). Groups SL-S and DG demonstrated comparable results before and after TMC (P>0.05). SEM analysis revealed that surfaces of VE-S and SL-S groups were smooth and free of scratches. Mechanical FP procedures were more effective in reducing surface roughness of nanoceramic hybrid CAD/CAM material than glaze applications. Sof-Lex kit followed by Super-Snap SuperBuff disc application can be recommended as the mechanical FP procedure of choice considering that this method provided smooth surfaces that were maintained after TMC.

Influence of Finishing Procedures on Surface Roughness and Biaxial Flexural Strength of High-translucent 4Y-PSZ, 5Y-PSZ, and 6Y-PSZ Monolithic Zirconia

Objective: This study aims to investigate the effects of glazing, polishing and polishing with a polishing paste of newly developed highly translucent materials on the flexural strength of these materials and aims to illuminate where there is not much study yet on the finishing procedures to be done.&#x0D; Methods: Three different high translucency Y-PSZ (Yittria partially stabilized zirconia): KST (Katana STML), KUT (Katana UTML), NCQ (Nacera Pearl Q3 Multi-Shade) and one translucent 3Y-TZP (3-yttria stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline): NCMS (Nacera Pearl Multi-Shade) zirconia system were used. A total of 120 specimens were prepared in the form of discs with a diameter of 14 mm and dimensions of 1.2 ± 0.2&#x0D; mm. Three experimental groups (n = 30) were formed from each type of material, using three finishing protocols: Diamond Polishing system (DP); Diamond Polishing system followed by Polishing Paste (PP); Glaze Application (GP). Surface Roughness (Ra) was measured by using a contact profilometer, and a biaxial flexural strength test was applied to determine their flexural strength. The obtained data were analyzed using the Weibull distribution. All results were evaluated statistically.&#x0D; Results: For Ra values, there was a statistical difference between all the procedures applied in the KST material as in the NCQ material. However, there was no statistical difference between GP and PP procedures in Ra values in the NCMS material and between DP and PP procedures in the KUT material. The characteristic strengths of DP applied to NCMS and NCQ material, PP applied to KST, and KUT material had the highest value. The highest m values for DP were determined in KST, NCMS, NCQ materials, while in KUT material, PP was determined in the finishing procedure.&#x0D; Conclusion: Finishing procedures have significant effects on surface roughness and flexural strength values for translucent zirconia materials. The lowest Ra value and the highest flexural strength were found in the DP group of NCMS. In KST and KUT materials, the highest flexural strength results were found in the PP procedure while NCQ was not affected by finishing procedures.

Comparative analysis of techniques for extrinsic characterization of CAD/CAM ceramics

The present study aims to evaluate surface roughness and color stability of lithium disilicate and leucite ceramics after conventional and a novel surface finish techniques. Ceramic blocks (n = 84) of lithium disilicate and leucite were prepared and divided into 3 groups, being group 1: polished ceramic (negative control) (NC); group 2: stained (pigmented) ceramic followed by glaze (positive control) (PC) and group 3: simultaneous application of staining and glaze (experimental technique) (ET). Changes in luminosity and surface roughness were evaluated at 4 different time-points after a simulated brushing cycling test. Multivariate test results showed that there was a triple interaction effect between applied material, finish technique and time on their average roughness (p < 0.001) and luminosity (p < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the mean roughness considering NC and ET groups for the leucite and lithium disilicate ceramics, but there was an increase in roughness mean at t1 for the PC and ET groups. Considering luminosity (materials vs. time), there was a statistically significant difference in leucite PC group. The NC and ET groups did not differ statistically from each other. There was a luminosity reduction in NC lithium disilicate ceramics for PC and NC groups. Also, analysis of color variation (ΔΕ) revealed significant differences for disilicate but not for the leucite groups. In leucite-based ceramic groups, surface roughness showed intermediate values between ET and the other groups at all times. Correlation analysis between roughness and luminosity presented significant results for leucite (r = 0.331; p < 0.001) and non-significant for lithium disilicate groups (r = 0.068; p > 0.05). Results suggested the possible application of the experimental technique (ET) for reduction of clinical time compared to conventional techniques, by the use of less ceramic firing cycles, with no prejudice in terms of surface roughness and luminosity over the studied time.

Windscreen Assembly Solution

Bonding engineers from Lohmann have developed UV-LUX technology for automotive glazing applications, based on UV-activated double-sided epoxy adhesive tape

Effect of Different Surface Finishing Procedures on Color Stability of Leucite-reinforced Feldspathic CAD-CAM Ceramic

Statement of the problem: The color stability of newly introduced leucite- reinforced feldspathic CAD-CAM ceramic with different surface treatments remains unclear. Objective: This in-vitro study aimed to examine the effect of different surface finishing procedures on the color stability of leucite-reinforced feldspathic CAD-CAM ceramic. Materials &amp; Methods: Twenty-four monochromatic, leucite-reinforced, A2-shaded feldspathic ceramic specimens prepared in 1 mm thickness. The specimens were randomly divided into 3 groups according to their surface finishing methods (n=8): a control group without surface finishing (Group C), surface finishing with polishing discs (Sof-Lex, 3M ESPE), and surface finishing with glaze (Group G). All the specimens were immersed in a coffee solution and kept in an incubator at 37 °C for 14 days. Initial color measurements were made with a digital spectrophotometer and the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) L*a*b* values were recorded. The color measurements were repeated at the ends of the 1st, 3rd, 7th, and 14th days with the spectrophotometer under the same conditions. The color change of the specimens was calculated with the CIEDE2000 (ΔE00) formula. Statistical analysis of the data was performed with a two-way mixed ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc tests (α=0.05). Results: Time and surface finishing procedures caused statistically significant color changes in the specimens (P&lt;0.05). However, the interaction of time and surface finishing was not statistically significant (P&gt;0.05). The lowest mean ΔE00 value was observed in Group G on day 14 (0.93 ± 0.74); the highest mean ΔE00 value was found in Group P on the 3rd and 14th days (2.16 ± 0.72). While the C and G groups exhibited similar color change values, Group P caused higher ΔE00 values compared to the glaze application (P&lt;0.05). Conclusions: Based on the findings of this study, glaze application led to less color change compared with disk polishing. Glazing can be preferred to polishing to ensure long-term color stability in leucite-reinforced feldspathic ceramics.

Double Pass Solar Air Heater: A Review

Improvement in heat transfer rate and effectiveness of a solar air heater is always a matter of concern in the scientific community. Different steps have been taken to improve it, including the application of artificial roughness, double glazing, colour coating, and multi-pass flow. In this article, a detailed assessment of the efficiency and effectiveness of a solar air heater has been conducted by applying various types of double-pass arrangements. The effects of various methods applied so far are deeply analysed and discussed to create a better understanding. Future opportunities, challenges, and concerns are also addressed, with a fruitful conclusion in the last. Keywords: Solar energy, solar air heater, double-pass, artificial roughness, thermal performance

Pigmentation techniques of a 4YSZ: Effect on the fatigue mechanical behavior of a 4YSZ adhesively luted onto dentin analog.

To characterize the effect of pigmentation techniques on the fatigue behavior of a 4YSZ ceramic adhesively luted onto dentin analog (glass fiber-reinforced epoxy resin). 4YSZ ceramic discs (Ø= 10mm, 1mm thickness) were allocated into 5 groups: Ctrl - unshaded (IPS e.max ZirCAD MT BL); Manuf - shaded by the manufacturer (IPS e.max ZirCAD MT A2); Brush - unshaded pigmented, pre-sintering, using a brush; Stain - unshaded pigmented, post-sintering, during glaze application; Brush+Stain - combination of both techniques. Color assessments ensured the same perceived color (Vita Classical A2). Dentin analog discs (Ø= 10mm, 2.5mm thickness) were obtained, paired with the 4YSZ discs, and adhesively luted using a resin cement. Cyclic fatigue testing (n=15) was run (20Hz; 10,000 cycles/step, initial load 200N; step-size 100N up to 700N; then 50N until specimen failure). Fractographic, roughness and topography analyses were performed. No statistical (p>0.05) detrimental influence were observed for fatigue outcomes (Ctrl = Manuf = Brush = Stain = Brush+Stain). However, the Brush+Stain technique induced inferior statistical (p<0.05) fatigue performance compared to Stain. All failures were radial cracks with origin at the ceramic intaglio surface. The staining technique triggered statistically higher roughness (p<0.05). Uniformly sized zirconia crystals were seen in the Ctrl, Manuf and Brush groups, and a smooth vitreous surface with encrusted pigments in the Stain and Brush+Stain groups. Pigmentation techniques (Vita Classical A2 shade) have no detrimental effect on the mechanical fatigue properties of 4YSZ ceramic adhesively luted onto dentin analog.

Study on firing process of silicon zinc magnesium crystal glaze

It is complicated to control the technological conditions of silica-zinc crystalline glaze, and research on the technological conditions is an important subject in ceramic art and science. The artistic effect of silicon, zinc, and magnesium crystalline glaze is influenced by many factors, scientific and reasonable glaze composition and glaze application method are the basis of crystal formation, firing condition is the key to controlling crystal flower, and the colorant is the key factor of color presentation. This paper introduces the preparation process of crystalline art glaze of silicon, zinc, and magnesium, discusses the key factors that affect the performance of crystalline glaze and crystal formation, and determines the best glaze application method and firing technology.

Effect of Surface-Etching Treatment, Glaze, and the Antagonist on Roughness of a Hybrid Ceramic after Two-Body Wear.

Stains and glaze are effective procedures for achieving an aesthetic smoothness on indirect restorations. Thus, the effect of surface-etching treatments previous to the stain layer and the glaze application on the occlusal and antagonist wear of a hybrid ceramic were evaluated against different antagonists. Disc-shaped samples were prepared from polymer-infiltrated ceramic network (PICN) blocks. The specimens were divided into eight groups, according to the surface-etching treatment and glaze application: P (polished specimens); PG (polishing plus glaze); E (hydrofluoric acid etching plus stain); EG (acid etching plus stain plus glaze); A (aluminum oxide sandblasting plus stain); AG (sandblasting plus stain plus glaze); S (self-etching primer plus stain); SG (self-etching primer plus stain plus glaze). Half of the samples were subjected to a wear simulation with a steatite antagonist, and the other half was tested using a PICN antagonist. The test parameters were: 15 N, 1.7 Hz, 6 mm of horizontal sliding, 5000 cycles. The discs and the antagonists’ masses were measured before and after the wear tests. The average roughness and spacing defects were evaluated. The etching treatment affected the surface and antagonist mass loss when tested against steatite. AG showed the highest mass loss. This influence was not detected when using the PICN antagonist. The glaze application after staining ensures a smoother surface and avoids antagonist wear.

Effect of coping materials and designs to the marginal adaptation of metal porcelain crowns

The Metal porcelain crowns are still widely used because of the clinically satisfactory mechanical, esthetic, marginal and internal adaptation properties and affordable, but metal collars on the marginal labial are not aesthetically acceptable because of dark shadows in the cervical region which can be overcome by marginal porcelain butt joint coping design on the marginal labial. Recent clinical studies have introduced a type of cobalt chromium coping material that is biologically more biocompatible than nickel chromium which can cause allergic reactions. In this study, Ni-Cr and Co-Cr coping materials were used with full metal collarless and modified metal collarless coping designs. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of material and coping design on the marginal adaptation of metal porcelain crowns. This type of research is experimental laboratory. The typodontic central incisor teeth were prepared and duplicated using CAD/CAM to become zirconia and implanted in acrylic resin blocks for the manufacture of 24 porcelain metal samples. The application of an opaque layer on both coping designs was burned at 975˚C followed by the application of dentin, enamel and glazing.

Influence of Light-Curing Glaze and Chlorhexidine Gluconate in the Acrylic Resin Properties: An in situ Study.

This in-situ study aimed to evaluate the chromatic stability, microhardness, and surfacefree energy of chemically activated acrylic resin (CAAR) samples. Eighty CAAR samples were made and each volunteer (n = 20) received two palatal plates with two sides of groups (without and with glaze application). The samples were exposed to two conditions: the control condition (sucrose 30%) and the test condition (sucrose 30% and 0.12% chlorhexidine). The volunteers used the first palatal device (control condition) for seven days and the second palatal device (test condition) for another seven days, with a seven-day break between them. Then, the ΔΕ00, microhardness, and surface-free energy tests were performed. Analysis of Variance and the Tukey test were used (α = 0.05). The control group with glaze showed higher ΔΕ00 compared to the group without the glaze. The test group with glaze had less ΔΕ00 than their respective controls. In both periods, when the glaze was applied, higher microhardness values were found for all groups. Groups with glaze showed lower roughness and higher surface-free energy than groups without the glaze. The values obtained in this study were satisfactory, showing the clinical efficacy of glaze and the use of 0.12% CH for maintaining the physical and mechanical properties of CAAR.

High performance {Nb5TaX12}@PVP (X = Cl, Br) cluster-based nanocomposites coatings for solar glazing applications

ABSTRACT The development of highly ultraviolet (UV) and near-infrared (NIR) absorbent transparent coatings is an important enabling technology and area of research for environmental sustainability and energy conservation. Different amounts of K4[{Nb5TaXi 12}Xa 6] cluster compounds (X = Cl, Br) dispersed into polyvinylpyrrolidone matrices were prepared by a simple, nontoxic and low-cost wet chemical method. The resulting solutions were used to fabricate visibly transparent, highly UV and NIR absorbent coatings by drop casting. The properties of the solution and films were investigated by complementary techniques (optical absorption, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and Raman spectroscopy). The UV and NIR absorption of such samples strongly depended on the concentration, dispersion and oxidation state of the [{Nb5TaXi 12}Xa 6] nanocluster-based units. By varying and controlling these parameters, a remarkable improvement of the figures of merit TL/TE and SNIR for solar-glazing applications was achieved compared to the previous results on nanocomposite coatings based on metal atom clusters.

Comparison of the Marginal and Internal Discrepancy of Metal-Ceramic Restorations Produced by Milling for Soft Metal, Direct Metal Laser Sintering and Casting Methods: An In Vitro Study

Aim: To evaluate the effect of ceramic firing cycles on the internal and marginal discrepancy of restorations fabricated using conventional lost wax casting (LW), direct metal laser sintering (DMLS), and milling for soft metal (MS). Materials and Methods: A total of 45 restorations were produced by LW, DMLS, and MS methods ( n = 15), according to the digital impression on the metal die representing the prepared first molar. The internal discrepancy (ID) was measured through the silicon weight method and the marginal discrepancy (MD) was measured using a light microscope. ID and MD measurements were repeated following the metal manufacturing, ceramic application, and glazing. Statistical analyses were conducted by means of two-way analysis of variance and Tukey-HSD ( α = 0.05) tests. Results: Statistically significant differences were found between the fabrication methods ( P ≤ 0.001) both for MD and ID. The mean MD values of the restorations were 31.4 ± 13.8 µm for MS, 20.8 ± 14.4 µm for LW, and 7.3 ± 6 µm for DMLS. A statistically significant increase was observed in the mean MD values of metal frameworks ( P ≤ 0.001) following ceramic and glaze applications. However, no statistically significant difference was found between the ceramic and the glaze applied stages ( P = .072). The mean ID values were 37 ± 5.7 mg for LW, 28 ± 6.1 mg for DMLS, and 21.6 ± 7.3 mg for MS. Unlike the manufacturing method, ceramic firing cycles had no effects on the ID ( P &gt; 0.05). Conclusion: MS had the highest mean MD, but it had the lowest ID. The ceramic firing had a significantly negative effect only on MD.

Effect of multiple firings on surface roughness and flexural strength of CAD-CAM ceramics

Statement of problemKnowledge on the effect of multiple firings on surface roughness and the flexural strength of different types of monolithic computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) ceramics is limited. PurposeThe purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of multiple firings on the surface roughness and flexural strength of 4 different CAD-CAM ceramics after thermocycling. Material and methodsFour different CAD-CAM ceramics (Lava All Zirconia 3-mol yttria tetragonal zirconia polycrystal [3-YTZP] [Z], VITA SUPRINITY [S], IPS e.max CAD [EX], IPS Empress CAD [E]) (n=33) were wet-sectioned to form rectangular 18×4×1.2-mm specimens. After glaze application, the specimens were divided into 3 subgroups according to the number of firings (1, 2, and 4) (n=11). The specimens were thermocycled (10 000 cycles), and surface roughness and flexural strength values were measured (n=10). One additional specimen from each group was analyzed by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data were analyzed by 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey honestly significance difference (HSD) test (α=.05). ResultsAccording to the 2-way ANOVA, the material, number of firings, and the interaction between the material and number of firings affected the surface roughness (P<.001). For flexural strength, material (P<.001) and number of firings (P<.039) were found significant. Multiple firings (2 or 4 firings) affected the surface roughness of E (P<.001). Regardless of the number of firings, the Z material had the highest flexural strength (P<.001). Four firings affected the flexural strength values only for the Z material (P≤.005). ConclusionsCAD-CAM ceramic type affected the surface roughness and flexural strength values. The surface roughness of E was lower when fired 2 or 4 times than when fired once. The flexural strength of Z was lower when fired 4 times than when fired once.

Fatigue strength of 5Y-FSZ: glazing and polishing effects.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of four different finishing procedures on the fatigue strength of a fully stabilized zirconia (5Y-FSZ) material. Disc-shaped specimens of a 5Y-FSZ (Katana UTML, Kuraray Noritake) were made (ISO 6872-2015), grinded with 600- and 1200-grit silicon carbide paper, sintered as recommended, and randomly assigned into four groups according to the finishing technique: C (control, as-sintered), P (polished with polishing rubbers), G (glaze application - powder/liquid technique), and PG (polished with polishing rubbers + glaze application - powder/liquid). Then fatigue strength (staircase method), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses were performed. The C group presented the lowest fatigue strength, while the PG group presented the highest. The P and G groups presented intermediate behavior, presenting similar statistical results. XRD showed similar crystalline phase patterns for all groups. SEM images revealed some changes in the zirconia surface, with the P group presenting some scratches on the surface, while the scratches in the PG group were filled with the glaze material. None of the techniques analyzed in this study impaired the fatigue strength of fully stabilized zirconia. Importantly, the polishing rubbers combined with glaze application (PG group) improved its fatigue strength. The polishing rubbers followed by glaze application improve the fatigue strength in ultra-translucent zirconia.

Numerical heat transfer modeling and climate adaptation analysis of vacuum-photovoltaic glazing

Vacuum-photovoltaic (VPV) glazing has attracted much attention due to its excellent thermal insulation performance and its ability to utilize solar energy. However, few simulation models have been established based on actual products and rarely have been validated by experiments. In this paper, a four-layer CdTe-based VPV glazing was developed and the corresponding numerical heat transfer model was established with the integration of a dynamic power generation model. The numerical model was then validated against both the results from the WINDOW program and a guarded hot box experiment. Afterward, the validated model was employed to analyze the energy and power generation performance of the VPV glazing in diverse climate zones in China with Harbin, Beijing, Changsha, Guangzhou, and Kunming used as representative cities. The numerical simulation results indicate that the U-value of the proposed VPV glazing is 0.89 W/(m2⋅K), which is in good agreement with the experimental results. Compared with a normal double glazing, the average energy reductions achieved with VPV glazing in air conditioning seasons are 128 kWh/m2, 23 kWh/m2, 45 kWh/m2, and 52 kWh/m2 in Harbin, Beijing, Changsha, and Guangzhou, respectively. In addition, the average annual power outputs of VPV glazing in Harbin, Beijing, Changsha, Guangzhou, and Kunming are 47 kWh/m2, 48 kWh/m2, 34 kWh/m2, 36 kWh/m2, and 45 kWh/m2, respectively. The numerical model developed in this study can be used for energy-saving potential analysis and optimization of VPV glazing in different meteorological conditions, the results of which could provide guidance for the effective application of VPV glazing.

Characterization of industrial ceramic glazes containing chromite processing waste: Experimental factorial design effects on color parameters

A new ceramic pigment material was obtained by the waste of processing chrome ore from the deposits of Pınarbaşı Village (Kayseri/Turkey) for industrial glaze application. The chemical analysis of waste powder was performed by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis and the particle size analysis was carried out laser particle sizer. The waste powder was calcined at 900 °C and 1000 °C to investigate the color effect of synthesized pigments with different type of frits in industrial glazes. The factorial design of experiment was used for defining the main factors on color formation and parameters. The used factors were calcination temperature of waste powder, amount of waste powder, type of glaze and firing temperature. The spectrometer was employed for comparison of the coloring parameters (L*, a*, b*) of glazed tiles. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM/EDX) analyses were performed in order to examine the phases and microstructures of glazed tiles. It was observed that the most effective factors were determined by factorial design of experiment as type of glaze and amount of waste powder for L* and b* parameters, type of glaze and firing temperature for a* parameter. Depending on the frit/glaze composition, the chromite processing waste provides a wide color range from brown to green tones in colored glazes for ceramic tiles.Factorial design experiment and microstructure analysis results reveal that chromite processing wastes is a strong alternative material as pigment to able to produce ceramic glazes and to contribute to waste elimination.